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PAPERBACK list:$12.95 Web:$11.65 add to cart PDF BOOK your price: $10.00 add to cart Rights & Permissions Free Resources PDF EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Display this book on your site! Related Titles Biological Confinement of Genetically Engineered Organisms Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist's View of Genetically Modified Food Other Related Titles Genetic Engineering of Plants: Agricultural Research Opportunities and Policy Concerns (1984) Board on Agriculture (BOA) Web Search Builder Use this book's key terms to search within this book, across our collection, or across the Web. Skim This Chapter Skim this chapter and use this chapter's key terms to search within this book. Reference Finder Paste in your own text to find books that relate to your topic. Page 77   E-mail  Facebook  Digg  Stumble  Twitter More Page 77 Front Matter (R1-R12) Introduction (1-4) Crop Improvement (5-14) Gene Transfer (15-26) A Tool for Fundamental Plant Science (27-32) Somatic Cell Genetics (33-39) Applying the Tools of Biotechnology to Agricultural Problems (40-52) Policy and Institutional Considerations (53-59) University-Industry Relations (60-68) Safety Regulations (69-72) Patents (73-76) Index (77-84)

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Index A adenine (A), 15, 18, 19, 42 Agricultural Research Service, 54, 55, 56 agriculture biotechnology and, 40-52, 63 chemicals and, 7-9, 10 funding for research in, 54-59 genetic technology and, 1-4, 6 production practices in and productivity in, 1, 6, 8-12, 13 products, 52 research on, 3, 53-59, 60-68 Third World countries and, 1, 10 transportation and, 10 see also crops; farmers and farming; feeds and feedstuffs; food Agrobacterium tumefaciens, 21, 23, 51 agroecology, 41, 47 agronomy, 52, 58 alfalfa, 26, 35, 37, 50, 51 alpha amylase enzyme, 39 aluminum, 39 Ambrosia artemisifolia, see ragweed . . ~ amino ace s essential, 25, 31 proteins and, 16-18, 41, 42 see also proteins and specific amino acids ammonia, 48 animals, 12, 20, 25, 27, 29, 44, 53, 59, 70 antagonism, 47 antibodies and antibiotics, 12, 23, 65, 67, 69 see also monoclonal antibodies antitoxins, 65 Arntzen, Charles, 41 artificial selection, 5, 12, 13, 33-34 Artiplex patula, 43 atrazine, 40-44 auxin, 34 Avery, Oswald, 15 Azotobacter, 49 B back crossing, 2, 12, 42 bacteria, 20-23, 27, 44-52, 53, 67, 69, 70, 73, 74 see also microorganisms and specific bacteria bacterial ecology, 47 bacterial wilts, 45 Baenziger, Stephen P., 33 barley, 37 beets, 43 Bentley, Orville, 8-9, 56 Beta vulgaris, see beets Beversdorff, W., 42 Binding, Horst, 43 biochemistry and biochemical agents, 3, 13, 33, 34, 39, 41, 47, 53, 67 biocontrol agents, 46, 47, 52 bioengineered microorganisms, 44-48, 52 biological containment, 70 77

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78 biotechnology, and agriculture, 13, 40-52 federal research in, 54-59 foreign research in, 63 industrial research in, 54-59, 60-68 institutional research in, 54-59, 60-68 patents and, 75 state research in, 54-59, 64-65 U.S.-foreign competition in, 63 black nightshade, 42, 43 black shank, 45 blight, late and early, 37 Bogorad, Lawrence, 5, 7-8, 12, 15-21, 41, 52 Borlaug, Norman, 6, 10 Brassica campestris, see turnip rape Brassica napus, see oilseed rape Brassica oleraceae, see cabbages Brill, Winston, 49-52 Brown, George E., Jr., 55-56 C cabbages, 43 Cactoblastis cactorum, see South American cactus moth Caldecott, Richard S., 61-62 callus culture, 26, 34-35 see also cell culture techniques cancer, 69, 70 carbohydrates, 41, 49 carrots, 25 Carthamus tinctorius, see safflowers cattle, 66, 67 cauliflower mosaic virus, 24 cell culture techniques, 3, 13, 20, 21, 25- 26, 33-39, 53, 54, 69 see also callus culture; cell-suspension culture; protoplast culture cell-suspension culture, 26, 33, 34-35 see also cell culture techniques cells abnormal, 21, 22, 69 animal, 20 division of, 6, 15, 22, 34 host, 18, 20, 35 human, 6 nuclei of, 6, 17, 18, 21, 23, 29, 37 plant, 1, 3, 6, 20, 22-24, 34-35, 50, 52 INDEX totipotent, 26 transformed, 20 walls of, 20, 24, 35, 36, 37 see also callus culture; cell culture techniques; cell-suspension culture; protoplast culture cellulose, 20 cereals, 23, 35, 52 see also specific cereal crops Chakrabarty, Ananda, 74 chemicals and chemical technology, 1, 7, 8, 10, 41, 46, 49, 50, 52, 65-68, 72 Chenopodiaceae, 43 Chenopodium album, see lambsquarters Chilton, Mary Dell, 22 chlorophyll, 41 chloroplasts, 21, 23, 37, 41, 42, 44, 52 chromosomes, 6, 18, 21, 22, 39 climate, 1, 9, 40 clover, 36 Clutter, Mary, 54, 57 Competitive Grants Program, 54, 58 Compositae, 43 corn, 6, 8, 9, 23, 25, 26, 33, 35, 37, 40, 48, 49, 52, 66 Corn Belt, 40 Court of Custom and Patent Appeal, 74 crops atrazine-resistant, 40-44 cell culture techniques and, 34 climate and, 40 creation of, 31, 34 cultivation of, 1 diseases and, 1, 44-48 herbicides and, 40-44 improvement of, 1-4, 5-14, 27, 33, 34, 39, 48, 54, 66, 67 nitrogen and, 48-52 plant breeding practices and, 1-4, 31, 39 see also agriculture; plants; and specific crops cross-pollination, 5 crown gall disease, 21 Cruciferae, 43 cultivars, 39, 44 cytokinin, 34 cytoplasm, 17, 18, 29, 31, 37, 42, 43 cytosine (C), 15, 18

