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Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist's View of Genetically Modified Food (2004)
Joseph Henry Press (JHP)

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National Research Council. "Index." Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist's View of Genetically Modified Food. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2004. 1. Print.

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Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods

INDEX

A

Activists and protesters

beliefs and misconceptions about GM foods, 6, 7, 8, 10, 20, 71-72, 91-92, 108, 156, 187, 223, 225, 285-286, 299-300, 310, 312

big-business concerns, 151, 152-153

destruction of experiments, 146

gene flow concerns, 223, 225, 235

and Monarch butterfly, 203-209

Aegilops speltoides, 28

Aegilops squarrosa, 29, 30, 67, 68, 141

African Agricultural Technology Foundation, 296, 297

Agricultural Biotechnology Stewardship Technical Committee, 205

Agricultural development. See also Domestication of wild species;

Organic farming and foods;

Selective breeding;

Sustainable agriculture

arable farming, 30

barriers to yield increases, 303-309

and biodiversity, 240-241, 243, 315

cultivated land, 264-265, 304

ecological effects, 240-241, 243, 263-270, 271-272, 308

economic issues, 152-153, 310-311

fertilizer development, 49-50

Green Revolution, 3, 5, 41, 64, 264, 265-266, 300, 301, 304

hobby or firestick farming, 25-26

and human health, 43

and mutation of crops, 28, 30, 31-32, 37-38, 42, 43, 51

patents and, 133-134

plowing practices, 271-272

and population growth, 42-43, 62-63

Agriculture Canada Research Station, 236

Agrobacterium tumefasciens, 5, 83, 123-127, 129, 130, 147, 174, 225, 276, 285

Alfalfa, 276

All-America Selections, 171, 235

Allergies and allergens, 4, 111, 177

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351

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Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods INDEX A Activists and protesters beliefs and misconceptions about GM foods, 6, 7, 8, 10, 20, 71-72, 91-92, 108, 156, 187, 223, 225, 285-286, 299-300, 310, 312 big-business concerns, 151, 152-153 destruction of experiments, 146 gene flow concerns, 223, 225, 235 and Monarch butterfly, 203-209 Aegilops speltoides, 28 Aegilops squarrosa, 29, 30, 67, 68, 141 African Agricultural Technology Foundation, 296, 297 Agricultural Biotechnology Stewardship Technical Committee, 205 Agricultural development. See also Domestication of wild species; Organic farming and foods; Selective breeding; Sustainable agriculture arable farming, 30 barriers to yield increases, 303-309 and biodiversity, 240-241, 243, 315 cultivated land, 264-265, 304 ecological effects, 240-241, 243, 263-270, 271-272, 308 economic issues, 152-153, 310-311 fertilizer development, 49-50 Green Revolution, 3, 5, 41, 64, 264, 265-266, 300, 301, 304 hobby or firestick farming, 25-26 and human health, 43 and mutation of crops, 28, 30, 31-32, 37-38, 42, 43, 51 patents and, 133-134 plowing practices, 271-272 and population growth, 42-43, 62-63 Agriculture Canada Research Station, 236 Agrobacterium tumefasciens, 5, 83, 123-127, 129, 130, 147, 174, 225, 276, 285 Alfalfa, 276 All-America Selections, 171, 235 Allergies and allergens, 4, 111, 177

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Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods chitinase, 183 common traits of proteins, 189 conventionally bred plants, 187-188, 190, 254 desensitization, 186, 253 2S high-methionine albumins, 189, 190-191, 197 immunoglobulin E reaction, 185-186, 189, 191, 196 incidence in humans, 184-185, 253 lectins, 180 in microbial proteins, 184 peanuts, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190 problem foods, 185, 186, 187-188, 198 reaction process, 185-186 StarLink corn case, 191-196, 197 suppression in GM foods, 198-199 testing for, 189-190, 191, 194, 196 thioredoxin and, 198 “traditional foods,” 187-188 Altieri, Miguel, 260 Aluminum tolerance, 308-309 Ambrosoli, Mauro, 133, 134, 271 American Medical Association, 161, 190 American Soybean Association, 273-274 Ames, Bruce, 253-254 Ames test for carcinogens, 253 Ammann, Klaus, 9, 17, 19, 231, 235, 269 Anderson, Edgar, 24, 29, 30, 34, 67 Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 146-147 Antibiotic resistance, 114, 213 marker genes, 4, 109-110, 119, 125-126, 149, 156, 160-163 Antibiotics, 111, 120, 248, 250 Aphids, 130, 138, 167, 281-283, 284, 285-286 Apple, 24, 53-54, 71, 72, 108-109, 112, 231, 259-260, 280-281 Apricot, 186, 188, 280 Aquinas, Thomas, 72 Arabidopsis thaliana, 5, 82, 85, 93-94, 123, 174, 298, 304 Arable farming, 30 Arber, Werner, 115 Aristotle, 68 Arkansas Children’s Hospitals, 198 Asgrow Seeds, 138, 140 Auxins, 11, 275 Aventis, 151, 191, 195, 212, 219 Aventis CropScience, 194, 205, 297 Avery, Dennis, 264-265, 303 Avery, Oswald, 79 B Bacillus anthracis, 213-214, 254 Bacillus cereus, 193, 213, 254 Bacillus thuringiensis. See also Bt crops and pesticides Cry proteins, 192-194, 195-196, 203, 205, 206, 207-208, 213, 225 toxins in pesticides from, 192, 202, 254 Bacteria. See also Plasmids; individual species allergenic proteins, 184 antibiotic resistance, 4, 109-110, 119, 125-126, 149, 156, 160-163 cell structure, 86-87 crude-oil-eating, 136 DNA, 88 evolution, 95 gene promoters, 164 genetically engineered, 3 herbicide degrading, 275-276 horizontal gene transfer to humans, 159-163 human consumption of, 184 hybrids, 113 ice-minus, 145-146, 148 natural genetic engineer, 123-127 nitrogen-fixing, 50, 95, 123, 148, 257, 259, 272 patents on, 135-136 reproduction, 5, 112, 124, 143 root-protecting, 272 safety of recombinant DNA technology with, 143-144, 184

