Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals -- Korean Edition (1996)

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~~ ~~ ~ ^~1 ~~ ~1 ~ Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals



~~ ~~ ^~1 ~~ ~1 ~ Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals by institute of Laboratory Animal Resources Commission on Life Sciences National Research Council, USA National Academy Press Washington D.C. 1996 7~T: it A] ~ (~ C~) KAP J. LEE (Professor and Director Division of Comparative Medicine University Of North Dakota. USA) 037.~: 7~7eT (°~ef~+ ~70) ~~ (~ In - AN ~ol~) ol Cozy (~l*rH8~i;l ~l;21 Aft ~~f~AL~) ~A|T (A= am) Hi li!i rim 1998

~~ ~~ Art ~~ ~1=J National Academy Press 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20418 °'U: ~ ~AA1~ $1~ =~Z~ ~~°~1l~l(National Academy of Sciences), ~41~ot7~6ll~l(National Academy of Engineering) ~ 5~184~1 (Institute of Medicine)511 Js~$l~ ^~ sit! 0 e T^O~ ~~°~T~ (National Research Council)9l OIA~7qlAl gOl~O^A~ AloJ° ztz~ Engage °A~ ~0 Aqua Acts tool A4~—Omit. °1~1 At - 7A1~ ~84°~1. ~~ 0~40~r,3,r| ~ ~84~7 <^ ~ aft ~SJ A|°,~D~9~7(Report Review Committee)7t g°l~ final ~~ and o1 54 91 · ~o1 ;~ F; ~rM6Jr. BALM ~~3i4 Z~° 74 71~° enter Acts ~O~~T:~: I ~~lEl (National Center for Research Resources)91 ~4l~'471~Zl$~l(lnteragency Research Animal Committee) A ~~=Al - (Department of Health and Human Service)91 ~13~7l°lm91(National Institutes of Health)ql Colds °dm$17 (Office for Protection from Research Risks); nl~TT(U.S Department of Agriculture): ~7OA~°~T(Department of Veterans Affairs), ~~:~ IT ~1~84 _~° ATE NIH RR08779 - 02 o1 ~ Al ~ H\°At~. TO 4°dQ ~~s~3~1(Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources)oll mE4~A1~, loq1 Err ~11 :~1~71~;~ THIN ~~ Am: ~3~ ITS O`,TA~E1°7 13117~64 =~7i'D. 5P40RR0137: 3484717(National Science Foundation). BIR-9024967: al ~QE9l~4°l:7RH~AT~T(U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command)~1 5 e' WHOP - (Department of Defence), al o~Al^~AT88T(U.S. Air Force System Commanded ~:~A1~ (Human System Division), ~HO~HO~At^9^D~64°J:i'^(Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute). G°l~73~84rR84(Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences) '4, nl~sR~9l~4olm7RH4ATz~(u S. Naval Medical Research and Development Command), DAMD17-93-J-3016: elm °4~(American Cancer SocietY)91 °lm=~'~e~_A. #RC-l-34. ~ -Al ~ Ad ~ ~ ~~ ~ 3,3,, 21 ~ . -'3 By. I ~ T ~ 7~ ~ 71 T o Al ~ ~ -fi Hi. ~~ A1~89 G 71~ ~78=Q HJ=A1 HJ - Sit 7~Q oft Dl~7~|~ = arts Fly ~~ Do ol D|~70 T =~ ~ ~ Al ~ Al A1~7l TO Aim ~ ~~ M 5c I International Standard Book Number 0-309-05377-3 ~~5401~7~flD1 National Academy of Sciences 31996 2