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INDEX D Darwin, Charles, 8, 12 deoxyribonucleic acid, see DNA developing nations, see Third World countries Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 74 dicots, 52 diseases, 1, 6, 12, 14, 37, 39, 44-48, 52, 53, 65, 66, 73 see also specific diseases DNA, 15-20, 21-24, 27, 28, 29, 31, 37, 39, 42, 58, 69, 71 see also recombinant DNA; T DNA double helix, 15 see also DNA downey mildew, 37 E ecosystems, 71 Eco RI, 19 ecological studies, 72 electron carrier molecules, 41 electrons, excited, 41 embryogenesis, 31, 32, 35 enzymes, 16-20, 28, 29, 35 see also specific enzymes Escherichia coli, 53, 69, 70 ethical issues, 72 eukaryotes, 20 exons, 27 eyespot disease, 37 F famine, 9 Faras, Anthony, 65-68 farmers and farming, 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 39, 40, 44, 48-49, 52, 55, 57 see also agriculture; crops; feeds and feedstuffs; food feeds and feedstuffs, 5, 62 see also agriculture; crops; farmers and farming; food fermentation technology, 67 fertilizer, 1, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 44, 48, 57 fiber, 5 Fiji virus, 37 Filner, Philip, 58-59 79 food demand for, 1, 8-10 lack of, 1, 8-10 plants as, 5, 14, 31 production of, 6 research and development, 57 see also agriculture; crops; farmers and farming Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 9 Fraley, Robert T., 23 Frey, Kenneth l., 59 funding, 53-59, 60-68 fungi, 33, 44, 73 see also specific fungi fungicides, 3, 52 Fusarium wilts, 44, 45 G gene pool, 5, 8, 12 genes animal, 12, 20, 27, 29 bacterial, 12, 20, 27, 49 cloning of, 18, 20, 27, 41 clusters of, 49, 50, 52 coding of, 17, 18, 27, 29, 31, 41, 43 combinations of, 12, 70 control elements and, 13 expression of, 3, 6, 13, 18, 20, 21, 24- 25, 27-32, 52, 53 foreign, 1, 3, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 67 human, 6, 27 isolation of, 3-4, 18, 20, 41, 43 multi-, 25, 39, 50 mutation of, 17, 39, 41, 43, 48 nitrogen-fixing, 50 noncoding of, 27, 29, 32 "on-off" switches, 18, 20, 24-26, 31, 32 plant, 1-3, 5, 6, 12, 20, 21, 27, 28, 29, 31-32, 49 promoters, 18, 32 regulation of, 3, 13, 25, 29-32, 48, 50, 53 seed protein, 31-32, 39 single, 4, 25, 39, 42 splicing of, 2, 15, 18-20, 31, 33, 37, 44, 45, 50, 65