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Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods thermophilic, 122 transcription and translation in, 89-90 virulence principle, 124, 125 Bacteriophages, 79-80, 112-115, 117, 118-120 M13, 157-158 Bailey, Liberty Hyde, 20-21 Balfour, Eve, 246 Barley, 5, 17, 18, 19, 24, 42, 98, 198, 278 Barry, Gerard, 296 BASF, 18, 151, 277 Bateson, William, 56, 76 Beachell, Hank, 65 Beachy, Roger, 129-132, 133, 138, 153, 164, 290, 291, 293 Beadle, George, 34-35, 37, 38, 79, 97, 98, 99 Beans, 10, 26, 75, 168, 177 Beard, John, 184, 297, 298, 299 Beer, 17, 19 Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 142 Berg, Paul, 115, 142 Berthaud, Julian, 242 Bertsch, Walter, 12 Bessey, C. F., 68 Beta carotene in corn, 3, 296-297 in daffodils, 4, 127 in rice, 1-8, 9, 20, 66, 73, 126-127, 149, 152-153, 163, 184 Beyer, Peter, 4, 6, 7, 152-153 BIO, 240-241 Biodiversity, 315 gene flow and, 240-244 herbicide-tolerant crops and, 283-284 Biodynamic agriculture movement, 246, 257 Biofortification of crops, 296-300, 303 Biolistics Inc., 138 Biosolids, 249, 250, 258, 259 “Biotechnology” term origin of, 60, 111 and public opinion, 287 Blackberry, Iceberg, 1, 8, 20, 54 Bob’s Red Mill Natural Foods, 16 Bolivia organic farming, 260-261 water wars, 263 Borlaug, Norman, 47, 63-64, 65, 66, 183, 264, 265, 300, 311 Bouis, Howarth, 297 Boussingault, Jean-Baptiste, 50 Boyer, Herbert, 109-110, 119, 125, 127, 142, 161 Brassica napus, 71, 236, 239. See also Rape and rapeseed Brassica oleracea, 69-71, 107, 239 Brassica rapus, 239 Braun, Armin, 124 Brazil, 266, 292 Brazil nuts, 189, 191, 197 Breeding. See Selective breeding Bridges, C. B., 78 Broccoli, 69, 70, 72, 73, 217-218 Brookhaven National Laboratory, 9 Bt crops and pesticides, 292 gene flow, 233 grower/stewardship agreements, 218-220 and Monarch butterfly, 203-209, 210, 211 pest resistance to, 209-212, 213, 214, 215-221, 295-296 pesticide usage, 211-212 refugia requirements, 215-221 safety for farmers, 211, 214 testing for toxicity, 193 and yields, 212 Buchanan, Bob, 177, 198 Burbank, Luther, 1, 4, 8, 13, 20, 51-54, 55, 56-58, 62, 105, 134-135, 165, 175 C C4 photosynthetic pathway, 307 C. elegans, 123 Cabbage, 24, 69-70, 71, 72, 107, 167, 239

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Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods Calgene, 92, 175 California Institute of Technology, 79 Callus cultures, 11-12, 13 CaMV 35S promoter, 131, 133, 137, 147, 163-168, 174, 224, 225, 227, 229, 230, 233 Canadian Oil, 108, 169 Cancer, 164-167, 210, 251, 253-254 Canola, 71, 73, 107-108, 151, 152, 169-170, 234, 236-239, 276, 277, 283 Carbon-fixing enzymes, 306-307 Carlsberg Research Laboratory, 19 Carnegie Institution of Washington, 57, 101 Carrots, 11, 93, 168 Carson, Rachel, 247 Cassava, 168-169, 209, 290 Cassman, Ken, 268, 304 Cauliflower, 1, 69, 70, 71, 167-168 Cauliflower mosaic virus, 131, 147, 166-168 Celery, 168, 186, 209 Celery picker’s rash, 210 Center for Science in the Public Interest, 220, 313 Centers for Disease Control (U.S.), 196, 256 Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo (CIMMYT), 224, 230, 233, 241, 242, 243, 297 Cetus Corporation, 120, 121, 122 Chakrabarty, Ananda, 135-136, 137 Chang, Annie, 110 Chapela, Ignacio, 223-230, 233, 240, 241-242, 243 Chapman, John. See Johnny Appleseed Charles, Prince of Edinburgh and of Wales, 6, 60, 247 Cheese, 111-112 Chemical mutation breeding, 16-18, 30, 62, 96, 148, 249 Cherry, 186, 280 Chickpea, 168 Chicory, 276 Chilton, Mary-Dell, 124, 125, 129, 130 Chimeras, 109-127. See also Grafting Chitinase, 93, 183 Chloroplasts, 87, 160, 274 Chocolate, 24 Chromosome doubling technique, 16. See also Colchicine Chromosomes, 76, 77, 88, 96, 97, 99, 104. See also DNA; Genes Chymosin, 111-112 City University of New York, 3 Classification of cultivated species, 67-69 Clearfield, 15, 18, 277-278 Cloning. See also Gene transfer; Grafting; Tissue culture cloning high school experiments, 118-119 in nature, 9, 51, 53, 112 with phages, 112-115, 118-120 with plasmids, 117-118, 119 public fears, 142 viral coat protein sequence, 130, 153 Coat protein-mediated resistance, 130-131, 138-140, 153, 163-168, 284-285, 290 Cocking, E. C., 13 Coconut milk, 11-12 Codex Alimentarius Commission, 252-253 Codon optimization method, 291 Codons and anticodons, 80-81, 89-90, 94, 123 Coffee, 24, 58, 168, 254, 311-312 Cohen, Joel, 42, 290, 304 Cohen, Mark Nathan, 43 Cohen, Stanley, 109-111, 119, 125, 127, 142, 161 Colchicine, 16-17, 30, 62, 96, 249 Cold Spring Harbor Symposium, 101 Cole, Herb, 171-172 Collins, G. N., 32-34 Color Additives Amendment, 148 Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, 278 Colorado State University, 172, 173, 211 Columbia University, 76 Columbus, Christopher, 32 Columbus, Diego, 41