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Note At ~^H>°1 ~~ 71~° 1996~ 1~ 2°~oll ~1~ (!~91 Gem ~ '~ol17~1 ~77R~0~|T1- ~ 3K AM (Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources: ILAR)o1 ~q811 ^14101877f ~ :~l~l717~98~1 (Committee to Revise the Guide) al— 700~;:~ 917~o1 ~9~,L~. 7,1~° Aot32~ ~~ 33 ~ ol1 at* ~711~71 =709 lit T ~= ~1 ~ 7> 01 ~79 o1 ~ o1 i31~ '=~°i~ ~51 IRAQ! Aft T217~°Z ~7~(engineering approach) 7~r~ TOADS :A111~71~ ~70~b 7A(performance goal)°l Atom ,7, ~ 21;iC|A1°1A1 ~ 7~2:"Jr Olga Seth ~34^l~(Performance goal) off as ~ 1 ~ 88~° ~~ *~;1|~ 8gA0~;Cl~ Al:~!Si ORE En ~ Anagram T~7} ~10!S87;!~. In. ~~=Al~(engineering goal)" S] 71~o~l ;91 A g1 ~ 71 ~ °uA~ ol I I'LL: 7,1.01 ~ Debt T 17' ~~ ONTO ~ ~ ~ Al ~ 7= God its At tool ~7' ~Sw78~ ~q~r~ 7ZAql~ ~17' =7'1~ ~~ ~~ ~5!1 9~ °RUR~ Idol 717 SOFAS. 7171°n~ =~R7D, em ~ ~ 1 in ~ And arm al ~~ 7^9ol 0~ ~~ ~ 76 ~ ~~ ol ~ ~ 7~ ~ ° At Aided ~ ~~ ,7. en OR T if ~0 ~ 7tot~ On ~= G" 0] :;Lm78 01 ~ CAT ~ ~~ ~ 70 *—t~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O ~ ACTS of. $749l ~= In. In ~~ In ~~ 71ttM]$1~1(institutional animal care and use committee IACUC)s] 7~£°ll Gate ~107n~717. $1^a~l ~ ~~A't~o1 MAR 71~ In 1 7R~*-~(develop) * *°1~ D t' At °~r4(review and approve) *37 COTTA. 7 ol*~ "OR" ol Pilots ibid {q D 1 ~ ~~ On ~ OVA ~ ~~ ~~ I ~ Al ~71 of idol ~ ~ ^~ D Cl ~T71|~ 7D^1°n ~~ 711!FOIIA1 ~ 771 Tr O (such as rodents) ~ 7k—Hi| URN ~ ~0 ~4 - 1 Em. ~~ B ( ~ ~= ~~is4 ~i871 At) An a Atonal ~ Ps And 7~81°t ~= 71~DO7r 7D~|q|71| ~°1~. in 1 ~* ^~ A Tan =7~ 7d' cl l6qtq:0~ 74mge ALL 7.7.4 0 37R~qlAl It ~ ~ AliDAl7l Ql~qllA1~ °18~D£ - £7,1~l °eT~ r~O4~g] 0,1£7~ ~7 Alum :ttt! o~78~79~(Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals) ~ ° r~7l~D(Animal Welfare RegUIation)J 011 tt7'07t 0~7,iD~, ~ do D ~T*-R°t ~~ Ate'~qn7n~ dies 7~1iDAlqnAl t!~ 3T~o1 Czech* 7e~ 70~ol~ ;~Dqn boot Icy 7,4 ~ ~7n ~71 ~~ 7dolr~ Olaf Bed_ ~~ 71~D~1 Ins *-A CITE °~7~1~ e.~l A1~qlA1Q1 71~°1 ~*~7 A§74~ ADZ C£r~7|98~- °131~ T701 ~ 7~ A1 ~A1~°1 A1 iDA171 94 £* CR ~ °R Mm ~~ 7A *~ ~ ret| £~r°l ~ ~ ad ° £ ~ ~ °11~ A: By. ~1~! ~ q1 ~ ~7A °~! T70 ~ 7~*—~ a| I. 5

