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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
APPENDIX A:
The Seven Basic Tables, 1993
Appendix A includes the following seven tables:
A-1 Number of Doctorate Recipients, by Gender and Subfield, 1993
A-2 Number of Doctorate Recipients, by Citizenship, Race/Ethnicity, and Subfield, 1993
A-3 Statistical Profile of Doctorate Recipients, by Major Field, 1993
A-4 Statistical Profile of Doctorate Recipients, by Race/Ethnicity and Citizenship, 1993
A-5 Sources of Graduate School Support for Doctorate Recipients, by Broad Field and Gender, 1993
A-6 State of Doctoral Institution of Doctorate Recipients, by Broad Field and Gender, 1993
A-7 Institutions Granting Doctorates, by Major Field, 1993
*** IMPORTANT NOTICE ***
The estimates reported for the Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED) are simple tabulations of all available information, with no adjustment for nonresponse. Thus, differences in response rates from year to year can produce numerical fluctuations that are unrelated to true trends.
Response to the SED has been 95 to 98 percent over the years, except during the 1980s when it gradually declined to 92 percent. In an effort to improve the response rate, the survey methodology has undergone some revision in the years since 1989. Response has risen as hoped, stabilizing at 95 percent during the last three years (1991 to 1993). (Note: These percentages represent self-report rates, i.e., the proportion of survey forms completed by doctorate recipients. Questionnaires filled in with partial information by either the doctoral institution or staff of the National Research Council are not included in these self-report rates but are included in tabulations in this report.) The self-report rate for 1993 may increase somewhat in the next year if additional questionnaires are received from doctorate recipients. See page 82 in Appendix C for a table giving survey response rates from 1980 to 1993.
Item response rates have shown a parallel improvement since 1990—a natural consequence of the increase in the overall self-report rate, as well as a result of format revisions to the questionnaire and follow-ups for missing information. In 1990, new follow-up procedures were implemented, increasing coverage of several variables (birth year, gender, race/ethnicity, citizenship status, country of citizenship, baccalaureate year and institution, and postgraduation plans). Response rates for these variables have thus improved—especially for citizenship and race/ethnicity, resulting in an increase in the reported numbers of minority Ph.D.s. Postsurvey adjustment to data was greatest in 1990 and 1991, with the largest impact on the number of black Ph.D.s. For both of these years, the total number of black Ph.D.s increased by about 7.5 percent in the year after survey closure. Postsurvey adjustments were much smaller for 1992 data (a 1.4 percent increase in black Ph.D.s) because the survey cycle was extended a month to allow receipt of additional follow-up information before closure; the same is expected for 1993 data.
All adjustments to data are presented in reports subsequent to the initial report for a survey. Thus, updates for 1990 appeared in Summary Report 1991; those for 1991 appeared in Summary Report 1992; and those for 1992 are included in this year's report (see Appendix Table B-2). The data for 1993 will likewise be subject to further revision, but as for 1992, adjustments are expected to be minimal. Updates to 1993 data will be presented in next year's report.
In using SED data, the reader should keep in mind that numerical trends are affected by fluctuations in response rates. Increasing or decreasing numbers in a citizenship or racial/ethnic group reflect to some degree any upward or downward change in both overall survey response and item response.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
APPENDIX A:
The Seven Basic Tables, 1993
Appendix A includes the following seven tables:
A-1 Number of Doctorate Recipients, by Gender and Subfield, 1993
A-2 Number of Doctorate Recipients, by Citizenship, Race/Ethnicity, and Subfield, 1993
A-3 Statistical Profile of Doctorate Recipients, by Major Field, 1993
A-4 Statistical Profile of Doctorate Recipients, by Race/Ethnicity and Citizenship, 1993
A-5 Sources of Graduate School Support for Doctorate Recipients, by Broad Field and Gender, 1993
A-6 State of Doctoral Institution of Doctorate Recipients, by Broad Field and Gender, 1993
A-7 Institutions Granting Doctorates, by Major Field, 1993
*** IMPORTANT NOTICE ***
The estimates reported for the Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED) are simple tabulations of all available information, with no adjustment for nonresponse. Thus, differences in response rates from year to year can produce numerical fluctuations that are unrelated to true trends.