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Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 61, 265 Conservation Technology Information Center, 271, 273 Conservation tillage, 271-274, 277 Consumers Union, 161, 164, 173, 251 Conway, Gordon, 264, 265-266, 311 Cook, Jim, 183, 191, 214, 267, 269-270, 273, 275, 277, 278 Cooperative Research Center for Australian Weed Management, 238 Coordinated Framework for the Regulation of Biotechnology, 146 Corn, 5, 26. See also Maize; Teosinte allergens, 190, 191-196, 197, 198 Attribute, 208 bans on planting transgenics, 6, 230 Black Mexican Sweet, 100-101 Bt, 148, 151, 156-157, 191-196, 197-198, 202-209, 211-212, 218-221, 224, 227, 229, 241 C4 gene, 307 Copper Cross, 61 event 176 hybrid, 208 evolution and domestication, 32-41 fumonisins (toxins), 197-198 gene flow, 223-235 Golden, 296-297 herbicide-tolerant, 15, 18, 151, 275, 276, 277, 283 high-protein, 296-297 hybridization, 57-62, 73, 76, 98-99, 234-235, 313 hydroponically grown, 10 Indian Summer, 170-171, 235 Intellicoat Early Plant, 151-152 KnockOut, 208 molecular methods used on, 142, 167 NatureGuard, 208 prize-winning, 60, 61 Roundup Ready, 227 StarLink, 191-196, 197 sweet corn, 58, 234 transformation of, 138 transposons in, 97-105 U.S. acreage in, 6, 41 wet milling, 196 Yieldgard, 208, 227, 295-296 yields, 60, 61, 62 Cornell University, 11, 20, 34, 97, 98, 127, 138, 140, 204, 207, 209, 217, 237, 298, 299 Correns, Carl, 73 Cotton, 6, 151, 152, 209, 218, 219, 276, 292 Council for Biotechnology Information, 7, 149 Creighton, Harriet, 98 Crick, Francis, 80, 102 Cross-hybridization, 234, 238. See also Gene flow Cross-protection, 130, 131-132 Crossing over, 77-78, 104 Cry proteins, 192-194, 195-196, 203, 205, 206, 207-208, 214, 225 Cryptic variation, 39-40 Cucumber, 132, 168 Cucumber mosaic virus, 281, 287 Cummins, Joe, 163, 285-286 Cyanobacteria, 87 Cytokinins, 12 D 2,4-D, 275 Daffodil, 4, 5, 9, 123, 127 Daisies, 25 Shasta, 1, 56 Damsteegt, Vernon, 282 Darwin, Charles, 1, 11, 48, 50-51, 55, 56, 72, 75, 76, 102 Datta, Karabi and Swapan, 5, 20, 66 Davenport, Charles, 57 Davis, Stuart, 31, 32 DDT, 247, 251 De Vries, Hugo, 16, 56, 57, 73, 74-75, 77 Developing countries big-business concerns of, 292

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Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods food security in, 5, 8, 260-261, 267, 288-289 rejection of GM foods, 309-310 Diamond, Jared, 26-27, 32, 42, 43 Diamondback moths, 217-218, 219 Diploids, 28 DNA. See also Chromosomes; Genes; Genomes chimeric molecules, 109-110 codons and anticodons, 80-81, 89-90, 94, 123 copying process, 36, 80, 88, 120-123 cross-species comparison, 85, 86-87, 159-160 discovery, 79 fingerprinting, 116 herring sperm, 11-12 homologous recombination, 113, 114 human daily consumption from food, 155 introgression, 224-225, 226, 241, 244 introns and exons, 82, 88 “junk,” 82-83 methylation, 104-105, 181 patents on cloned sequences, 137 plant, 167 recombination hotspots, 165 satellite, 82-83 sequencing, 37, 137 structure, 35, 79-82, 155 DNA Plant Technology Corporation, 91 Dobzhansky, Theodosius, 69 Doebley, John, 35-37, 40 Doerfler, Walter, 157-158 Domestication of wild species, 23, 25-26. See also Evolution crucial alleles, 43-44 and mutations, 26-27, 37-38 Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 132, 198, 291, 292, 298 Double-cross method, 61 Double fertilization, 232 Dow AgroSciences, 205, 212, 219, 297 Downey, Keith, 107, 236, 237 Drosophila, 77-78, 82, 123 Duchy Originals, 247 Dunsmuir, Pam, 91, 92, 94 DuPont, 151, 205, 219, 238 Dussoix, Daisy, 115 Duvick, Don, 61-62, 234-235 E East, Edmund M., 34, 61, 76 Ecogene, 269 Ehrlich, Paul, 301 Emerson, Rollins, 33-34, 37, 99-100 Environmental Defense Fund, 212 Epigenetic changes, 104-105, 181 Ereky, Karl, 60 Esherichia coli, 85, 110, 111, 113, 142, 180, 255 Euchleana mexicana, 32, 40, 67. See also Teosinte Euchleana parviglumis, 40 European corn borer, 193, 197, 211-212, 213, 215, 216, 218, 295 European Union, ban on GM food, 6, 224, 230, 277, 310-311 Evans, Lloyd, 45 Evolution bottleneck, 30 of crops, 26-43, 173-174 evidence of species relationships, 85-91, 95 farming practices and, 28, 30, 31-32, 37-38, 42, 43 molecular clock, 39 transposons and, 102-103, 105 Exons, 82, 88 F F1 generation, 73-74 Fagan, John, 195 Farm Scale Evaluations (U.K.), 283 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 148 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 147

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Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods Federal Interagency Committee on Recombinant DNA Research, 144 Federal Plant Pest Act of 1957, 146 Federici, Brian, 192, 193, 197 Ferreira, Steve, 139 Fertilizers, 49-50, 63, 248-249, 257-259, 276 Fire-colored beetle, 93-94 Firestick farming, 25 Fish genes in tomato, 91-94, 187 Fitch, Maureen, 139 FlavrSavr tomato, 92, 175 Folate, 298 Food Additives Amendment, 148 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 161, 187, 189, 190, 253, 303 Food and Drug Administration (U.S.), 6, 148-149, 169, 170, 173, 188, 195, 255 Food First, 225 Food poisoning, 180, 254, 255, 256 Food safety. See also Safety of GM crops bacterial threats, 254-256 irradiation and, 248, 250, 256 Food security. See also Sustainable agriculture consumption and waste issues, 267-268, 302-303 in developing countries, 5, 8, 260-261, 267, 288-289 economic issues, 310-311 per person availability, 303 population growth and, 302-303 Forster, B. P., 17 Fraley, Robert, 130-131, 132, 290 Frankenfood, 7, 8 Fredrickson, Donald, 143-145 Freed, David, 180 French Revolution, 24 Frick, Oscar, 198 Friends of the Earth, 195, 196, 204, 207 Fumonisins, 197-198 G Galanthus nivalis agglutin, 179 Galls, 123-124 Gaut, Brandon, 39 Gauthieret, Roger, 11 Gel electrophoresis, 116, 122, 225 Gene flow and biodiversity, 240-244 from GM crops to landraces, 223-230, 240-244 measurement of, 237-238, 269 pollen dispersion and, 231-233 public concerns, 231, 233 Gene gun, 138, 139 Gene pools of crops, preservation, 241-242 Gene promoters, 4, 82, 130-131 CaMV 35S, 131, 133, 137, 147, 163-168, 174, 224, 225, 227, 229, 230, 233 stability, 225, 228 Gene stacking, 238-239 Gene transfer, 5. See also Cloning; Recombinant DNA technology horizontal, from bacteria to humans, 155-163 in nature, 124-127 procedures in plants, 109-110, 129-132, 138, 139 rates in brassicas, 236-237 transduction, 112-115 vectors, 83, 112-115, 109-110, 124-127, 129-131, 139 Genentech, 111 General Electric, 135-136 Genes antisense, 92 cross-species comparison, 85-86, 96, 102, 103, 159 crossing over, 77-78, 104 digestion process, 155-159 early concepts, 75-76 extra copies, 95-96, 103-104 linkage groups, 78-79