~1 ~~ ~1~1 ~;~40~7lFr$ul(National Academy of Sciences)= 70~T71' I ~iOo3 I -o4 T; ~84 o87cfl ~~ ~7~}7t I -0~ ~6471~ ~7 I o<!~5 ~ 71~1~ In. 1863~ ~1A1 Thy m~ 71' C/] ~471~ Id ~~ O8~o~T~ $10.R ~ °~61~ =~01 a) 77~ ,1~ 01~7it ° Bruce Alberts~A~°l~. ~~O~ot7tr$~1 (National Academy of Engineering) ~~ E4~1tt O 84;~1~ ol =°1~ many ~40~l~11~1~ - °n ~°R 1964~ql I. wOo ~ Din ~~ ~7~7~ Oo38~ 70~T~ ~0~3' ~03~= ~~ ~64 of7F CtD,lQ} ~~lq.. ~71-7~°.) Thy| ^7A~ ~~ ~~ _~in ~ ^1~15|~ ii7$8 +~ IT i;~4Oo°~1 ~047~ ° 7.1988~1-~, ol~i7° Harold Leibowitz~ - ol~ 9184~1(1nstitute of Medicine)~c A1~91 7170iql ;~ 7097 =74~ ~1~ $] All ~ Mono' ~lol~ ~J~71 ~t~71 ~5-= ~;~4°l7l~r-nDl7l 1970 ~~ -0t,0,,'.~ 0~70TO||~ - 0~7.lq.37 15 - ~5~8401~7ttliC|°l1 Tamp Amp SCAM 71~°~ Sky, 0~+, ~$°ll Ma =+ Elm ~~. OlAl'7~ Kenneth I. Shine~J~i°i~. ~~°~9l~l(National Research Council) ~840~7lElflnlqfl Rift 1916~!qn ~!~011:! £0 017~lfln1 ~~ =7~011 A1~ MACES ~7OATq191 odor ~2~ ~s47l~?7n5'l ~ ~1731 °8711~37 I. ~ ol.7iblnl~l ~;~!ql ~~ol'4 ;44. 0 4 at omit D1 5!1 71 ~T7~ A al ~°1 70A T Al Dry ~ ;~4 - O 84 flat -§q43 Step ~~ ON °~7tlfl al 51 so ~4~ ~1 At to 0 £ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ TV. $1 ~!7~q T#I ~72~ 7474 Bruce Albert Harold Leibowitz~44A~°l~. 6

,, ~ D ~ ~4 ^~1 ~~ 1 Committee to Revise the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals J. Derrell Clark(Chairman), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia Ransom L. Baldwin, University of California. Davis. California KathrYn A. Bayne, American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care. Rockville, Maryland Marilyn J. Brown, Dartmouth College. Lebanon, New Hampshire G. F. Gebhart, University of lowa. College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa Janet C. Gonder. Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Round Lake. Illinois Judith K. Gwathmey, Harvard Medical School. Massachusetts Michale E. Keeling. University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas Dennis F. Kohn. Columbia University, College of Physicians & Surgeons. New York, New York J. Wesley Robb, Professor Emeritus. University of Southern California. Los Angeles, California Orville A Smith, University of Washington, Seattle. Washington Jo Ann D.Steggerda. Champaign, Illinois John G. Vandenbergh. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina William J. White, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Massachusetts Sarah Williams-Blangero, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research. San Antonio. Texas John L. VandeBerg, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas (ex officio member) Thomas L.Wolfoe. Program Director Carol M.Rozmiarek, Project Assistant Norman Grossblatt, Editor 7