Response to the SED has been 95 to 98 percent over the years, except during the 1980s when it gradually declined to 92 percent. In an effort to improve the response rate, the survey methodology has undergone some revision in the years since 1989. Response has risen as hoped, stabilizing at 95 percent during the last three years (1991 to 1993). (Note: These percentages represent self-report rates, i.e., the proportion of survey forms completed by doctorate recipients. Questionnaires filled in with partial information by either the doctoral institution or staff of the National Research Council are not included in these self-report rates but are included in tabulations in this report.) The self-report rate for 1993 may increase somewhat in the next year if additional questionnaires are received from doctorate recipients. See page 82 in Appendix C for a table giving survey response rates from 1980 to 1993.
Item response rates have shown a parallel improvement since 1990—a natural consequence of the increase in the overall self-report rate, as well as a result of format revisions to the questionnaire and follow-ups for missing information. In 1990, new follow-up procedures were implemented, increasing coverage of several variables (birth year, gender, race/ethnicity, citizenship status, country of citizenship, baccalaureate year and institution, and postgraduation plans). Response rates for these variables have thus improved—especially for citizenship and race/ethnicity, resulting in an increase in the reported numbers of minority Ph.D.s. Postsurvey adjustment to data was greatest in 1990 and 1991, with the largest impact on the number of black Ph.D.s. For both of these years, the total number of black Ph.D.s increased by about 7.5 percent in the year after survey closure. Postsurvey adjustments were much smaller for 1992 data (a 1.4 percent increase in black Ph.D.s) because the survey cycle was extended a month to allow receipt of additional follow-up information before closure; the same is expected for 1993 data.
All adjustments to data are presented in reports subsequent to the initial report for a survey. Thus, updates for 1990 appeared in Summary Report 1991; those for 1991 appeared in Summary Report 1992; and those for 1992 are included in this year's report (see Appendix Table B-2). The data for 1993 will likewise be subject to further revision, but as for 1992, adjustments are expected to be minimal. Updates to 1993 data will be presented in next year's report.
In using SED data, the reader should keep in mind that numerical trends are affected by fluctuations in response rates. Increasing or decreasing numbers in a citizenship or racial/ethnic group reflect to some degree any upward or downward change in both overall survey response and item response.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
TABLE A-1 and TABLE A-2: Tables A-1 and A-2 display data for the most recent year by subfield of doctorate. The subfields correspond to the fields on the questionnaire's Specialties List located at the back of this report. Field groupings may differ from those in reports published by federal sponsors of the Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED). See inside the back cover for a description of field groupings as reported in these tables. The “general” field categories —e.g., “chemistry, general” —include individuals who either received the doctorate in the general subject area or did not indicate a particular specialty field. The “other” field categories—e.g., “chemistry, other” —include individuals whose specified doctoral discipline was not among the specialty fields.
Table A-1 presents data by doctoral specialty and gender. Table A-2 displays doctoral specialty by citizenship and race/ethnicity. For a detailed description of the racial/ethnic variable, see the explanatory note for Table A-4. Refer to the notice on page 41 for important information on recent increases in response rates and their impact on time-series data.
TABLE A-3: Table A-3 is composed of three two-page tables. The first table includes data on all doctorate recipients from the most recent year; the other two tables present the same data by gender. Field groupings may differ from those in reports published by federal sponsors of the SED. See inside the back cover for a description of field groupings as reported in these tables; see the questionnaire's Specialties List at the back of the report for the names and codes of the subfields included. Terms requiring definition are as follows:
Median Age at Doctorate: One-half received the doctorate at or before this age. A recipient 's age is obtained by subtracting the year of birth from the calendar year of doctorate. Months are not included in the computation.
Percentage with Master's: The percentage of doctorate recipients in a field who received a master's degree in any field before earning the doctorate.
Median Time Lapse: “Total Time” refers to the total calendar time elapsed between the year of baccalaureate and the year of doctorate; “Registered Time” refers to the actual time in attendance at colleges and universities between receipt of the baccalaureate and the doctorate. Enrollment includes years of attendance not related to a recipient's doctoral program. Months are excluded from the computations because they are rarely reported.