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Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods mapping, 78, 79, 97, 98, 101, 102 naming, 37 one-gene, one-enzyme hypothesis, 34, 79, 98 and proteins, 79-81, 88 retrotransposons, 102 sequencing, 123 silent, 103 transcripts, 82 transposons, 36, 83, 97-105, 125, 164, 174 Genetic engineering. See also Molecular breeding methods; Recombinant DNA technology in nature, 123-127 Genetic ID, 195 Genetically modified (GM) food plants. See also Molecular breeding methods; Recombinant DNA technology; Safety of GM crops; individual crops acreage planted in, 151, 152, 211-212, 221, 230-231 bans on, 6, 224, 230, 277, 310-311 crucial alleles, 43-44 donated by multinational corporations, 152-153, 291, 293, 296, 297 economic issues, 152-153, 215, 286-287, 288, 310-311 field trials, 140, 171, 173, 183, 283-284, 291, 293 and food security in developing countries, 5, 8, 296, 311 gene flow to landraces, 223-230 genetic stability of crops, 174-175 inputs for growing, 6-7 licensing restrictions on cultivation, 151-152, 194 multinational corporations vs. small family farmers, 151, 152-153, 292 myths and misconceptions, 7, 8, 9-10, 15, 71-72, 91-92, 155, 163-168, 170, 187, 285-287, 292, 293, 313-314 natural mutations, 1, 9, 26-27, 30, 31, 36, 37-38 nutrient content and bioavailability, 4, 183-184, 296-300 organic farming and, 249 public opinion on, 311-314 safety-enhancing attributes of, 197-199, 210, 285-286 and substantial equivalence, 148-149, 170-171, 173 yield-improving strategies, 303-309 Genomes, 29, 81 cross-species comparison, 85-86 exons and introns, 82 extra copies, 96 human, 28, 39, 82, 85, 102, 159-160 sequencing, 81-82, 123, 124-125, 304 Genotype, 75 Genus, 68 Giddings, Val, 240-241, 243 Gilbert, Harry, 157, 158 Gildow, Fred, 281 Giles, W. F., 71 Glufosinate, 151, 238, 276, 283 Glycoalkaloids, 44-45, 168, 171-172, 181, 209 Glyphosate, 15, 151, 238, 240, 271, 274-275 GM Science Review Panel (U.K.), 162 Goat grass. See Aegilops spp. Goklany, Indur, 264 Goldburg, Rebecca, 212 Gonsalves, Dennis, 138, 139, 150, 152, 286 Goodman, Howard, 110 Goodman, Major, 242 Gordon, Milton, 124, 213 Grafting, 52-53, 108-109, 112, 127 Grapefruit, 1-2, 8, 9, 20 Green Revolution, 3, 5, 41, 64, 264, 265-266, 300, 301, 304 Greenhouse gases, 271-272 Greenpeace, 187, 188-189, 204, 207, 299 Gregario, Glenn, 298 Gregory, W. C., 19 Gypsy moths, 192, 193, 205

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Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods H Haas, Jere, 298 Haber, Fritz, 259 Haberlandt, Gottlieb, 10, 16 Haglin, John, 71, 187 Hansen, Michael, 164, 165, 173, 174 Hanson, Victor Davis, 201-202, 210-211, 219, 220, 263 Haploids, 231 Hardin, Garrett, 302 Harlan, Jack R., 23, 27, 29, 30-31, 34, 168, 214, 215 Harvard University, 10, 33, 34, 35, 311 Harvest index, 65 Hawaiian Agricultural Research Center, 139 Health Canada Food Directorate, 170 Health effects. See also Allergies and allergens; Cancer; Toxins in foods agricultural development, 43 of conventionally bred plants, 19 horizontal gene transfer from bacteria to humans and, 159-163, 184 hormesis phenomenon, 253-254 organic foods, 251, 258 of pesticide residues, 253-254, 276 Heiser, Charles, 60 Hemoglobin, in plants, 95 Hensz, Richard, 1-2, 8 Herbicide-resistant weeds, 237 Herbicide-tolerant crops, 15, 17-18, 151, 163, 233, 237-238, 270-271, 273-278, 283-284 Heredity dominant and recessive traits, 74, 215-217 fruit fly experiments, 77-78 genes and, 74-79 manikin theory, 76 Mendel’s laws, 55-56, 57, 58, 59, 60-61, 73-74, 75, 76-77, 215-217 Herman, Eliot, 198-199 Herrera-Estrella, Luis, 309 Herring sperm DNA, 11-12 Hershey, Al, 79-80 Heterosis, 61 Heterozygous, 59 Hexaploids, 29, 30 High-fructose corn syrup, 111 2S High-methionine albumins, 189, 190-191, 197 Hillman, Gordon, 31, 32 Ho, Mae-Wan, 7, 163-167, 174, 225, 285 Hobby farming, 25, 26 Hokkaido University, 13 Homologous recombination, 78, 113, 114 Homozygous, 59 Hormesis, 253 Horsch, Rob, 125, 131, 290, 291, 292, 296, 297, 299 Howard, Albert, 245-246, 248-249, 250, 251, 257, 258, 266 Hudson Institute, 264, 303 Hybridization. See also Chimeras of bacteria, 113 chemical mutation methods, 16, 30 double-cross method, 61 genetic stability of hybrids, 173-174 grafting, 52-53, 108-109, 112, 127 intergeneric, 9, 16, 28, 53-54; see also Species Mendel’s laws and, 56, 59 opposition to, 52-53, 60, 313 by protoplast fusion, 13-14 wide crosses, 18-19, 28, 105, 173 and yields, 60, 61, 62 Hydroponics, 10, 48, 50 I Ice-minus bacterium, 145-146 Iltis, Hugh, 38-39 Imidazolinone, 15, 238, 276-277 Immunoglobulin E, 185-186, 189, 191, 196 India, 267, 292 Institute of Plant Industry (India), 245 Institute of Plant Sciences (Switzerland), 5

