Research on Sentencing: The Search for Reform, Volume I (1983)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

References Abt Associates, Inc. 1980 American Prisons and Jails. 5 volumes. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. 1981 Chronology of Sentencing Guideline Activity. Prepared for Project to Evaluate Multijurisdictional Sentencing Guidelines Field Test. Abt Associates, Inc., Cambridge, Mass. Ader, R., A. Kreutnew, Jr., and H.L. Jacobs 1963 Social environment, emotionality, and alloxan diabetes in the rat. Psychoso- matic Medicine 25~1~:6(~68. Advisory Council on the Penal System 1978 Sentences of Imprisonment—A Review of Maximum Penalties. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Aigner, S.J. 1974 MSE dominance of least squares with errors-of-observation. Journal of Econ- ometrics 2:365-372. Alfini, James J. 1981 Misdemeanor Courts. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. Allen, Francis 1959 Criminal justice, legal values and the rehabilitative ideal. Journal of Criminol- ogy, Criminal Law and Police Science 50:22~232. Alschuler, Albert W. 1968 The prosecutor's role in plea-bargaining. University of Chicago Law Review 36:50-112. 1975 The defense attorney's role in plea-bargaining. Yale Law Journal 84:1179-1314. 1976 The trial judge's role in plea-bargaining. Part I. Columbia Law Review 76: 1059- 1154. 1979 Plea bargaining and its history. Law & Society Review 13~2~:211-246. 283

284 References American Bar Association 1977 Tentative Draft of Standards Relating to the Legal Status of Prisoners. Chicago, Ill.: American Bar Association. 1980 American Bar Association Standards for Criminal Justice. 2d ed. 4 volumes. Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown. American Friends Service Committee 1971 Struggle for Justice: A Report on Crime and Punishment in America. New York: Hill and Wang. American Law Institute 1962 Model Penal Code. Proposed Official Draft. American Law Institute, Phila- delphia, Pa. Andenaes, Johannes 1983 The choice of sanction: a Scandinavian perspective. Ch. 1 in M. Tonry and F. Zimring, eds., Reform and Punish. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. Anspach, Donald F. 1981 Crossroads of Justice: Problems with Determinate Sentencing in Maine. Uni- versity of Southern Maine (Portland). Arkin, Steven D. 1980 Discrimination and arbitrariness in capital punishment. Stanford Law Review 33:75-101. Arthur D. Little, Inc., and Goldfarb, Singer and Austern (ADL) 1981 An Evaluation of Parole Guidelines in Four Jurisdictions. Unpublished report prepared for the National Institute of Corrections. Arthur D. Little, Inc., Wash- ington, D.C. 1981a Consistency: an analysis of the parole decision guidelines of the Oregon Board of Parole. In ADL, 1981. 1981b Consistency: an analysis of the parole decision guidelines of the U.S. Parole Commission. In ADL, 1981. 1981c Consistency: an analysis of the parole decision guidelines of the Washington State Board of Prison Terms and Parole. In ADL, 1981. 1981d The parole guidelines of the Minnesota Corrections Board. In ADL, 1981. 1981e The parole guidelines of the U.S. Parole Commission: an analysis of disparity. In ADL, 1981. Atkinson, David N., and Dale A. Newman 1970 Judicial attitudes and defendant attributes: some consequences for municipal court decision-making. Journal of Public Law 19:6~87. Austin, James, and Barry Krisberg 1982 The unmet promise of alternatives. Crime & Delinquency 28(July):374 409. Baab, G.A., and W.R. Furgeson, Jr. 1968 Texas sentencing practices: a statistical study. Texas Law Review 45:471-503. Baldassare, M. 1978 Residential Crowding in Urban America. Berkeley, Calif.: University of Cali- fornia Press. Baldwin, John, and Michael McConville 1977 Negotiated Justice. London: Martin Robertson & Co. Banks, E. 1964 Reconviction of young offenders. Current Legal Problems 17:74. Barnes, Harry E., and Negley K. Teeters 1959 New Horizons in Criminology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

