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International Perspectives: The Future of Nonhuman Primate Resources
International Perspectives
THE FUTURE OF NONHUMAN PRIMATE RESOURCES
PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORKSHOP HELD APRIL 17–19, 2002
Institute for Laboratory Animal Research
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C. www.nap.edu
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International Perspectives: The Future of Nonhuman Primate Resources
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by Grant No. RR11611 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Institutes of Health. Other contributions were from GlaxoSmithKline, Association of Primate Veterinarians, and Pfizer. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number 0-309-08945-X (Book)
International Standard Book Number 0-309-51723-0 (PDF)
Additional copies of this report are available from the
National Academies Press,
500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu
Copyright 2003 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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International Perspectives: The Future of Nonhuman Primate Resources
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
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International Perspectives: The Future of Nonhuman Primate Resources
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International Perspectives: The Future of Nonhuman Primate Resources
INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: THE FUTURE OF NONHUMAN PRIMATE RESOURCES PROGRAM COMMITTEE
John L VandeBerg, PhD (Chair),
Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas
Christian R. Abee, DVM,
University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
Janet C. Gonder, DVM, PhD, Consultant,
Pinehurst, North Carolina
Hilton J. Klein, VMD,
Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
William R. Morton, VMD,
Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Emilie F. Rissman, PhD,
University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
William S. Stokes, DVM,
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
John G. Vandenbergh, PhD,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
Staff
Joanne Zurlo, PhD, Director,
Institute for Laboratory Animal Research
Charlotte Kirk Baer, MS, Director,
Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources
Marsha Barrett, Project Assistant
Kathleen Beil, Administrative Assistant
Jennifer Obernier, Program Officer
Susan Vaupel, Editor
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International Perspectives: The Future of Nonhuman Primate Resources
INSTITUTE FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
Peter A. Ward (Chair),
Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Stephen W. Barthold,
Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
Rosemary W. Elliott,
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
Michael F. Festing,
MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
Janet C. Gonder,
Pinehurst, North Carolina
Coenraad F.M. Hendriksen,
Central Animal Laboratories, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
Jay R. Kaplan,
Department of Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Hilton J. Klein,
Department of Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
William Morton,
Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Randall J. Nelson,
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee
Emilie F. Rissman,
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
Lilly-Marlene Russow,
Department of Philosophy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
William S. Stokes,
Animal and Alternative Resources, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Michael K. Stoskopf,
College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
Thomas Wolfle,
Cambridge, Maryland
Staff
Joanne Zurlo, Director
Marsha Barrett, Senior Project Assistant
Kathleen Beil, Administrative Assistant
Ralph Dell, Associate Director
Jennifer Obernier, Study Director
Susan Vaupel, Managing Editor,
ILAR Journal
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International Perspectives: The Future of Nonhuman Primate Resources
Preface
Nonhuman primates (NHP) continue to play an important role in the research of many human diseases such as malaria and AIDS. As long as NHP are needed for biomedical research, it is essential that suppliers, users and transporters of these animals work together to establish the best standards of characterization and maintenance to ensure that they are treated humanely, used efficiently and that data obtained from experiments on NHP are scientifically useful. Indeed, the harmonization of standards for NHP should allow for effective reproducibility among laboratories throughout the world. In addition, since NHP resources are limited, it is necessary to ensure that adequate conservation practices are considered, and that the quality of the animals used for research is high.
Characterization of the genetics of NHP promises to provide valuable information that may impact the potential use of some species for certain types of studies. For example, with the escalating use of rhesus macaques for AIDS research, it has become important to further characterize the genetic basis of lentiviral infections. In addition, since NHP are used as models for human diseases, knowledge of the genetics will assist researchers in recognizing homology between NHP and human genes as well as give insights into how interindividual variability can contribute to prediction of risk for certain diseases.
The microbiological status of NHP is also critical to research outcomes in these animals as well as to the occupational health and safety of those who work with them. Increased efforts have been initiated to create
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International Perspectives: The Future of Nonhuman Primate Resources
specific pathogen-free (SPF) macaque research colonies that have been selectively screened for important simian viruses. In addition to SPF colonies, international standardization of assays utilized for virological assessment of NHP must be addressed.
Finally, there is a crisis with regard to transportation of NHP. Most national and international airline carriers now refuse to transport NHP and, consequently, research and breeding institutions in the United States have had to rely on one of the Chinese carriers for this purpose. In addition to the dearth of transportation sources, there are duplications of national and international regulations for international transport of research animals that must be addressed with the expectations that recommendations for consolidation will be sought.
All of these issues concern scientists, veterinarians and funding authorities from countries that are major users of nonhuman primates for research as well as those from countries that produce and supply these animals. Many of those in the scientific community who direct or support NHP resources or who use these animals for research had expressed a need for addressing these issues on an international level. The Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, within the National Academies, took advantage of its unique position as a focal point for laboratory animal research issues both in the United States and internationally to organize and host a much needed and important workshop. Participants from all over the world gathered in Washington, DC, to discuss critical issues concerning NHP resources. The proceedings from this workshop are reported in the pages of this publication.