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Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods Institute of Science in Society, 7, 163 Insulin, 3, 111 Integrated farming, 260 International Botanical Congress, 7, 315 International Conference of Plant Breeding and Hybridization, Second, 56 International Food Policy Research Institute, 208, 260-261, 297 International Potato Center, 290 International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), 3, 20, 64-65, 241, 296, 298 International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications, 150-151 Introgression, 224-225, 226, 241, 244 Introns, 82, 88 Irradiation of foods, 248, 250, 256, 314 Iowa State University, 3, 16, 61, 187, 212 Isoflavone, 172-173 Italy, San Marzano tomato, 279, 286, 287 Iwanaga, Masa, 224, 230-231, 233, 243 J Jack-in-the-Box food poisoning, 255, 256 Jacob, François, 85, 86, 94, 95 James, Philip, 177-178 Jaworski, Ernie, 275, 290 Jennings, Peter, 3 Johannsen, Wilhelm, 75 Johnny Appleseed, 52-53, 60, 72 Johns, Timothy, 45 Jones, Donald F., 60-61 Juma, Calestous, 311-312 Jumping genes. See Transposons K Kanamycin, 125, 126, 161 Karmate (tomato-potato hybrid), 13 Karp, David, 188 Kellogg, John Harvey, 188 Kent, Lawrence, 291, 292-293 Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, 289-290, 291, 292 maize production, 260-261 virus-resistant sweet potato, 288-294 Khush, Gurdev Singh, 65-66 Kidney beans, 180, 209 Kinetin, 12 Kinoshita, T., 13-14 Kishore, Ganesh, 275 Kiwi fruit, 187-188 Kraft Foods, 195 Ku, Maurice, 307 Kucinich, Dennis J., 10, 20, 60, 72 Kumeyaay, 25 L La Guardia, Fiorello, 134-135 Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 72 Landrace conservation, 98-99, 223-230, 233, 241-243 Lauter, Nick, 40 Lawes, John Bennett, 49-50, 257 Lectins, 168, 177-183, 209 Lederberg, Joshua, 112, 113, 114, 143, 154 Lehrer, Samuel B., 190, 198 Lemaux, Peggy, 198 Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture, 206 Lettuce, 18, 20, 184, 255, 276 Levy, Avraham, 174 Liebig, Justus von, 49, 50, 257 Ligase, 110, 118-119, 229 Lima beans, 168 Lindemann, Julianne, 146 Lindow, Steven, 146 Linnaeus, Carl, 68 Listeria, 255 Lobitz, Robert, 1 Losey, John, 204-205, 206, 207, 209 Louis XVI, King of France, 23

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Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods M Maan, Shivcharan S., 141, 147 MacLeod, Colin, 79 MacNeish, Richard, 35 Mad Cow disease, 246 Maize. See also Corn archaeological discoveries, 40-41 beta carotene in, 3, 296-297 classification of species, 67 evolution and domestication, 32-41 gene flow in, 224-225, 233 genetics experiments, 97-101 landrace conservation, 98-99, 223-230, 233, 241-243 teosinte crosses, 32, 34-35, 40, 223 Tripsacum crosses, 34 Makoto, Matsuoka, 65 Malthus, Thomas, 47-48, 265 Mangelsdorf, Paul, 34-35 Manioc, 168-169 Mannose sugars, 163, 180 Manshardt, Richard, 139 Margulis, Lynn, 159-160 Marie Antoinette, 23, 24, 261 Martineau, Belinda, 92 Martinez-Soriano, Juan Pablo, 233 Maryanski, Jim, 171, 173 Mayr, Ernst, 68 McCarty, Maclyn, 79 McClintock, Barbara, 83, 97-105, 164 McFadden, Sam, 30 Melchers, Georg, 13 Mendel, Gregor, 55-56, 57, 58, 59, 60-61, 73-74, 75, 76-77, 81, 102, 215-216 Messenger RNA, 89-90 Mexico dwarf wheat, 63-64 maize, 40-41, 223-230, 233, 236 Microsatellites, 36, 40 Milkweed, 203-209, 236 Mills, Wilford, 171-172 Mitochondria, 87, 159-160 Molecular breeding methods. See also Recombinant DNA technology conventional breeding methods compared, 15, 19, 20, 60, 71-72, 78, 171-172, 182-183 culling of rejects, 165-166 disease resistance in crops, 128-132 marker genes, 4, 149, 156, 160-163 mutation breeding methods compared, 9-10, 19, 20, 78, 108, 141, 238 regulatory oversight, 140-150 “release experiments,” 145-146, 147 safety precautions, 20, 66, 142, 146 toxicity testing, 193 Molecular clock, 39 Monarch butterfly, 203-209 Monsanto, 15, 18, 92, 125, 130, 131, 133, 138, 140, 151, 152, 172, 173, 205, 208, 212, 219, 227, 273, 274, 275, 276, 290, 291-292, 293-294, 295, 296, 297, 313 Morel, Georges, 12, 124 Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 76-77, 78 Mori, K., 13-14 Morrison, L. A., 67-68 Morrow, John, 110 Motoyui, Ashikara, 65 Mouse-ear cress. See Arabidopsis thaliana Muller, Hermann Joseph, 16 Mullis, Kary, 120-123 Murray, James, 49, 257 Mustards, 167, 168, 189, 239 Mutant Variety Database, 19-20 Mutations and mutation breeding, 56, 62. See also Somaclonal variation chemical methods, 16-18, 30, 62, 96, 148, 249, 277, 283-284 crop successes, 9, 16-18, 20, 62, 238 cryptic variation (hidden mutations), 39-40 database of varieties, 19-21 deleterious, 242 disposal of failures, 18, 141 epigenetic changes, 104-105, 181 farming practices and, 26-27, 28, 30, 31-32, 37-38, 42, 43, 51, 209, 210 field testing, 18, 141-142

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Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods fruit fly experiments, 77-78 and human health, 19 microsatellites, 36, 40 molecular breeding methods compared, 9-10, 19, 20, 78, 108, 141, 238, 277-278, 283-284 in nature, 1, 9, 26-27, 30, 31, 36, 37-38, 53, 81, 96 point mutations, 36, 102-103 radiation methods, 9-10, 14-16, 105, 141, 256 and regulatory oversight, 18-19, 141, 148, 283-284 safety issues, 18, 277-278 transposons and, 36, 83, 102-103, 105 unstable, 99-101 Mwanawasa, Levy, 309-310 Mycogen, 208, 212 N Nagoya University, 65, 307 National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 98, 99, 101, 142, 149 National Agricultural Biotechnology Council, 112 National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy, 212 National Coalition Against the Misuse of Pesticides, 249 National Corn Exposition, 60 National Corn Growers’ Association, 313 National Institute of Agrobiological Resources, 307 National Institutes of Health (NIH), 143-144, 186 National Organic Standards Board, 248, 249, 250 National Plant Germplasm System (U.S.), 241 National Polytechnic Institute (Mexico), 233, 309 Natural and health foods. See also Organic farming and foods breeding methods, 9, 16, 19, 108 Natural selection, theory of, 51, 72-73, 86. See also Evolution Nature (journal), 7, 82, 204, 206, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 230 Nature Biotechnology (journal), 240-241 Nester, Eugene, 124, 125 Nestle, Marion, 187, 191 New York Times, 7, 8, 204, 224, 228, 230, 252, 263 Nitrogen fertilizers, 49, 50, 258-259, 304-305 Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, 50, 95, 123, 148, 257, 259, 304-305 genes, 305-306 NOS terminator sequence, 225, 226 Novartis Agribusiness, 7, 208 O Ohio State University, 297 Olives and olive oil, 168, 169 O’Mara, F. G., 16, 62 Open University (U.K.), 163 Operons, 125 Orange, 24, 53 Orchids, 12, 18 Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station, 278 Organic farming and foods biodynamic movement, 246, 257 biotechnology and, 249, 250, 269-274 conventionally grown foods compared, 251-256 costs issues, 250-252, 259-260 in developing countries, 260-261 health effects, 251, 258 market for, 247 Organic Rule and, 248-251, 256, 259, 266, 271 and pesticides, 192, 202, 209, 214, 217, 247, 251-252, 254, 255 philosophy, 245-247, 248, 249, 255