References 285 Barnett, S.A., J.C. Eaton, and H.M. McCallum 1960 Physiological effects of "social stress" in wild rats II. Liver glycogen and blood glucose. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 4(July):251-260. Bass, R.A. 1975 An Analysis of the California Department of Corrections Work Furlough Pro- gram in Fiscal Year 1969-70. Research Unit, California Department of Cor- rections, Sacramento, Calif. Beattie, R. 1935 The Public Defender and Private Defense Attorneys. Bureau of Public Admin- istration, Berkeley, Calif. Bedau, Hugo Adam 1964 Death sentences in New Jersey. Rutgers Law Review 19:1-2. 1965 Capital punishment in Oregon 1903-1964. Oregon Law Review 45:1-39. Beha, James A. 1977 "And nobody can get you out" the impact of a mandatory prison sentence for the illegal carrying of a firearm on the use of firearms and on the admin- istration of criminal justice in Boston. Boston University Law Review 57:9 146(Part I), 289-333(Part II). Bennett, L. 1976 The study of violence in California prisons: a review with policy implications. In A. Cohen et al., eds., Prison Violence. Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath. Bensing, Robert C., and Oliver J. Schroeder 1960 Homicide in an Urban Community. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas. Benton, F. Warren, and Judith A. Silberstein 1983 An explanatory model of state prison expansion. Journal of Criminal Justice. Berecochea, John 1982 Origins and Early Development of Parole in California. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Law and Society Program. University of California, Berkeley. Berk, Richard A., and Subhash C. Ray 1982 Selection biases in sociological data. Social Science Research 11~4~:352-398. Bernstein, Ilene Nagel, William R. Kelly, and Patricia A. Doyle 1977 Societal reaction to deviants: the case of criminal defendants. American Soci- ological Review 42:743-755. Bing, S., and S. Rosenfeld 1970 The Quality of Justice in the Lower Criminal Courts of Metropolitan Boston. Boston, Mass.: Lawyer's Committee for Civil Rights Under Law. Bittner, Egon 1970 The Functions of Police in Modern Society. National Institute of Mental Health. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Blomqvist, A.G. 1972 Approximating the least-squares bias in multiple regression with errors in var- iables. The Review of Economics and Statistics 54:202-204. Blumberg, A. 1964 Criminal Justice. New York: Quadrangle Books. Blumstein, Alfred 1982 On the racial disproportionality of U.S. prison populations. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 73~3~:125~1281. Blumstein, Alfred, and Jacqueline Cohen 1973 A theory of the stability of punishment. The Journal of Criminal Law & Cri- minology 64~2~:198-206.

286 References 1980 Sentencing of convicted offenders: an analysis of the public's view. Law & Society Review 14~2):22~261. Blumstein, Alfred, and Joseph B. Kadane forth- An approach to the allocation of scarce imprisonment resources. Crime & coming Delinquency. Blumstein, Alfred, Jacqueline Cohen, and William Gooding 1983 The influence of capacity on prison population: a critical review of some recent evidence. Crime & Delinquency 29~1~. Blumstein, Alfred, Jacqueline Cohen, and Harold D. Miller 1980 Demographically disaggregated projections of prison populations. Journal of Criminal Justice 8:1-26. Blumstein, Alfred, Jacqueline Cohen, and Daniel Nagin, eds. 1978 Deterrence and Incapacitation: Estimating the Effects of Criminal Sanctions on Crime Rates. Panel on Research on Deterrent and Incapacitative Effects, Com- mittee on Research on Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, Assembly of Behavioral and Social Sciences, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. Boland, B., and J.Q. Wilson 1978 Age, crime and punishment. The Public Interest 51:22-34. Booth, Alan, and John Cowell 1976 Crowding and health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 17:200220. Bordua, David 1958 Juvenile delinquency and "anomie." Social Problems 6:23~238. Bowers, William J. 1974 Executions in America. Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath. Bowers, William J., and Glen L. Pierce 1980 Arbitrariness and discrimination under post-Furman capital studies. Crime & Delinquency 26:56~635. Box, George E.P., and Gwilym M. Jenkins 1976 Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control. 2d ed. San Francisco, Calif.: Holden-Day. Brady, James 1981 Determinate sentencing and prison rehabilitation programs in California and Oregon. Ch. 22 in S.L. Messinger et al., Report on Strategies for Determinate Sentencing. Unpublished report prepared for the National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. Braithwaite, J. 1981 The myth of social class and criminality reconsidered. American Sociological Review 46:36-57. Brereton, David, and Jonathan D. Casper 1982 Does it pay to plead guilty? Law & Society Review 16:1645-1670. Brewer, D., G.E. Beckett, and N. Holt 1980 Determinate Sentencing in California: The First Year's Experience. California Department of Correction, Chino. Bridge, Franklin M., and Jeanne Mosure 1961 Capital Punishment. Staff Research Report No. 46. Ohio Legislative Service Commission, Columbus. Brody, S.R. 1976 The Effectiveness of Sentencing—A Review of the Literature. London: Her Maj- esty's Stationery Office.