Postgraduation Plans: Each year's doctorate recipients provide information on postgraduation employment or study plans in response to items 20–24 on the survey form. Since the questionnaire is filled out around the time the doctorate is awarded, a recipient's plans are subject to change. However, comparisons with the longitudinal Survey of Doctorate Recipients (SDR) have shown SED data to be a reasonable indicator of actual employment status in the year following the doctorate, although results vary by sector. (The SDR, also conducted by the National Research Council, is a follow-up employment survey of a sample of doctorate recipients in science, engineering, and humanities fields.) For a comparison of the immediate postgraduation plans of Ph.D.s in the 1990 SED with their employment status
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
in the 1991 SDR, see the following table; refer to the footnote on page 90 in Appendix C for additional information on those Ph.D.s who reported definite commitments at the time they completed the SED questionnaire.
COMPARISON OF PH.D.S' IMMEDIATE POSTGRADUATION PLANS IN THE 1990 SED WITH THEIR EMPLOYMENT STATUS 1–2 YEARS LATER IN THE 1991 SDR
Employment Status in 1991 SDR
Plans in 1990 SED
Total
Postdoc.
Total Empl.
Acad.
Govt.
Indus./ Self
Other Empl.
Unkn. Sector
Not Empl.
Postdoctoral Study*
546
50.4
44.5
26.2
3.5
9.5
5.1
0.2
4.9
Employment
1,258
2.1
94.8
51.8
5.9
27.7
9.1
0.3
3.1
Academe
654
2.1
96.0
86.9
1.8
4.7
2.3
0.3
1.8
Government
96
2.1
94.8
16.7
47.9
13.5
16.7
0.0
3.1
Industry/Self-Employed
351
1.4
95.2
8.5
2.0
80.6
3.7
0.3
3.1
Other Sector
96
3.1
93.8
15.6
3.1
10.4
64.6
0.0
3.1
Unknown Sector
61
3.3
80.3
37.7
9.8
18.0
13.1
1.6
16.4
NOTE: SED=Survey of Earned Doctorates; SDR=Survey of Doctorate Recipients, whose sample is drawn from the SED. This table includes only 1990 Ph.D.s who were located in the United States in the 1991 SDR (total n=1,901). The shaded percentages represent the proportions of Ph.D.s whose employment status in the 1991 SDR was consistent with their postgraduation plans in the 1990 SED. For example, the table shows that 86.9% of 1990 SED respondents who had plans for employment in academe upon graduation were still working in academe 1–2 years later, according to SDR data.
* This comparison may underestimate postdoctoral study because it is likely that some Ph.D.s who reported plans for postdoctoral study in the SED had completed their postdoctoral appointments by the time the 1991 SDR was distributed. There is a gap of 1–2 years between the Ph.D. graduation dates in the SED and the reference date for employment in the 1991 SDR.
In Table A-3, the postgraduation plans of doctorate recipients are grouped as follows: “Postdoctoral Study Plans” (fellowship, research associateship, traineeship, other), “Planned Employment After Doctorate” (educational institution, industry, etc.), and “Postdoctoral Plans Unknown.” These categories include recipients who were still negotiating or seeking positions at the time of survey completion, as well as those whose plans were definite. The sum of these lines equals 100 percent for each column, with allowance for rounding: for example, 52.8 percent of all chemists had postdoctoral study plans, 39.1 percent planned to be employed, and 8.1 percent did not report their postgraduation plans, totaling 100 percent. The study and employment rows are further subdivided. The data on study plans show that 26.5 percent of all chemists planned to pursue postdoctoral fellowships; 25.1 percent, research associateships; 0.5 percent, traineeships; and 0.7 percent, some other form of postdoctoral study. These percentages sum to 52.8 percent, the proportion of chemists who reported plans
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
for postdoctoral study. The employment row is similarly subdivided by type of employer. The percentages for these rows add to 39.1 percent —the proportion of chemistry Ph.D.s who planned employment. The category for educational institutions includes elementary and secondary schools as well as colleges and universities, and the category for government includes military service.
The four lines of data beginning with “Definite Postdoctoral Study” distinguish between individuals who had definite postgraduation plans at the time of survey completion (item 20: “Am returning to, or continuing in, predoctoral employment” or “Have signed contract or made definite commitment”) and those who were still seeking employment or postdoctoral study (item 20: “Am negotiating with one or more specific organizations,” “Am seeking position but have no specific prospects,” or “Other”). These four lines, when added to the prior line, “Postdoctoral Plans Unknown,” total 100 percent with allowance for rounding. The two lines “Definite Postdoctoral Study” and “Seeking Postdoctoral Study” add to give the percentage for “Postdoctoral Study Plans”; the two lines “Definite Employment” and “Seeking Employment” add to give the percentage for “Planned Employment After Doctorate.”