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Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods plant breeding techniques, 17 safety of, 254-256 soil fertility and, 246, 257-259 sustainability, 246, 259-261, 264, 266, 268-269, 270 testing, 249 yields, 260 Organic Food Production Act, 248 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 179, 183 Oryza sativa, 2, 6-7, 69 P Paarlberg, Robert, 155, 168, 169, 289, 292 Padgette, Steve, 275 Papaya, 132, 138-140, 149, 150, 151, 153, 309 Papaya ringspot virus, 138-140, 285 Pariza, Michael W., 209-210 Parmentier, Antoine Augustin, 23-24, 44, 45 Parrot, Wayne, 223 Patents, 133 agricultural development, 49, 133-134 on bacteria, 135-136 on cloned DNA sequences, 137 gene promoters, 131 Golden Rice, 4, 7 hybridization method for wheat, 141 and licensing of technology, 138, 140, 151-152 standards for living organisms, 133-137 trade secrets compared, 133 virus resistance techniques, 132, 290 PCR. See Polymerase chain reaction Peach, 168, 186, 280-282, 284 Peanut, 19, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 198 Pear, 109, 168 Peas, 55, 57, 168, 177 Pennsylvania State University, 171, 172, 184, 281, 298 Pesticide Amendment (1954), 148 Pesticides. See also Bt crops and pesticides; Herbicide-tolerant crops; specific products mechanisms of action, 274, 275, 276-277 natural, 254 and nontarget species, 201-209 organic farming and, 192, 202, 209, 214, 217, 247, 251-252, 254, 255 residues in food, 251-253 resistance to, 209-212, 213 risk assessment, 252-253 Petunia, 4, 62, 131, 275 Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology, 207, 313 Phenotype, 75 Photosynthesis, 11, 48-49, 198 carbon-fixing enzymes, 306-307 Phytohemagglutini, 180 Pinstrup-Andersen, Per, 129, 208-209, 260-261 Pioneer Hi-Bred Corn Company, 61, 62, 212, 313 Pioneer Hi-Bred International, 190-191, 212, 234, 297 Plant cells, 87-88 Plant hormones, 10-12. See also Auxins; Cytokinins Plant-incorporated protectant, 148 Plant Protection Act of 1930 (U.S.), 135, 137 Plant Quarantine Act of 1912, 146 Plant regeneration, 10-12, 14 Plant sex, 5. See also Gene flow Plant Variety Protection Act (U.S.), 135, 137 Plasmids, 109-110, 112-113, 117-118, 119, 123, 124-127, 136, 142, 214 Plum, 53, 132, 186, 280, 282, 284-285 Plum pox virus, 280-281, 284-285 Pollination. See Gene flow; Plant sex PolyA tail, 89 Polygalacturonase, 92

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Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 120-123, 157, 195, 225, 226, 228-229 Polyploids, 44, 137 Polysaccharides, 93 Population growth agricultural development and, 42-43, 62-63 and arable land, 266-267 ecological footprint, 267 and food security, 302-303 Malthusian principle, 47-48, 301 and species losses, 301 Post-transcriptional gene silencing, 131-132, 285 Potatoes All Red, 1, 45 cloning methods, 12, 112 cultivated species, 44, 45 Delta Gold, 171 domestication, 24, 26, 44, 45 growing conditions, 44 herbicide-tolerant, 276 hybridization, 44 Idaho, 1, 45, 51, 135 irradiation, 256 Lenape, 171-172, 183 myths and superstitions, 23 origin, 45 patentability, 134 pest-resistant, 177 “poisoned rat debate,” 177-183 toxins, 44-45, 168, 171-172, 177-183, 209 virus-resistant, 12, 288-294 Potrykus, Ingo, 1-2, 4-8, 20, 62, 66, 126-127, 152-153, 163, 184, 279, 299-301, 304 Priestley, Joseph, 48, 257 Primers, 122-123, 228 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 206-207, 208 Prokaryotes, 96 Proteins, 79. See also specific proteins allergens, 184, 189 antifreeze, 92-93, 94 cellular role, 87, 90 cross-species similarities, 90-91, 94, 95 DNA methylation and binding to genes, 105 domains, 90 fluorescent, 162 folding, 90 gene coding for, 79-81, 88 hemoglobin, 95 ice-nucleating, 145-146, 148 mitochondrial, 87 most abundant, 306 therapeutic, 120 transcription and translation process, 88-90, 91, 94 Protoplasts, 13-14. See also Tissue culture cloning Pseudomonas fluorescens, 272 Pseudomonas putida, 136 Pseudomonas syringae, 145-146 Psoralens, 168, 209 Puccinia, 214-215. See also Rusts Pugh, Evan, 49, 50 Purdue University, 271 Purnell, Fred S., 134-135 Pusztai, Arpad, 177-183 Q Qaim, Matin, 288 Quist, David, 223-230, 233, 240, 241-242 R Radiation mutation breeding, 9-10, 14-16, 105, 141, 256 Rambutans, 188, 248, 256 Rape and rapeseed, 107-108, 169, 236 Ravelonandro, Michel, 284 Raven, Peter, 7, 13, 243, 244, 261, 267, 315 Ray, John, 69 Recombinant DNA technology. See also Cloning; Gene transfer; Molecular breeding methods