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80 genes (continued) structure of, 15 terminators, 18, 32 transcription of, 18 translation of, 18 transmission of, 6, 13-14, 15-26, 27-28 genomes, 2, 12, 21, 22, 24, 27, 28, 37, 39 see also genes genotypes, 26 germ plasm, 14 Goldberg, Robert, 27-32 Goodman, Robert M., 23 grain, 39 see also specific types of grain grass, 23 Green Revolution, 7, 10 Gressel, Jonathan, 43 groundsel, 43 guanine (G), 15, 18, 19, 42 gypsy moth, 71 H hamsters, 69 Hardy, Ralph W. F., 57 Hatch Act, 54 Helianthus annus, see sunflowers herbicides, 1, 3, 7, 33, 34, 39, 40-44 Hess, Charles, 57-58 Hopper, W. David, 9-12 hormones, 20, 34, 65 Horsch, Robert, 23 Hpa 1, 19 Hullar, Theodore, 62 humans, 6, 31, 27, 69 hybrids, 6, 23, 35, 37, 43, 73 I immunology, 67, 72 Inca Indians, 5 industry biotechnology firms in, 60-68 patents and, 73-76 relationship with universities, 60-68 research by, 53-59, 60-68 inhibition, 47 INDEX insulin, 20 interferon, 20 in vitro regeneration techniques, see callus culture; cell-suspension culture introns, 27, 28, 29, 32 iron, 52 irrigation, 7, 10, 55 isoleucine, 17 see also amino acids; proteins K Keyworth, George A., 53-54, 56 Klebsiella, 50 L laboratories federal, 56 funding for, 60-68 industrial, 48, 64-65 procedures in, 70-71 research in, 43, 48, 49, 50, 60-68 state, 64-65 university, 48, 64-65 lambsquarters, 43 land grant universities, 54, 55, 56 legumes, 35, 48, 49, 50 Lewis, Lowell N., 8, 14, 55-56 Lima beans, 5 livestock, 31 Lycoperiscon esculentum, see tomatoes lysine, 25 see also amino acids; proteins M MacLeod, Colin, 15 manganese, 39 McCarty, Maclyn, 15 McKnight Foundation, 57 McIntosh, Lee, 41 Mendel, Gregor, 6 Mendelian genetics, 6, 7, 12 Mesopotamia, 5 messenger RNA (mRNA), 17, 28, 29, 31 see also RNA

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INDEX methionine, 17 see also amino acids; proteins mice, 69 microorganisms beneficial, 45, 46 bioengineered, 44-48, 52, 75 disease-causing, 40 in soil, 21, 40, 44-52 nitrogen fixation in, 48-52 see also bacteria; pathogens; plasmids; ~ ~ ire ~ ~ viruses; ana specific microorganisms mitrochodria, 21, 23, 37, 52, 58 molecular biology, 1, 3, 12-14, 15-26, 27- 32, 41, 46, 52, 53-54, 57-59, 67, 69 see also molecular genetics molecular genetics, 2, 12, 13-14, 54 see also molecular biology Molecular Genetics, Inc., 65-68 molybdenum, 52 monkey tumor virus (SV40), 69 monoclonal antibodies, 65, 67 see also antibodies and antibiotics monocots, 52 moral issues, 72 mosaics, 45 muskmelons, 45 mutagenesis, 48 _ · ~ ~ ret N National Academy of Sciences, 69, 71 National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges, 55 National Institutes of Health, 54, 70 National Science Foundation, 54, 56, 57 natural selection, 5, 8 neonatal diarrhea, 67 Nicotiana tabacum, see tobacco nitrogen as fertilizer, 8, 9, 12 fixation, 3, 12, 46, 48-52, 54 nucleic acids, 67 nucleotides, 15, 17, 18, 24, 39, 41, 42 nutrients, 1, 20, 31, 34, 48 o oil spills, 73 81 oilseed rape, 37, 42, 43 Omenn, Gilbert, 61, 62, Opuntia, see prickley pear cactus orchids, 34 p Pass, Frank, 65-68 Patent Law, Section 101, 73, 74 patents, 61-62, 73-76 pathogens, 24, 33, 44-48 see also microorganisms and specific pathogens peas, 6 peptides, 61 pesticides, 1, 3, 7, 10 pests, 6, 12, 14, 44, 53, 71 petunias, 12, 23, 25, 35, 36 pharmaceuticals, 20, 66, 72 Phillips, Ronald, 56 phosphate, 15 photosynthesis, 24, 41, 54 physical containment, 70 Phytophthora root rots, 44 plant breeding, 1-4, 5-6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 23, 25, 33-34, 37-39, 42, 44-45, 52, 57, 59 Plant Patent Act, 73 plant sciences biology, 3, 6, 14, 53, 54, 55 funding of, 54 pathology, 47, 52, 57 physiology, 3, 53 research in, 53-59 Plant Variety Protection Act, 73 plants anthers of, 30 asexually propagated, 73 cell culture techniques and, 3, 13, 33- 39 cells of, see cells, plant cloning of, 34 first-generation hybrids, 73 flowers of, 30 gene-transfer techniques and, 1-3, 12 genes and genomes of, see genes, plant leaves of, 24, 26, 30, 31 nitrogen and, 40