Rag ~~.1l Fir Ed If ~~ INSTITUTE OF LABORATORY ANIMAL RESOURCES COUNCIL John L. VandeBerg (Chairman). Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio. Texas Christian R. Abee, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama J. Derrell Clark. University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia Muriel T. Davisson, The Jackson Laboratory. Bar Harbor, Maine Bennett Dyke, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio. Texas Neal L, First, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin James W. Glosser, Massillon, Ohio John P. Hearn, Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center. Madison Margaret S. Landi, Smith Kline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania Gail Martin. University of California, San Francisco, California Charles R. McCarthy, Kennedy Institute of Ethics. Georgetown University. Washington, D. C. Robert J. Russell. Harlan Sprague Dawley, Frederick. Maryland Richard C. Van Sluyters, University of California, Berkeley, California John G. Vandebergh, North Carolina State University. Raleigh. North Carolina Peter A. Ward. University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan Thomas D. Pollard, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore. Maryland (ex officio member) :~m Eric A Fischer, Director Thomas L. Wolfle, Program Director Mara L, Glenshaw. Research Assistant Carol M. Rozmiarek, Project Assistant A.1Y~!~I(lnstitute of Laboratory Animal Resources: ALAR) ~~°~+ ~~1q~ I ~~ l952~°l I. ~anO~4 ~~ ol~ O ~A1 ~+ · AI ~ ~~ a -4~ ~ ~ 4 ' 1 In, =~ ~ At~q ~~ ~1 ~ ~ that ~ my DISH I, =eJ ~~ol~ to ~~ ~ Whole Hit ~~ ~ ~~ ~ of T. Baby ~4 07 ~ 01~ Al off ~ Okay ~~840~7~1$nl~ Atn5 ~ ~~, 8

DO Eq e ~IV84~ $1~1 Comrnission on Life Sciences Thomas D.Pollard (Chairman).The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore. Maryland Frederick R. Anderson. Cadwalader. Wickersham & Taft, Washington, D.C. John C. Bailar. III, IvlcCil University. Montreal, Canada John E, Burris, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts Michael T. Coegg. University of California. Riverside, California Glenn A. Crosby, Washington State University, Pullman. Washington Ursula W. Goodenough. Washington University, St. Louis. Missouri Susan E. Leeman. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston. Massachusetts Richard E. Lenski. Michigan State University, East Lansing. Michigan Thomas E. Lovejoy, Smithsonian Institution, Washington. D.C. Donald R. Mattison. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PennsYIvania Joseph E. Murray. WellesleY Hills, Massachusetts Edward E. Penhoet, Chiron Corporation. Emeryville, California Emil A. Pfitzer, Research institute for Fragrance Materials, inc.. Hackensack, New Jersey Malcolm C. Pike, University of Southern California School of Medicine. Los Angeles. California Henry C. Pitot, III. McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research. Madison, Wisconsin Jonathan M. Samet, The Johns Hopkins University. Baltimore, Maryland Harold M. Schmeck, Jr., North Chatham, Massachusetts Carla H. Shatz, University of California, Berkeley, California John L. VandeBerg, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas 7.~i: Paul Gilman. Executive Director 9