Percentages showing the distribution of doctorate recipients by postdoctoral work activity and region of employment are based only on the number of recipients who had definite employment commitments at the time they completed the questionnaire. These percentages exclude recipients who planned postdoctoral study (as described above) and recipients who were still seeking employment at the time they completed the questionnaire. (Note that the rows on specific postdoctoral study and employment plans discussed earlier include individuals whose plans were not definite). Revisions to the questionnaire format beginning in 1990 appear to have resulted in higher rates of nonresponse to the item on work activity in recent years. Nonresponse to this item was 15.1 percent in 1993 compared to only 6.2 percent in 1989.
The U.S. regions of employment shown in Table A-3 include the following states and territories:
New England:
Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont
Middle Atlantic:
New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania
East North Central:
Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin
West North Central:
Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota
South Atlantic:
Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia
East South Central:
Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee
West South Central:
Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas
Mountain:
Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming
Pacific & Insular:
Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, Washington, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, Trust Territory, Virgin Islands
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
TABLE A-4: Table A-4 contains data by race/ethnicity and citizenship for selected variables included in Tables A-3 and A-5. Field groupings may differ from those in reports published by federal sponsors of the SED. See inside the back cover for a description of field groupings as reported in these tables; refer to the questionnaire 's Specialties List at the back of the report for the names and codes of the subfields included. See the notice on page 41 for important information on recent increases in response rates and theirimpact on time-series data.
The racial/ethnic question has undergone several revisions over the years. In 1977, it was modified to correspond to a standard question format recommended by the Federal Interagency Committee on Education and adopted by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for use in federally sponsored surveys; an explanation of the effect of these changes is detailed on page 13 of Summary Report 1977. (Note: Changes in the OMB guidelines prompted the moving of persons having origins in the Indian subcontinent from the white category to the Asian category.) In 1980, the item was further revised in two ways: (1) the Hispanic category was subdivided into Puerto Rican, Mexican American, and other Hispanic to provide more detail for users of the racial/ethnic data, and (2) respondents were asked to check only one racial category. (Before 1980, doctorate recipients could check more than one category to indicate their race.) The item was modified again in 1982 to separate the questions on race and ethnicity. Since then, respondents have been asked to first check one of the four racial group categories (American Indian, Asian, black, or white) and then indicate whether or not they are Hispanic. In Table A-4, Ph.D.s who reported Hispanic heritage, regardless of racial designation, are included in one of three Hispanic groups: Puerto Rican, Mexican American, or other Hispanic. The remaining survey respondents are then counted in the respective racial groups. (Note: Doctorate recipients who checked the category “American Indian or Alaskan Native” are identified as Native American in this report.)
In the section on “Graduate School Support,” a recipient counts in more than one category if support was received from multiple sources. Because a student counts once for each of his/her sources of support, the vertical percentages sum to more than 100 percent. See the explanatory note on Appendix Table A-5 for further detail. (Data on the primary source of support for doctorate recipients are presented in the body of the report.)
The other sections of Table A-4 correspond to many of those in Appendix Table A-3. The reader is referred to the explanatory note on Table A-3 for additional information.
TABLE A-5: Table A-5 displays data reported in item 17 on sources of financial support received during graduate school, by broad field and gender of recipient. Field groupings may differ from those in reports published by federal sponsors of the SED. See inside the back cover for a description of field groupings as reported in this table; see the questionnaire 's Specialties List at the back of the report for the names and codes of the subfields included.
A recipient counts in more than one category in Table A-5 if support was received from multiple sources. Because a student counts once for each of his/her sources of support, the vertical percentages sum to more than 100 percent. (Data on the primary source of support for doctorate recipients are presented in the body of the report.)
Beginning with Summary Report 1990, federal research assistantships (RAs) have been aggregated with university RAs and shown under “University” in this table. (Focus groups of doctoral candidates have indicated uncertainty as to the source of their RA funding; it is therefore likely that some RAs have incorrectly identified their support as university rather
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
than federal.) The reader is advised not to compare results from the 1990–1993 surveys with results from earlier years because percentages for university support appear higher and percentages for federal support appear lower in recent tables where RAs are aggregated.
