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WEAVING A NATIONAL MAP
Review of the U.S. Geological Survey Concept of The National Map
Committee to Review the U.S. Geological Survey Concept of
The National Map
Mapping Science Committee
Board on Earth Sciences and Resources
Division on Earth and Life Studies
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS,
500 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was sponsored by Award No. 02HQGR0114 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Geological Survey. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.
International Standard Book Number: 0-309-08747-3
Library of Congress Control Number: 2003104244
Copies of this report are available from:
The National Academies Press
500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 Lockbox 285 800–624–6242 202–334–3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area) http://www.nap.edu
Cover: Layers of geographic information represented as a blanket (upper layer) and quilt (lower layer) covering the conterminous United States. The study committee uses the blanket and quilt metaphor to distinguish components of the USGS National Map concept. SOURCE: Susanna Baumgart, University of California, Santa Barbara.
Cover designed by Van Nguyen
Copyright 2003 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M.Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A.Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M.Alberts and Dr. Wm. A.Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
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COMMITTEE TO REVIEW THE U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CONCEPT OF THE NATIONAL MAP
KEITH C.CLARKE, Chair,
University of California, Santa Barbara
MICHAEL R.ARMSTRONG,
City of Des Moines, Iowa
DAVID J.COWEN,
University of South Carolina, Columbia
DONNA P.KOEPP,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
XAVIER LOPEZ,
Oracle Corporation, Nashua, New Hampshire
RICHARD D.MILLER,
Kansas Information Technology Office, Topeka
GALE W.TESELLE,
USDA/NRCS (retired), Mitchellville, Maryland
WALDO R.TOBLER,
University of California, Santa Barbara
NANCY VON MEYER,
Fairview Industries, Pendleton, South Carolina
National Research Council Staff
PAUL M.CUTLER, Study Director
EILEEN M.MCTAGUE, Research Assistant
RADHIKA S.CHARI, Senior Project Assistant
MOHAN SEETHARAM, Intern (Until August, 2002)
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MAPPING SCIENCE COMMITTEE
DAVID J.COWEN, Chair,
University of South Carolina, Columbia
KATHRINE CARGO,
New Orleans Geographic Information System, Louisiana
WILLIAM J.CRAIG,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
SHOREH ELHAMI,
Delaware County, Ohio
JAMES GERINGER,
State of Wyoming, Wheatland
MARK MONMONIER,
Syracuse University, New York
JOEL MORRISON,
Ohio State University, Columbus
HARLAN J.ONSRUD,
University of Maine, Orono
C.STEPHEN SMYTH,
MobileGIS, Ltd., Bellevue, Washington
JAMES V.TARANIK,
University of Nevada, Reno
NANCY TOSTA,
Ross & Associates Environmental Consulting, Ltd., Seattle, Washington
REX W.TRACY,
Consultant, San Diego, California
A.KEITH TURNER,
Colorado School of Mines, Golden
National Research Council Staff
PAUL M.CUTLER, Program Officer
EILEEN M.MCTAGUE, Research Assistant
RADHIKA S.CHARI, Senior Project Assistant
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BOARD ON EARTH SCIENCES AND RESOURCES
GEORGE M.HORNBERGER, Chair,
University of Virginia, Charlottesville
JILL BANFIELD,
University of California, Berkeley
STEVEN R.BOHLEN,
Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Washington, D.C.
VICKI J.COWART,
Planned Parenthood of the Rocky Mountains, Denver, Colorado
DAVID L.DILCHER,
University of Florida, Gainesville
ADAM M.DZIEWONSKI,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
WILLIAM L.GRAF,
Arizona State University, Tempe
RHEA GRAHAM,
New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission, Albuquerque
V.RAMA MURTHY,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
DIANNE R.NIELSON,
Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Salt Lake City
RAYMOND A.PRICE,
Queen’s University, Ontario, Canada
MARK SCHAEFER,
NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia
BILLIE L.TURNER II,
Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts
THOMAS J.WILBANKS,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee
National Research Council Staff
ANTHONY R.DE SOUZA, Director
TAMARA L.DICKINSON, Senior Program Officer
DAVID A.FEARY, Senior Program Officer
ANNE M.LINN, Senior Program Officer
PAUL M.CUTLER, Program Officer
KRISTEN L.KRAPF, Program Officer
KERI H.MOORE, Program Officer
LISA M.VANDEMARK, Program Officer
YVONNE P.FORSBERGH, Research Assistant
MONICA R.LIPSCOMB, Research Assistant
EILEEN M.MCTAGUE, Research Assistant
JENNIFER T.ESTEP, Administrative Associate
VERNA J.BOWEN, Administrative Assistant
RADHIKA S.CHARI, Senior Project Assistant
KAREN L.IMHOF, Senior Project Assistant
SHANNON L.RUDDY, Senior Project Assistant
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TERESIA K.WILMORE, Project Assistant
WINFIELD SWANSON, Editor
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Acknowledgments
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
Chaitan Baru, University of California, San Diego
Donald Cooke, Geographic Data Technology, Lebanon, New Hampshire
Michael Furlough, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
Mary Gunnels, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C.
Alan Leidner, New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications, New York
Mark Schaefer, NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia
Nancy Tosta, Ross & Associates Environmental Consulting, Seattle, Washington.
Eugene Trobia, Arizona State Cartographer, Phoenix, Arizona
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Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Debra Knopman, RAND. Appointed by the National Research Council, she was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
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Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1
1
INTRODUCTION
7
History,
7
Current Context,
9
Highlights of the USGS Vision Document,
11
The Charge to the Committee,
15
Report Structure,
16
2
THE NEED FOR A NATIONAL MAP
19
Introduction,
19
Stakeholders and Their Needs,
19
Changing Roles, Familiar Issues,
22
Benefits and Challenges of Sharing Data,
24
Blankets and Quilts,
25
Summary,
34
3
COMPONENTS OF A NATIONAL MAP
35
Introduction,
35
A Context for The National Map,
35
Paper Maps,
40
Proposed Data Content,
41
Proposed Data Characteristics,
49
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Archiving Data,
54
Volunteers,
55
The Public Domain,
56
Summary,
58
4
IMPLEMENTATION OF A NATIONAL MAP
59
Introduction,
59
Next Steps for the USGS,
59
Challenges,
61
Roles,
62
Culture Change,
64
Research Needs,
65
Determining User Requirements,
66
Summary,
69
5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
71
Introduction,
71
Overarching Conclusions,
71
The Roles of the USGS in Partnerships,
73
Ensuring Participation in and Widespread Use and Maintenance of The National Map,
75
Data Characteristics and Methods,
77
REFERENCES
81
APPENDIXES
A Biographical Sketches of Committee Members
89
B Oral and Written Contributions
95
C Previous Recommendations and Observations on National Mapping Activities
97
D Selected Points Raised in Written Comments of Workshop Participants
113
E Acronyms
127