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Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods chimeras, 109-127 gene amplification, 117-123 gene sorting, 116 gene splicing, 109-111, 117-118, 123 high school experiments, 116-120 medical contributions, 3, 111, 120, 143 NAS risk assessment, 149-150 NIH risk assessment and guidelines, 143-144 public fears, 142-143 safety of, 143-144, 184 Recombination hotspots, 165 Reeves, Robert, 34 Refuges/refugia, 208, 215-221 Regulation of GM crops conventionally bred crops compared, 18-19, 140-150, 278, 298 costs of compliance, 152-153, 215, 286-287 disposal of rejected plants, 141 EPA authority, 147-148, 207, 220 exemptions, 286 FDA authority, 148-149, 169 of field tests, 141, 146, 286-287 generally recognized as safe standard (GRAS), 169 of “new” organisms, 147-148 pest resistance management plan, 148, 215-221 process-oriented, 140-150, 153-154 product approval time, 150 and public fears, 142-143, 154, 314 substantial equivalence standard, 148-149, 170-171, 173 USDA authority, 146-147 Restriction enzymes, 109-110, 115, 116-117, 119, 127, 228-229 Rhizobium, 123, 257 Rhoades, Marcus, 100-101 Rice, 123, 261. See also Oryza sativa allergies, 186, 198 BR29, 20 Calrose 76, 17 Dee-geo-woo-gen, 65 domestication, 24, 26 dwarf varieties, 64-65 Golden (beta carotene), 1-8, 9, 20, 66, 73, 126-127, 149, 152-153, 163, 184, 296, 299-300 herbicide-tolerant, 276, 277 Indica-Japonica hybrids, 69 IR36, 65-66 IR68144 (iron-rich), 298-299, 300 IR8, 3, 65 lodging, 65 nutrient bioavailability, 184, 298 radiation mutation breeding, 17, 20 pest resistance, 13-14, 65, 179 Peta, 65 salt-tolerant, 20 species and varieties, 2, 6-7, 69 as staple food, 2, 20 tissue culture cloning, 12-15 virus resistance, 132 yields, 66, 307 Rieger, Mary, 238 Rockefeller Foundation, 2, 3, 4, 5, 63, 64, 292, 296, 311 Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, 79, 124 Rodale, Jerome, 246, 250, 266 Rogers, Stephen, 130, 132, 290 Rothamsted Research Institute, 50, 55, 271 Roundup (glyphosate), 15, 18, 138, 148, 151, 157, 163, 172, 240, 270, 271, 273-276, 277, 278, 277 Roush, Richard T., 220 Rowett Research Institute (Scotland), 177-178, 180 Rubisco (RuBP carboxylase), 306-309 Rural Advancement Foundation International, 8 Russell, Robert, 299 Rusts, 63, 64, 183, 214-215 Rutgers University, 39 Ryan, Angela, 163 Rye, 5, 16, 93. See also Triticale

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Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods S Sachs, Eric, 295 Sachs, Julius von, 10, 48-49, 50, 85, 107, 257 Safety of GM crops allergens, 4, 177, 180, 183-196 antibiotic-resistance gene markers and, 160-163 assessment of, 169-175, 177-183, 184, 191, 195, 269, 298-299 CaMV 35S gene promoter and, 163-168, 225, 228 cancer claims, 164-167, 168, 172 conventionally bred plants compared, 18, 187-188, 190, 254-255, 298-299 (GRAS) standards, generally recognized as safe, 169 and horizontal gene transfer, 155-16 methodological issues in studies, 157-159, 178-183, 204-205, 225-229 natural toxins and, 168-169, 177-183 for nontarget species, 202-209 organically grown crops compared, 254-256 pathogen use in recombinant DNA technology, 143-144, 163-168, 184, 213-214 “poisoned rat debate,” 177-183 substantial equivalence standard and, 170-171 Sakamura, T., 28 Sala, Francesco, 286 Salmon, S. C., 64 Salt-tolerant crops, 17, 20 Sanford, John, 127, 138 Saussure, Theodore de, 48, 257 Schell, Jef, 124, 125, 130 Schimke, Robert, 110 Schioler, Ebbe, 129, 261 Schubert, Karel, 298 Science (journal), 7, 82, 142, 177, 206, 225, 228 Scorza, Ralph, 284 Scottish Crop Research Institute, 17, 180 Sears, Ernest, 30 Sears, Mark, 208 Selective breeding. See also Hybridization; Molecular breeding methods; other specific methods burbanking, 21, 54 history of, 8-15, 21, 107 “natural” vs. “unnatural,” 8-21, 107, 129 for nutrition, 5 for virus resistance, 129-132 Sharka. See Plum pox virus Shelton, Anthony, 205, 209, 212, 217, 220, 221 Shipak, Florence, 25 Shiyu, Leslie, 109 Shull, George Harrison, 57-59, 60, 61 Silent genes, 103, 131-132 Skoog, Folke, 11-12 Slightom, Jerry, 138 Slow Food movement, 286-287 Smil, Vaclav, 258, 302 Snowdrop, 177. See also Galanthus nivalis agglutin Society of Toxicologists, 160-161 Soil acidification, 308-309 crumb structure, 272, 273, 274 ecology, 272-273 EPSP synthase in, 274-275 erosion, 270-271 fertility, 49, 245-246, 248, 250, 257-259 GM organisms, 183 nitrogen cycle, 257-258 nitrogen-fixing bacteria, 50, 257, 259, 272 organic farming and, 246, 257-259 root-protecting bacteria, 272 salinization, 307-308 streptomycete, 276 Solanum andigena, 45, 168

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Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods Solanum tuberosum, 45. See also Potatoes Somaclonal variation, 15, 141-142, 148, 181-182, 183, 277, 283-284. See also Mutations and mutation breeding; Tissue culture cloning Soybeans, 275 allergens, 186, 190-191, 197, 198-199 isoflavone content, 172-173 nutrient content, 191 Roundup Ready, 138, 148, 151, 157, 172, 240, 270, 273-274, 275-276, 277, 292 Species crossing barriers between, 71-78, 124, 127 defining, 68-69, 72 Sport, 1, 108. See also Mutations and mutation breeding Squash, 26, 38, 132, 138, 165, 168, 290 Stadler, Louis, 16, 98, 101 Stanford University, 18, 109, 110, 115, 145, 312 Stark, Paul, 134-135 Stebbins, Ledyard, 102 Stefansson, Baldur, 107 Steiner, Rudolf, 246 Steward, F. C., 11 Stone, Robert, 143 Strawberry, 146, 168, 276 Streptomycete, 276 Sturtevant, Alfred, 77, 78, 101 Sugar beet, 132, 276, 283 Sugarcane, 276 Superphosphate of lime, 49-50 Sustainable agriculture arable land and, 266-267 biotechnology and, 268-269 Bt crops and, 13, 202-209, 211, 215-221 consumption and waste issues, 267-268, 302-303 conventional farming methods and, 268, 295, 314-316 cost-effectiveness, 270 direct seeding, 273 herbicide-tolerant crops and, 270-271, 273-278 no-till methods, 270-274, 275, 277-278 organic farming methods and, 246, 259-261, 264, 266, 268-269, 270 organo-transgenic methods, 269-274 pest resistance management, 215-221, 278, 295-296 population growth and, 266-267 refuges/refugia, 208, 215-221 rotations, 215-221, 278 Swedenborgians, 52-53, 72 Sweet potato, 288-294 Sweet potato feathery mottle virus, 291 Syngenta Seeds, Inc., 7, 151, 205, 208, 219 T Tabashnik, Bruce, 220-221 Takebe, I., 13 Taq polymerase, 122 Tatum, Edward, 79 Taxonomists, 29, 67 Taylor, Steven, 183, 190, 191, 196 Tea, 168 Teosinte, 58 classification, 67, 68 evolution of maize from, 32-41, 76, 223 geographical area, 33, 40-42, 236 modern maize compared, 33, 233-234 tb1 gene, 38, 39, 41 tga1 gene, 37, 39 Tetraploids, 28 Texas A&M University, 1 Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, 278 Thomashow, Linda, 272 Tissue culture cloning, 139 anther method, 14-15 discovery, 12

