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Digital People: From Bionic Humans to Androids
DIGITAL PEOPLE
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Digital People: From Bionic Humans to Androids
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Digital People: From Bionic Humans to Androids
DIGITAL PEOPLE
FROM BIONIC HUMANS TO ANDROIDSby
Sidney Perkowitz
Joseph Henry Press
Washington, D.C.
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Digital People: From Bionic Humans to Androids
Joseph Henry Press
500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20001
The Joseph Henry Press, an imprint of the National Academies Press, was created with the goal of making books on science, technology, and health more widely available to professionals and the public. Joseph Henry was one of the founders of the National Academy of Sciences and a leader in early American science.
Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this volume are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences or its affiliated institutions.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Perkowitz, S.
Digital people : from bionic humans to androids / Sidney Perkowitz.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-309-08987-5 (hardback)
1. Robotics. 2. Artificial intelligence. I. Title.
TJ211.P44 2004
629.8’92—dc22
2004000049
Copyright 2004 by Sidney Perkowitz. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
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Digital People: From Bionic Humans to Androids
To Sandy and Mike, with love, … again
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Digital People: From Bionic Humans to Androids
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Digital People: From Bionic Humans to Androids
Contents
1
Introduction: Androids All Around Us
1
PART I: ARTIFICIAL BEINGS: MEANING AND HISTORY
2
The Virtual History of Artificial Beings
17
3
The Real History of Artificial Beings
51
4
We Have Always Been Bionic
85
PART II: HOW FAR ALONG ARE WE?
5
Mind-Body Problems
105
6
Limbs, Movement, and Expression
123
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Digital People: From Bionic Humans to Androids
7
The Five Senses, and Beyond
147
8
Thinking, Emotion, and Self-Awareness
173
9
Frankenstein’s Creature or Commander Data?
199
Suggested Reading
220
Filmography
225
Acknowledgments
227
Index
229