~3'D~1 ~~1Ql And ~~ A|~ ~ ~ ~ ' Pref ace r<!~s] tt~154 Atoll Ate Al~l(Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals ° r~A1~ Scholl ~~ 71~(Guide for Laboratory Animal Facilities and Cared °1~ 3F74l~ 1963~ Idol ~7~ °1T 1965~,1968~ 1972~. 1985~o;31 747 71170O1T~1°1~. *4t°1211401! T ol Sol ~8 ~ ~' ~ ~E] ~ ^|85] art ~ ~ ~ 73,1 al §~ ~ 91~ ~ Al ~A1 .~ ~~ Abut 70~3~ °-DTon ~q 747,30~o~0t ~~ ~~ *7 7dl7~ol 3 53- 1996~°R V!7a~ T7~7~ ~lfi7~. r~3.~ ~~q Demon :~ Id 7n7~$~34(Committee to Revise the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals)sl q~°l1 DCi715°l°A~O] 71 1!^l5~1 ~7a o 08~7~7A, 717. 0.!~7A0D~ 7A7 e ~~ ~ ~ . ~~ f ~ ~ ~ 21~ of ~ 7Q o1 ~ ~ot7tA1 ~ ~ "= 7.1~71r Dan °J ~ 7 Us ~ 7~ ~ ~ I 7~ Or 7;51~ ED -elf 70 34 . ~ Ed ~ a!| TO Hi- of ~ ~ g~ Olin ~ ~ —r 11 :~ D~1~. 71 D 1 3 ~ ~~ ~ I} O ~ (! Al 181 . 34~ A ~1 . d 7~ ~ 7,~ DO 17 ~7D o1 D~iA1 a| i;: 7 oJ ~~ ~ A~Qo 1 -D ~ ~ ~ ~~ 0 70 ~ Q 71~° ~ 8~ ,1 Oil e 7~71~1 ~8 'ID ~ 7~0~ ~~ (National Institutes of Health) ~=r91 ~~ 74^o51°l 70 r014l~(Government Printing Of'dce)°flA1 I. 1~, ~ fit ~ ~T! 11 ;~D$1<t Olga I; real MA ~D~7608T^~ ~1odl ~rTT(DePartment of Agriculture)} ^F-lq~°lT(DePartment of Veterans Affairs)°lAlT;: Sol ~D~4~4t+(National Academy Pre5S)C3,1A1 }I, 7;1 ;O A1 1_ Iraq 5!L Abbot T ~ - ~0 ~ (oJ of, TWO ~ ~ ^1 ~~ Ida ~ —=71 ~ aft f5!|~47 Id =4 A| 7,]43to 27 ~Ao~o1 71~ of 71 Y4~ ~q54 Toll ~~ 71~ ~~ 1(IACUC), ~~7j1 4 f91At ~ 7R715!1 7.°,Jol Undue 74 collar BETAS. 1991~°fl ~l~oJ ~7~11 twill (ILAR)71 Xl Ma I In $] ~~ ~ Al .! A1~ 7F 33 O3 01 ~14 id (iA16~ 19933| 7.17J7R3$190~17t rl~°~n^~D-I (National Research Council)oll ~~ 41D~D5IO~A~ 15a IRAQ 0~7.t foam DO AaD3Q~q~ 1~71 OR ~~ All ado red Proof. 1472 5~^o~7^IT 7R307^40-=oR °~A1 A!7DAloiI ~~ ~78 eQ ~4741 4 =4~tA|r|°47$ Aft 4 BITS Irk 7R ~ 5~Of Bird. 'E ~ So ~ D. C. On ^1 1993~ 12 =4 1 =4°n Ed ~~ °IT A~_~A1 _ lA1 1994~ 2~ 2=oll r1TqT A11°l ^Tol~ollA1 1994~ 2°4 4O2OR 7474 clad k °~47AtF M~ ~ Canal - ~0171 ~78~T w^1~ few ~7deQ 7 Boar ~ 7470d~s!1 Knoll ~OoAl7~Ar~ $1~11 GUS!| 74Ao~°ll ~~isJ William L GaYAAl9T Bennett J. Cohen~011731 At sLI~ :~. ~~§lQl(Animal Care Panel)91 $1~3~OIO~A~ CohenA',e 1959 Toll ~ ~~ ~q~ Abbe Berm ~o@7~^°171 NOR r^4~0~q~ ~~ lt~7 ARC all ~~ $~1(Committee on Ethical Consideration in the Care of 10

Laboratory Animals)J ~ ~171°~. ~$~90~ $1~ol Gay~1°12~ ITS 7e p71r t1,°~ *~Z]741q£:1 77q~i40~! ~7~ ~7~ Ale °~1~17~.°~ ~ IF 1 ~ ~ ~5~14 ol 011 ~~ ~ aim o|~Qil| 7t jiJ~7toi ~~ ]~!~ (Professional Standards Committeemen 71=s~1~. ~i~1°~ °l ~ of ~el ~~E151 ^1~g] 70~ ~ i Mitt Oregon p141 ~~E]14~ ~7~4 Cohen ~1~1~ ^1~$14!~1(Animal Facilities Standards Committee) $~°1= ~S1~ol| s4~ rats .|~. Spoil ~~ 71:p Idol ~4~°1~. `1417979$~!~` 747~°11] ~4~A1S!I ~~ Mae ~*i<1711;1<' (Animal Welfare Information Center)~ ~~e8'O=°~Al~(National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture)oll 77~91 ~1~ item. °1 ~ T 71~ A| BOA a 0.~ O1Q} ~~ ~4017 ~ four ~ T 0~01~. D1~°1 A1~ ~7074 olZl~. Adam = - R ~ Norman Grossblatt~, Anal U1A1 by TO —~ i'-o~~ OR ~ Carol Rozmiarek~, ~~ ~ ~~E1 Dl~l~77~l Al ~ ~~* Oneida ~ Thomas L. wOIfle~l°n7a~ 7DLAl~ ~~ -,=~4°1~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ 7§ 7§ ~ .~ ~ C OFER ~ STAR 2;S71 ~~ Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources National Research Council 2101 Constitution Avenue. NW Washington, DC 20418 USA ~1~7R~ Derrell Clark 11