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Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods growth-promoting factors, 10-12 and mutations, 13, 105, 181-182; see also Somaclonal variation protoplast fusion method, 12-14 and regulatory oversight, 141, 148 Tobacco, 5, 11, 13, 24, 126, 131 Tobacco mosaic virus, 130, 131 Toenniessen, Gary, 3-4, 311 Tomato, 26, 91-94, 131, 132, 175, 276, 279, 287 Tomato-eggplant hybrid, 13 Tomato fern leaf virus, 279, 286-287 Tomato mosaic virus, 130, 131 Tomoffel (tomato-potato hybrid), 13 Toxic Substance Control Act, 147 Toxins in foods, 44-45, 168-169, 171-172, 179-180, 182, 197-198, 209-210, 255 testing for, 172-173, 193 Transfer-DNA, 125, 131, 132, 174 Transfer RNA, 90 Transformation, 131, 138, 147 Transgene, 112 Transposons, 36, 83, 97-105, 125, 164, 174 Triticale, 9, 16, 19, 20, 62, 73, 96 Triticum aestivum, 29, 141 Triticum turgidum, 28 Triticum urartu, 28 Tufts University, 298, 299 Tulane University, 190, 198 Tull, Jethro, 133-134 U Union of Concerned Scientists, 204, 207 United Nations Environment Programme, 263 University College London, 31 University of Adelaide, 238 University of Arizona, 220-221 University of Arkansas, 198, 240 University of Bern Botanical Gardens, 9, 231, 235, 269 University of Bonn, 288 University of California Berkeley, 146, 198, 223, 240 Davis, 167, 220 San Francisco, 109, 198 University of Cologne, 157 University of Geneva, 115 University of Ghent, 124, 125, 130 University of Hawaii, 139, 140 University of Illinois, 30 University of Leeds, 156 University of Liverpool, 3 University of Milan, 286 University of Nairobi, 290 University of Nebraska, 183, 190, 205, 268 University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 157 University of Washington, 124, 125, 213 University of Western Australia, 238 University of Western Ontario, 163 University of Wisconsin Madison, 11, 35, 38, 112, 209 Parkside, 25 Upjohn Company, 138 U.S. Agency for International Development, 264, 290, 292, 296 U.S. Department of Agriculture, 53, 64, 281 Bureau of Plant Industry, 32 Foreign Disease-Weed Laboratory, 282 National Organic Program, 248, 250 National Plant Germplasm System, 241 regulatory authority over GM crops, 146-147, 153-154, 195-196, 206, 220 state agricultural experiment stations, 55, 59, 61, 139, 142, 206 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 147-148, 153, 191, 193, 194, 207, 213, 214, 251, 286 U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Science, Subcommittee on Basic Research, 162

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Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods U.S. Navy, plant exploration expeditions, 54 U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, 55, 134, 136. See also Patents V Van Montagu, Marc, 124, 125 Vectors, 83, 109-110, 112-115, 124-127, 129-131, 139 Venter, Craig, 82, 85 Virgil (Roman poet), 133, 134 Virus resistance C-5 plum tree, 284-285 coat protein-mediated, 130-131, 138-140, 153, 163-168, 284-286, 290 codon optimization method, 291 papaya, 132, 138-140, 149, 150, 151, 153, 285-286 patents on plants, 133, 290 post-transcriptional gene silencing, 131-132 sweet potato, 288-294 Viruses, plant coat protein, 130 human health effects of eating, 166-168 structure, 167 Vitamin A deficiency, 2, 4 W Wallace, Henry A., 61, 62-63 Wallace, Henry C., 61 Wambugu, Florence, 288, 289-292, 293-294, 295, 296 Wampanoag, 25 Washington State University, 64, 183, 259-260, 267, 272, 307 Washington University, St. Louis, 125, 129 Watermelon, 24 New Queen, 171 seedless, 16-17, 96 Watson, James, 80, 102, 143 Weeds. See also Herbicide-tolerant crops gene flow, 235-236, 238, 239 management in orchards, 282-283 no-till agriculture and, 273-274 resistance to herbicides, 238, 239-240 wide crosses with, 18-19, 28, 105, 173 Weizmann Institute, 174 Weller, Dave, 272 Went, Frits W., 11 Wettstein, Dieter von, 19 Wheat, 5. See also Triticum spp. Above, 17-18, 277 allergies, 186, 198 bread, 17-18, 29-30, 73 Ceres, 215 classification of species, 67-68 Creso, 17, 20 drought resistance and cold tolerance, 29 durum, 16, 17, 28-29 dwarf varieties, 63-64 einkorn, 27, 28, 32 emmer, 28, 29, 30 evolution and domestication, 26-32, 42, 173-174 gene flow, 231 hard red winter, 17-18 harvesting techniques, 31-32 herbicide-tolerant, 17-18, 270-271, 276, 277, 278 Hope, 215 lodging, 63-64 Marquis, 215 nitrogen-fixing enzyme, 305-306 Norin, 64 rust-resistant, 64, 183, 214-215, 241 selective breeding methods, 9-10, 16, 17, 30, 141, 147, 148 spelt, 29, 30 Thatcher, 215 yields, 63, 64 Wilkins, Maurice, 80

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Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods Wine grapes, 24, 201-203, 210-211 Wöhler, Friedrich, 49, 50, 257 Workshop on Safeguards for Planned Introduction of Transgenic Oilseed Crucifers, 237 World Bank Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, 297 World Health Organization, 2, 161, 187, 189, 190, 253 World Resources Institute, 270 Worldwide Fund for Nature, 267 Wotecki, Catherine, 187-188 Y Ye, Xudong, 127 Youatt, William, 51 Z Zaire, arable land, 266 Zambia, rejection of GM food shipments, 309-310, 313 Zea mays, 32, 67. See also Corn; Maize Zeneca Agrochemicals, 7 Zimbabwe, rejection of GM food shipments, 309 Zinder, Norton, 112, 113-114 Zohary, Daniel, 26 Zymotechnology, 111

Representative terms from entire chapter:

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