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82 plants (continued) ovaries of, 30 petals of, 30 regeneration of, 13, 25-26, 34-35, 37- 39 roots of, 24, 30, 31, 34, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 seeds of, 34, 42, 47 sexually propagated, 42, 73 shoots of, 34, 39 stems of, 21, 30 tropical food, 14 tuber-propagated, 73 uncultivated, 73 underutilized, 14 see also agriculture; crops; weeds; and specific plants plasmids, 18, 20, 21, 24, 69, 74, 75 see also microorganisms and specific plasmids pollen, 42 pomology, 52 Porthetria disbar, see gypsy moth population, world, 1, 10 postdoctoral research and fellowships, 54, 56, 57, 59 potato spindle viroid, 24 potatoes, 25, 35, 36, 37, 42, 43, 47, 52 poultry, 25 predoctoral research and fellowships, 54 prickley pear cactus, 71 prokaryotes, 20 protein coats, 24 proteins amino acids and, 16-18, 41, 42 chemistry of, 63 DNA and, 27, 29 gene expression and, 18, 20, 27-28, 29 in corn, 66 membrane, 41 research on, 66 seed storage, 31, 39 synthesis of, 16, 17, 31, 48 see also amino acids; genes, seed protein protoplast culture, 20, 25-26, 34-35, 36- 37, 43 see also cell culture techniques Pseudomonas, 46, 47 INDEX Q quinone, 41 R radishes, 47 ragweed, 43 rape, 37 recombinant DNA, 15-20, 24, 43, 48, 69, 70, 71, 72 see also DNA; T DNA Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee, 70, 71 research and development federal, 54-59 foreign, 63 funding of, 53-59, 60-68 industrial, 53-59, 60-68 postdoctoral, 54, 56, 57, 59 predoctoral, 54 safety regulations and guidelines for, 69-72 state, 64-65 university, 53-59, 60-68 rhizobacteria, 46, 47 Rhizobium, 48-51 rhizosphere, 46 ribonucleic acid, see RNA rice, 7, 9, 10, 23, 37 RNA, 16, 17, 18, 20, 24, 28, 29 Rogers, Stephen G., 23 root knot nematodes, 45 root-colonizing bacteria, see rhizobacteria Ruttan, Vernon, 8, 13, 63-64 S Sacher, Reuven M., 62-64 safety regulations and guidelines, see under research and development safflowers, 43 Schell, Jeff, 22 Schroth, Milton N., 44-48, 52 scours, 67 seed protein genes, see genes, seed protein; proteins, seed storage Senecio vulgaris, see groundsel sexual crossing, 12, 42

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INDEX smut, 37 Scowcroft, William, 37-39 soils acidic, 3, 39, 45 climate and, 40 conservation of, 39 disease-suppressive, 45 diseases and pathogens in, 44-48, 73 dry, 3, 40 fumigated, 44 microorganisms in, 21, 40, 44-52 nitrogen in, 48-52 salty, 3, 40, 45 temperature and, 39, 44, 45 unfumigated, 45 wet, 3, 44, 45 Solanaceae, 35, 43 Solanum nigrum, see black nightshade Solanum [uberosum, see potatoes somaclonal variation, 37-39 somatic cell genetics, 13, 33-39 somatic embryos, 20, 35 South American cactus moth, 71 Southern corn leaf blight, 37 Souza-Machado, Vince, 42 soybeans, 26, 31, 40, 48, 50 strawberries, 44 sugar beets, 43, 46, 47 sugarcane, 37 sunflowers, 43 swine, 25, 66 T T DNA, 21-24 TAC, 17 TAT, 17 Tegtmeyer, Rene D., 73-74 Third World countries, 1, 10 Thornton, Ray, 71-72 thymine (T), 15, 18, 19 Ti plasmid, 21-24, 44 tissue culture techniques, see cell culture techniques tobacco, 25, 29, 35, 42, 43, 44, 45 83 tomatoes, 25, 42, 43, 52 toxins, 70 transferred DNA, see T DNA trees, 34 Tifolium pretense, see clover Tifolium rubens, see clover tuber-propagated plants, 73 tumor-inducing plasmid, see Ti plasmid turnip rape, 42, 43 U . . . universities relationship with industry, 60-68 research by, 53-59, 60-68 uracil (U), 18 U.S. Congress, 55, 56, 74 U.S. Department of Agriculture, 54, 56, 58 U.S. Department of Energy, 54 U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, 73, 74, 75 U.S. Supreme Court, 74 V vaccines, 65, 66, 67 Van Montagu, Mark, 22 vectors, 3, 20, 21-24, 44, 53 veterinarians, 66 veterinary products, 65-68 viroids, 24 viruses, 23 24, 58, 69, 70 see also microorganisms and specific viruses vitricular disease, 37 W weeds atrazine-resistant, 41, 42, 43 atrazine-susceptible, 42 crops and, 3, 40, 42 wheat, 6, 7, 9, 10, 23, 26, 33, 37, 38, 48

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Representative terms from entire chapter:

cell culture