The data in Table A-5 should be interpreted as follows: 160 male doctorate recipients in the physical sciences in 1993 reported financial support from federal fellowships or traineeships during graduate school. This number is 3.3 percent of the male physical sciences Ph.D.s who answered the question on sources of support, and 13.2 percent of all males in any field who reported federal fellowship or traineeship support.
TABLE A-6: Table A-6 shows, by broad field and gender, the number of persons receiving a doctorate in the most recent year from institutions in each of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Field groupings may differ from those in reports published by federal sponsors of the SED. See inside the back cover for a description of field groupings as reported in this table; see the questionnaire's Specialties List at the back of the report for the names and codes of the subfields included.
TABLE A-7: Table A-7 displays data by doctorate-granting institution and major field. It includes all institutions in the United States (the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico) that awarded doctoral degrees in the most recent year. Field groupings may differ from those in reports published by federal sponsors of the SED and from departmental designations at institutions. See inside the back cover for a description of field groupings as reported in this table; see the questionnaire's Specialties List at the back of the report for the names and codes of the subfields included.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
APPENDIX TABLE A-1 Number of Doctorate Recipients, by Gender and Subfield, 1993
Number of Doctorates
Number of Doctorates
Subfield of Doctorate
Total
Men
Women
Subfield of Doctorate
Total
Men
Women
TOTAL ALL FIELDS
39,754
24,646
15,108
Engineering Mechanics
128
117
11
Engineering Physics
21
18
3
PHYSICAL SCIENCES
6,496
5,152
1,344
Engineering Science
55
52
3
Environmental Health Engineering
61
52
9
MATHEMATICS
1,146
882
264
Industrial/Manufacturing
236
209
27
Materials Science
416
349
67
Applied Mathematics
188
145
43
Mechanical
901
855
46
Algebra
84
56
28
Metallurgical
77
72
5
Analysis and Functional Analysis
105
82
23
Mining and Mineral
24
23
1
Geometry
44
37
7
Nuclear
108
103
5
Logic
19
15
4
Ocean
24
23
1
Number Theory
42
38
4
Operations Research
56
46
10
Mathematical Statistics
228
171
57
Petroleum
52
47
5
Topology
54
45
9
Polymer/Plastics
61
55
6
Computing Theory and Practice
18
15
3
Systems
57
53
4
Operations Research
37
28
9
Engineering, General
47
44
3
Mathematics, General
276
220
56
Engineering, Other
116
104
12
Mathematics, Other
51
30
21
LIFE SCIENCES
7,397
4,311
3,086
COMPUTER SCIENCE
878
741
137
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
5,090
3,040
2,050
Computer Science
823
701
122
Information Sciences and Systems
55
40
15
Biochemistry
845
527
318
Biophysics
103
82
21
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY
1,543
1,349
194
Biotechnology Research
8
4
4
Bacteriology
14
8
6
Astronomy
76
64
12
Plant Genetics
41
29
12
Astrophysics
69
56
13
Plant Pathology
41
26
15
Acoustics
27
26
1
Plant Physiology
48
29
19
Chemical and Atomic/Molecular
95
81
14
Botany, Other
105
62
43
Elementary Particles
170
152
18
Anatomy
76
42
34
Fluids
19
17
2
Biometrics and Biostatistics
74
53
21
Nuclear
81
73
8
Cell Biology
231
115
116
Optics
96
82
14
Ecology
176
110
66
Plasma and High-Temperature
62
58
4
Developmental Biology/Embryology
57
32
25
Polymer
29
24
5
Endocrinology
16
4
12
Solid State and Low-Temperature
335
293
42
Entomology
114
86
28
Physics, General
340
294
46
Biological Immunology
169
96
73
Physics, Other
144
129
15
Molecular Biology
582
345
237
Microbiology
433
250
183
CHEMISTRY
2,139
1,554
585
Neuroscience
275
165
110
Nutritional Sciences
134
35
99
Analytical
286
195
91
Parasitology
17
10
7
Inorganic
238
178
60
Toxicology
99
57
42
Nuclear
8
8
0
Human and Animal Genetics
172
96
76
Organic
517
386
131
Human and Animal Pathology
130
85
45
Medicinal/Pharmaceutical
98
60
38
Human and Animal Pharmacology
273
152
121
Physical
337
248
89
Human and Animal Physiology
271
171
100
Polymer
107
85
22
Zoology, Other
114
82
32
Theoretical
53
37
16
Biological Sciences, General
308
192
116
Chemistry, General
433
320
113
Biological Sciences, Other
164
95
69
Chemistry, Other
62
37
25
HEALTH SCIENCES
1,201
424
777
EARTH, ATMOS., & MARINE SCI.