~ ~ ~ ~ ~1~ - 74 Contents TAq A1~ ~ 1 ~ D . 79 ~ , ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - ____ - - - - 15 2 ~C7~71~E ~~~~~~ - - - - ~ - - 16 3 7~ - - - - ~~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ 17 4 C1761~A ~4 - ~-- - --- - - - - - ~-- - - -- 5 O!~ A1 ~ __ __ 6 7RG - ~~~~~~~~~ - - ~ - ~~~~ - - ~~~ - - - ~-~~ - 4~ {~ - - - - - - - - - - - __________ - 15 - 20 7~ 71~ 7CA ~! ~ OD - - - ~ - - - - - - - -~~~ 21 1 ~}~F 7DA1— --—---—---—- 21 1-1 7141LR ~AFOQ~ ~~~~~~ - - - - ~~~ 21 1 - 2 i~4~8 _~ ~ ~~~~~~~ - ~~ - ---- - ~~ 22 1 3 O - - - - - - - - - - - - ______ 23 l~4 ~tT~ ~R5~ ~17A ~71 - ~~ - ~ - ~~~ - - ~ 24 1 - 5 A! ~ ~ = T~ 71 ~ - ~ - ~~~~~~~~~ - - ~ - 24 2 T~A ~ ~ 24 3 ~ 7~! ~$ ~~ - ~ - ~ - ~~~~~~ - ~ - - ~~ 25 4 ~O~373~l OJ7~ - - -- - -- - - - - - - - - - -- 25 4 - 1 ~tCR ~ 7D ZO~! ~ ~D ~ c 7F ~ - _ _ ~ 26 4 2 ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _________ 4~3 7R°~` ~ - ~~~ - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- - - - - - - 26 4~4 A1 ~ . 74 ~ T$~. ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - _ _ 26 4~5 ~D~4~Q ClSL~ ~~~ ~ - - ~ - - - - - 27 4-6 7R°J!3~ ~---- - --- - - - - ~~- - ~~~~~~~~~- 28 4~7 ~ ~I~7DA!Q! ~4 ~~~~~~~ - ~~~ - ~~ - ~ 28 ~ _ 26 _____ - - - - - - 29 ~3,124F ~ tt7C3. T71 ~ #~ ~ 1 *~A ti7O----- - --- - -- - I-1 ~°1~ ~7O~! DL~ t~7C ~~~~- - - - -- - 1 2 ~ 1~2~1 °17} 4~7O - ~~~ - - - - - --- - - ~ - ~~~ - - 32 1-2-2 ~ QA1~ j~'Q QQ4~1 e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 33 1-2-3 7FCI~AOI 417C ~~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~--~-- 34 1-3 At$ o Z]oA1 (~t 7~1~c -—-—-------—-------- 34 1 4 ~ ~. 1~ ~~ - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- - -~~- 1 5 (E 1 ~ ~ ~~ ~------- - ~---- 1-6 3EDO ~- - - --------- -~~~-~~~-~~~~~-~ 41 12 -- 31 ~~~ 32 ~~ 32 - 32 ~ 38 ~ 39

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