References Bullock, H.A. 287 1961 Significance of the racial factor in the length of prison sentences. Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science 52:411~17. Bullough, W.S. 1952 Stress and epidermal mitotic activity. I. The effects of the adrenal hormones. Journal of Endocrinology 8(July):265-274. Burke, Peter J., and Austin T. Turk 1975 Factors affecting postarrest dispositions: a model for analysis. Social Problems 22:31~332. Calhoun, John B. 1956 A comparative study of the social behavior of two inbred strains of house mice. Ecological Monographs 26:81-103. 1962 A behavioral sink. Pp. 295-315 in E.L. Bliss, ea., Roots of Behavior; Genetics, Instinct, and Socialization in Animal Behavior. New York: Harper & Row. 1966a Population density and social pathology. Scientific American 206:13~148. 1966b The role of space in animal sociology. Journal of Social Issues 22:4~58. California Department of Justice 1980 Criminal Justice Profile—1979: Statewide. Division of Law Enforcement, Bureau of Criminal Statistics and Special Services. Sacramento, Calif.: California De- partment of Justice. Cameron, M.O. 1964 The Booster and the Snitch. New York: Free Press. Cargan, Leonard, and Mary A. Coates 1974 Indeterminate sentence and judicial bias. Crime & Delinquency 20:14~156. Carlson, Kenneth, Patricia Evans, and John Flanagan 1980 Population trends and projections. Volume II of American Prisons and Jails. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. Carter, Robert M., and Leslie T. Wilkins 1967 Some factors in sentencing policy. Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science 58~4~:50~514. Casper, Jonathan D. 1972 American Criminal Justice: The Defendant's Perspective. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice-Hall. Casper, Jonathan D., David Brereton, and D. Neal 1982 The Implementation of the California Determinate Sentencing Law. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. 1 - Chaiken, Jan, and Marcia Chaiken 1982 Varieties of Criminal Behavior. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand Corporation. Chambers, M. 1981 How the police target young offenders. New York Times Magazine (September 20): 11~124. Chiricos, Theodore G., and Gordon P. Waldo 1975 Socioeconomic status and criminal sentencing: an empirical assessment of a conflict proposition. American Sociological Review 40:753~772. Chiricos, Theodore G., Phillip D. Jackson, and Gordon P. Waldo 1972 Inequality in the imposition of a criminal label. Social Problems 19:55~572. Chow, G.C. 1957 Demand for Automobiles in the United States. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: North-Holland.