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International Perspectives: The Future of Nonhuman Primate Resources
Contents
KEYNOTE SPEAKER
1
Primate Priorities—An International Perspective
John P. Hearn
3
SESSION 1:
CONSERVATION AND SUPPLY, PART 1
11
Sustainable Utilization of Kenyan Nonhuman Primates for Biomedical and Conservation Research
Jason M. Mwenda
13
Supply and Use of Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research: A South African Perspective
Jürgen Seier
16
Sustainable Primate Resources Through SPF Breeding Programs in Indonesia
Joko Pamungkas and Dondin Sajuthi
20
Use of Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research in India: Current Status and Future Prospects
A. J. Rao
21
Initiative for Primate Resources, Biomedical Research, and Conservation in Nepal
Mukesh K. Chalise
29
Chinese Primate Status and Primate Captive Breeding for Biomedical Research in China
Zhiyong Fan and Yanling Song
36
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International Perspectives: The Future of Nonhuman Primate Resources
The Breeding of Naturally Occurring B Virus-free Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) on the Island of Mauritius
Mary Ann Stanley
46
Primates for 21st Century Biomedicine: The St. Kitts Vervet (Chlorocebus aethiops, SK)
Frank Ervin and Roberta Palmour
49
SESSION 1:
PANEL DISCUSSION
54
SESSION 2:
CONSERVATION AND SUPPLY, PART 2
61
Nonhuman Primates in Preclinical Research: The EU Situation
Gerhard Hunsmann
63
Providing Investigators and Vaccine Producers with Laboratory Primates in the Russian Federation
Boris A. Lapin
69
Nonhuman Primate Resource Needs: A Moving Target
Jerry Robinson and Greg Beattie
72
Center for the Breeding and Conservation of Primates of the Peruvian Primatology Project
Enrique Montoya
81
SESSION 2:
PANEL DISCUSSION
91
SESSION 3:
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF NONHUMAN PRIMATES
97
Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates Committee on Animal Nutrition, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, NRC
99
SESSION 4:
GENETICS
105
Nonhuman Primates in Genetic Research on Common Diseases
John L. VandeBerg and Sarah Williams-Blangero
107
Genetic Considerations in the Management of Captive Nonhuman Primates
Sarah Williams-Blangero and John L. VandeBerg
114
Influence of MHC Gene Products on Immune Control of AIDS Virus Infection: Consideration for Use in Nonhuman-Primate Resources
Thomas C. Friedrich and David I. Watkins
122
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International Perspectives: The Future of Nonhuman Primate Resources
Indian- and Chinese-origin Rhesus Macaques for AIDS-related Research: Comparison of Vaginal Transmission Efficiency of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV), Viral Loads, and Virus-specific Antibody Responses
Marta L. Marthas, Ding Lu, M. C. T. Penedo, Andrew G. Hendrickx, and Christopher J. Miller
128
SESSION 4:
PANEL DISCUSSION
131
SESSION 5:
MICROBIOLOGY
141
Microbiological Problems in Nonhuman Primates Used in Research
Gary Baskin
143
Nonhuman Primate Importation and Quarantine: United States, 1981-2001
Tom DeMarcus
149
Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Nonhuman Primates
S.L. Motzel, R.D. Schachner, R.W. Kornegay, M.A. Fletcher, B. Kanaya, J.A. Gomez, D.T-W Ngai, W.J. Pouch, M.V. Washington, L.A. Handt, J.L. Wagner, and H.J. Klein
156
Specific Pathogen-free Rhesus Macaques
Keith Mansfield
160
SESSION 5:
PANEL DISCUSSION
174
SESSION 6:
TRANSPORTATION
179
OLAW Perspective on Transportation of Nonhuman Primates
Nelson Garnett
181
Transportation of Primates and the Animal Welfare Act
Jerry DePoyster
183
International Transportation of Nonhuman Primates: US Fish and Wildlife Service Perspective
Michael Kreger and Monica Farris
187
The Toronto Zoo
William A. Rapley
193
Chinese Macaques—East Meets West
C. K. Hsu and Ruishen Jia
197
SESSION 6:
PANEL DISCUSSION
200
SESSION 7:
UNRESOLVED ISSUES
207
SESSION 7:
PANEL DISCUSSION
209
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International Perspectives: The Future of Nonhuman Primate Resources
CONFERENCE SUMMARY
William R. Morton
229
APPENDIX A:
INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: THE FUTURE OF NONHUMAN PRIMATE RESOURCES PROGRAM
237
APPENDIX B:
GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS
243
APPENDIX C:
COMMITTEE BIOS
247
