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B3RIDGINC
THE BED-BENCH GAP
Contributions of the Markey Trust
Committee on the Evaluation of the Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust
Programs in Biomeclical Sciences
Board on Higher Education and Workforce
Policy and Global Affairs Division
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAl ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Gov-
erning Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from
the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engi-
neering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible
for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for
appropriate balance.
This study was supported by Contract/Grant No. OSEP-97-M-03-A between the
National Academy of Sciences and The Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust. Any
opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publica-
tion are those of the authoress and do not necessarily reflect the views of the
organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number 0-309-09112-8 (Book)
International Standard Book Number 0-309-52844-5 (PDF)
Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press,
500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242
or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet,
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
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www.national-acaclemies.org
COMMITTEE ON THE EVALUATION OF THE
LUCILLE P. MARKEY CHARITABLE TRUST PROGRAMS
IN BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES
Enriqueta Bond (IOM), Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Chair
William T. Butler (IOM), Baylor College of Medicine
Elaine K. Gallin, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation
Mary-Lou Pardue (NAS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Georgine Pion, Vanderbilt University
Lee Sechrest, University of Arizona
Lloyd Hollingsworth Smith (IOM), University of California, San
Francisco (Ret.)
Virginia V. Weldon (IOM), Monsanto Company (Ret.)
James B. Wyngaarden (IOM), Duke University (Ret.)
Staff
George R. Reinhart, Senior Project Officer
Elaine Lawson, Project Officer
Stacey Kozlouski, Research Associate
Elizabeth Briggs Huthnance, Administrative Assistant
BOARD ON HIGHER EDUCATION AND WORKFORCE
Richard A. Tapia, Rice University, Chair
Burt Barnow, Johns Hopkins University
Ronald G. Ehrenberg, Cornell University
Carlos G. Gutierrez, California State University, Los Angeles
Nancy B. Jackson, Sandia National Laboratories
Donald L. Johnson, Graining Processing Corporation (Ret.)
Claudia I. Mitchell-Kernan, University of California, Los Angeles
Michael T. Nettles, University of Michigan
Debra W. Stewart, The Council of Graduate Schools
Tadataka Yamada, GlaxoSmithKline
John D. Wiley, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Staff
Peter Henderson, Director, Board on Higher Education and Workforce
Elizabeth Briggs Huthnance, Administrative Assistant
Preface
In 1997, as the 15-year term of the Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust
neared its end, the Trust asked the National Research Council (NRC) of
the National Academies to evaluate the Trust's approach to supporting
programs in biomedical science. The National Academies agreed to un-
dertake a project to study the Markey Trust as a model of philanthropy.
To commence this project the National Academies established a Com-
mittee on the Evaluation of the Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust. The
Committee was charged with addressing two questions: "Were the Trust's
funds well spent?" and "What can others learn from the programs of the
Markey Trust both as an approach to funding biomedical research and as
a model of philanthropy?"
The five reports of the Committee will
1. examine the General Organizational Grants program that was in-
tended to catalyze new ways to train students in translational research;
2. evaluate the program for Markey scholars and visiting fellows,
which supported young biomedical investigators in their early careers;
3. report on a conference of Markey scholars and visiting fellows that
was organized by The National Academies in 2002;
4. review the Research Programs Grants, which provided funding to
institutions to support the work of senior investigators; and
5. report on methods used to evaluate funding of biomedical science
by philanthropic donors.
Since it was established in 1998, the Committee has collected data,
conducted site visits, convened workshops, and interviewed grantees to
vz'
vI!!
PREFACE
determine the answers to the questions that the Trust posed about its
impact on biomedical research. The study will be completed in 2005.
This first report of the Committee presents findings concerning the
Markey General Organizational Grants. This report has been reviewed in
draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and tech-
nical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's
Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to
provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in
making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the
report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and respon-
siveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript
remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.
We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this
report: Jules Hirsch, Rockefeller University; Richard McGee, Mayo Medi-
cal School; Joel Oppenheim, New York University; Gary Pasternack, Johns
Hopkins University; Deborah Powell, University of Minnesota; and Gayle
R. Slaughter, Baylor College of Medicine.
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many construc-
tive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the
conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the
report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Paula
Stephan, Georgia State University. Appointed by the National Research
Council, she was responsible for making certain that an independent ex-
amination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional
procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Re-
sponsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the
authoring committee and the institution.
The production of this report was the result of work over a sustained
period of time by the study Committee. George Reinhart, study director,
Elaine Lawson) program officer, and Elizabeth Briggs Hu~nance, admin-
istrative assistant, ably assisted the Committee in this study. Virgirua
Weldon, M.D., who earlier served as chair of the Committee, was instru-
mental in the early development of both the study and this report.
Enriqueta Bond
Chair
Committee on the Evaluation of the
Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust
Programs in Biomedical Sciences
Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY OF THE MARKEY TRUST
GRANT" PROGRAMS
Markey Scholars and Visiting Fellows Awards, 14
Miscellaneous Awards, 15
General Organizational Grants, 16
ASSESSING DIE MARKEY GENERAL ORGANIZATIONAL
GRANTS PROGRAM
Limitations to This Assessment, 20
THE BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT IN THE 1980s
CLOSING THE BED-BENCH GAP
Training Programs for Physicians, 25
Training Programs for Ph.D. Scientists, 27
Training Programs for Both Ph.D Scientists and Physicians, 30
6
8
13
19
22
24
TEIE CURRENT BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT 32
CONCLUSIONS AND OBSERVATIONS FOR
PHILANTHROPIC FUNDERS
REFERENCES
lo
35
40
x
APPENDIXES
A Bridge Building Between Medicine and BasicScience,
IRWIN ARIAS, M.D.
B The Endangered Physician-Scientist: Opportunities for
Revitalization Emerge,
LEON ROSENBERG, M.D., AND TIMOTHY J. LEY, M.D.
Workshop on Training Programs in Patient-Oriented
Pathobiology for Basic Scientists: Agenda
D Workshop on Training Programs in Patient-Oriented
Pathobiology for Basic Scientists: Participants
Descriptions of Programs Participating in the Workshop on
Training Programs in Patient-Oriented Pathobiology for
Basic Scientists
CONTENTS
45
60
69
71
74
Summary of Site Visits to Markey-Funded Programs
that Provided Training in Basic Research to Physicians 109
Biographies of Members of the Lucille P. Markey
Charitable Trust Programs in Biomedical Sciences Commitee 121
