National Research Council. "2 Technology Alternatives." Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2004. 1. Print.
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Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors
TABLE 2-3 Comparison of Soldier Power/Energy Sources for 20-W Average Power Missions of 24 and 72 Hours
Technology
Mission Length (hr)
System Mass (kg)
Power (W)
Total Energy (Wh)
Specific Energy (Wh/kg)
TRL
Stirling (JP-8)
24
0.82
20
480
588
2
PEM/H2 (5,000 psi)
24
1.15
30
720
626
7
PEM/NaBH4
24
1.16
20
480
414
6
Li/(CF)x (SOA, primary)
24
1.54
20
946
614
8
Li/MnO2 (SOA, primary)
24
1.71
20
480
280
8
IC (JP-8)
24
2.00
50
1,200
600
4
DMFC
24
2.04
20
480
235
6
Li/MnO2 (LW, primary)
24
2.46
20
480
195
9
SOFC (butane)
24
2.68
20
480
179
4
Li ion (SOA, rechargeable)
24
2.82
20
480
170
9
Li ion (LW, rechargeable)
24
3.31
20
480
145
9
Stirling (JP-8)
72
1.20
20
1,440
1,200
2
PEM/H2 (5,000 psi)
72
2.09
30
2,160
1,033
7
Li/(CF)x (SOA, primary)
72
2.35
20
1,440
614
9
PEM/NaBH4
72
2.59
20
1,440
556
6
IC (JP-8)
72
3.00
50
3,600
1,200
4
DMFC
72
3.01
20
1,440
478
6
SOFC (butane)
72
3.90
20
1,440
369
4
Li/MnO2 (SOA, primary)
72
5.14
20
1,440
280
8
Li/MnO2 (LW, primary)
72
7.37
20
1,440
195
9
Li ion (SOA, rechargeable)
72
8.47
20
1,440
170
8
Li ion (LW, rechargeable)
72
9.94
20
1,440
145
9
NOTES: Table is sorted by system mass. TRL, technology readiness level; JP-8, jet propellant 8; PEM, proton exchange membrane; SOA, state of the art; IC, internal combustion; DMFC, direct methanol fuel cell; LW, Land Warrior; SOFC, solid oxide fuel cell.
TABLE 2-4 Comparison of Soldier Power/Energy Sources for 100-W Average Power Missions of 24 and 72 Hours
Technology
Mission Length (hr)
System Mass (kg)
Power (W)
Total Energy (Wh)
Specific Energy (Wh/kg)
TRL
IC (JP-8)
24
2.70
100
2,400
889
4
Stirling (JP-8)
24
4.00
100
2,400
600
2
SOFC (JP-8)
24
4.24
150
3,600
849
4
PEM/H2 6%
24
6.21
100
2,400
386
7
Li/(CF)x (SOA)
24
7.69
100
2,400
614
8
Li/MnO2 (SOA)
24
8.57
100
2,400
280
8
DMFC
24
11.40
150
3,600
316
6
Li/MnO2 (LW)
24
12.31
100
2,400
195
9
Li ion (SOA)
24
14.12
100
2,400
170
8
Li ion (LW)
24
16.55
100
2,400
145
9
IC (JP-8)
72
5.70
100
7,200
1,263
4
Stirling (JP-8)
72
6.00
100
7,200
1,200
2
SOFC (JP-8)
72
7.42
150
10,800
1,456
4
PEM/H2 6%
72
10.93
100
7,200
659
7
SOA Li/(CF)x
72
11.70
100
7,200
614
8
DMFC
72
18.60
150
10,800
581
6
Li/MnO2 (SOA)
72
25.71
100
7,200
280
8
Li/MnO2 (LW)
72
36.92
100
7,200
195
9
Li ion (SOA)
72
42.35
100
7,200
170
8
Li ion (LW)
72
49.66
100
7,200
145
9
NOTES: Table is sorted by system mass. TRL, technology readiness level; JP-8, jet propellant 8; IC, internal combustion; SOFC, solid oxide fuel cell; PEM, proton exchange membrane; SOA, state of the art; DMFC, direct methanol fuel cell; LW, Land Warrior.