790
626
164
Speech-Lang. Pathology & Audiology
98
20
78
Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry
13
11
2
Environmental Health
38
26
12
Atmospheric Dynamics
23
18
5
Health Systems/Services Admin.
35
15
20
Meteorology
34
31
3
Public Health
155
61
94
Atmos. Sci./Meteorology, General
22
15
7
Epidemiology
120
47
73
Atmos. Sci./Meteorology, Other
7
6
1
Nursing
373
15
358
Geology
197
162
35
Pharmacy
148
102
46
Geochemistry
50
37
13
Rehabilitation/Therapeutic Services
36
16
20
Geophysics and Seismology
101
87
14
Veterinary Medicine
61
45
16
Paleontology
21
16
5
Health Sciences, General
38
22
16
Mineralogy, Petrology
9
8
1
Health Sciences, Other
99
55
44
Stratigraphy, Sedimentation
28
23
5
Geomorphology and Glacial Geology
16
13
3
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
1,106
847
259
Geological & Related Sci., General
15
13
2
Geological & Related Sci., Other
17
15
2
Agricultural Economics
137
106
31
Environmental Science
68
50
18
Agricultural Business & Management
1
1
0
Hydrology and Water Resources
25
16
9
Animal Breeding and Genetics
18
14
4
Oceanography
99
72
27
Animal Nutrition
52
45
7
Marine Sciences
27
19
8
Dairy Science
11
9
2
Misc. Physical Sciences, Other
18
14
4
Poultry Science
16
10
6
Fisheries Science and Management
38
34
4
ENGINEERING
5,696
5,175
521
Animal Sciences, Other
74
55
19
Agronomy and Crop Science
104
85
19
Aerospace, Aeronautic. & Astronautic.
228
220
8
Plant Breeding and Genetics
68
54
14
Agricultural
86
80
6
Plant Pathology
58
43
15
Bioengineering and Biomedical
171
140
31
Plant Sciences, Other
28
19
9
Ceramic Sciences
42
36
6
Food Engineering
9
7
2
Chemical
624
541
83
Food Sciences, Other
140
83
57
Civil
563
518
45
Soil Chemistry/Microbiology
26
21
5
Communications
22
20
2
Soil Sciences, Other
59
55
4
Computer
167
152
15
Horticulture Science
62
47
15
Electrical, Electronics
1,353
1,246
107
Forest Biology
18
11
7
NOTE: Field groupings may differ from those in reports published by federal sponsors of the Survey of Earned Doctorates. See inside the back cover for a description of fields as reported in this table. Refer also to the explanatory note about this table in front of Appendix A.
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Summary Report 1993: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities
Number of Doctorates
Number of Doctorates
Subfield of Doctorate
Total
Men
Women
Subfield of Doctorate
Total
Men
Women
Forest Engineering
3
3
0
EDUCATION
6,647
2,743
3,904
Forest Management
17
17
0
Wood Sci. and Pulp/Paper Tech.
20
17
3
Curriculum and Instruction
853
290
563
Conservation/Renewable Nat. Res.
13
9
4
Educational Admin, and Supervision
1,339
668
671
Forestry and Related Sci., Other
55
46
9
Educational Leadership
762
346
416
Wildlife/Range Management
54
37
17
Educ./Instruct. Media Design
95
49
46
Agricultural Sciences, General
10
8
2
Educ. Stat./Research Methods
64
26
38
Agricultural Sciences, Other
15
11
4
Educ. Assess., Test., & Meas.
23
11
12
Educational Psychology
288
93
195
SOCIAL SCIENCES (INCL. PSYCH.)
6,545
3,316
3,229
School Psychology
86
32
54
Social/Phil. Found. of Educ.
108
54
54
Anthropology
342
129
213
Special Education
276
73
203
Area Studies
36
25
11
Counseling Educ./Couns. & Guidance
287
101
186
Criminology
39
24
15
Educ. Eval. & Res./Higher Educ.
359
155
204
Demography/Population Studies
22
10
12
Pre-elementary/Early Childhood
97
12
85
Economics
906
699
207
Elementary Education
65
16
49
Econometrics
24
17
7
Secondary Education
33
17
16
Geography
137
97
40
Adult and Continuing Education
233
78
155
International Relations/Affairs
102
74
28
Political Science and Government
507
378
129
TEACHING FIELDS
940
430
510
Public Policy Analysis
98
50
48
Sociology
513
270
243
Agricultural Education
54
42
12
Statistics
48
34
14
Art Education
38
12
26
Urban Affairs/Studies
123
79
44
Business Education
27
12
15
Social Sciences, General
32
19
13
English Education
53
16
37
Social Sciences, Other
197
81
116
Foreign Languages Education
48
14
34
Health Education
82
26
56
PSYCHOLOGY
3,419
1,330
2,089
Home Economics Education
14
0
14
Technical/Industrial Arts Education
16
12
4
Clinical
1,372
499
873
Mathematics Education
69
27
42
Cognitive and Psycholinguistics
104
56
48
Music Education
80
36
44
Comparative
5
2
3
Nursing Education
19
0
19
Counseling
488
204
284
Physical Education and Coaching
161
102
59
Developmental and Child
202
47
155
Reading Education
95
14
81
Experimental
143
75
68
Science Education
73
46
27
Educational
91
24
67
Social Science Education
9
3
6
Industrial and Organizational
158
85
73
Technical Education
21
14
7
Personality
22
10
12
Trade and Industrial Education
24
22
2
Physiological/Psychobiology
85
35
50
Teacher Ed./Spec. Acad. & Voc., Other
57
32
25
Psychometrics
9
7
2
Education, General
410
168
242
Quantitative
16
5
11
Education, Other
329
124
205
School
94
29
65
Social
125
58
67
PROFESSIONAL/OTHER FIELDS
2,492
1,598
894
Psychology, General
308
122
186
Psychology, Other
197
72
125
BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
1,280
926
354
HUMANITIES
4,481
2,351
2,130
Accounting
183
117
66
Banking/Financial Support Services
170
139
31
History, American
269
172
97
Business Admin, and Management
323
239
84
History, European
162
102
60
Business/Managerial Economics
33
30
3
History/Philosophy of Sci. & Tech.
37
21
16
Mgmt. Info. Sys./Bus. Data Proc.
101
75
26
History, General
117
86
31
Marketing Management and Research
166
120
46
History, Other
143
90
53
Operations Research
63
50
13
Classics
61
34
27
Organizational Behavior
73
32
41
Comparative Literature
153
66
87
Bus. Mgmt./Admin. Serv., General
88
65
23
Linguistics
214
96
118
Bus. Mgmt./Admin. Serv., Other
80
59
21
Speech and Rhetorical Studies
111
51
60
Letters, General
18
8
10
COMMUNICATIONS
322
164
158
Letters, Other
37
16
21
American Studies
101
44
57
Communications Research
33
16
17
Archeology
38
20
18
Mass Communications
117
68
49
Art History/Criticism/Conservation
158
51
107
Communication Theory
41
16
25
Music
616
366
250
Communications, General
69
33
36
Philosophy
274
201
73
Communications, Other
62
31
31
Religion
255
194
61
Drama/Theater Arts
91
54
37
OTHER PROFESSIONAL FIELDS
863
488
375
LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
1,525
631
894
Architectural Environmental Design
54
41
13
Home Economics
57
7
50
American
293
135
158
Law
29
20
9
English
655
262
393
Library Science
70
24
46
French
137
50
87
Parks/Recreation/Leisure/Fitness
44
27
17
German
105
40
65
Public Administration
116
76
40
Italian
19
4
15
Social Work
237
79
158
Spanish
180
65
115
Theology/Religious Education
240
205
35
Russian
28
14
14
Professional Fields, General
1
0
1
Slavic
13
8
5
Professional Fields, Other
15
9
6
Chinese
21
11
10
Japanese
11
7
4
OTHER FIELDS
27
20
7
Hebrew
15
11
4
Arabic
10
5
5
Other Language and Literature
38
19
19
Humanities, General
30
13
17
Humanities, Other
71
35
36
SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
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