288 Christian, J.J. 1960 Endocrine adaptive mechanisms and the physiologic regulations of population growth. Pp. 51-150 in Lecture and Review Series No. 6~62. Bethesda, Md.: Naval Medical Research Institute. Church, Thomas, Jr. 1976 Plea bargains, concessions, and the courts: analysis of a quasi-experiment. Law & Society Review 10:377-401. Clarke, Stevens H., and Gary G. Koch 1976 The influence of income and other factors on whether criminal defendants go to prison. Law & Society Review 11:57-92. 1977 Alaska Felony Sentencing Patterns: A Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Alaska Judicial Council, Anchorage. Clements, Carl B. 1982 The relationship of offender classification to the problems of prison overcrowd- ing. Crime & Delinquency 28:72-81. Coffee, John C., Jr. 1975 The future of sentencing reform: emerging legal issues in the individualization of justice. Michigan Law Review 73:1361-1462. 1978 The repressed issues of sentencing: accountability, predictability, and equity. The Georgetown Law Journal 66~4) :975-1107. Cohen, Jacqueline, and Joan Helland 1982 Methodology for Evaluating the Impact of Sentencing Guidelines. Urban Sys- tems Institute, School of Urban and Public Affairs, Carnegie-Mellon University. References Commission on Accreditation for Corrections 1977a A Manual of Standards for Adult Correctional Institutions. Commission on Accreditation for Corrections, Rockville, Md. 1977b A Manual of Standards for Adult Local Detention Facilities. Commission on Accreditation for Corrections, Rockville, Md. Conklin, John E. 1972 Robbery and the Criminal Justice System. Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott. Cox, Verne C., Paul B. Paulus, Garvin McCain, and J.K. Schkade 1979 Field research on the effects of crowding in prisons and on offshore drilling platforms. In J.R. Aiello and A. Baum, eds., Residential Crowding and Design. New York: Plenum. Crago, T., and Hromas, G. 1976 Beyond a straight line fit probation [sic] projection techniques which use read- ily available data. In Proceedings of the 106th Annual Congress of Corrections. College Park, Md.: American Corrections Association. Criminal Courts Technical Assistance Project 1980 Overview of State and Local Sentencing Guidelines and Sentencing Research Activity. Criminal Courts Technical Assistance Project, The American Uni- versity. Criminal Justice Newsletter 1982 Criminal Justice Newsletter 3~5~:2-5. Criminal Justice Research Center 1980 Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics—1979. T.J. Flanagan, M.J. Hindelang, and M.R. Gottfredson, eds. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. Cross, R. 1975 The English Sentencing System. 2d ed. London: Butterworths.

References 289 D'Atri, David A. 1975 Psychophysiological responses to crowding. Environmental Behavior 7~2~:237- 252. D'Atri, David A., Edward F. Fitzgerald, Stanislav V. Kasl, and Adrian M. Ostfeld 1981 Crowding in prison: the relationship between changes in housing mode and blood pressure. Psychosomatic Medicine 43~2~:95-105. Davis, Kenneth C. 1969 Discretionary Justice: A Preliminary Inquiry. Baton Rouge, La.: Louisiana State University Press. 1976 Discretionary Justice in Europe and America. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. De Jong, William 1980 Supplemental report adult pre-release facilities. Volume V of American Przs- ons and Jails. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. Diamond, Shari Seidman, and C.J. Herhold 1981 Understanding criminal sentencing: views from law and social psychology. Pp. 67-102 in G. Stephenson and J.H. Davis, eds., Progress in Applied Social Psychology. New York: John Wiley. Diamond, Shari Seidman, and Hans Zeisel 1975 Sentencing councils: a study of sentence disparity and its reduction. University of Chicago Law Review 43:109-149. Dworkin, Ronald 1977 Taking Rights Seriously. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Eisenstein, James, and Herbert Jacob 1977 Felony Justice. Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown. Elliott, Delbert S., and Suzanne S. Ageton 1980 Reconciling race and class differences in self-reported and official estimates of delinquency. American Sociological Review 45:954110. Everson 1919 The human element in justice. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology. Farrell, Ronald A. 1971 Class linkages of legal treatment of homosexuals. Criminology 9:4908. Farrell, Ronald A., and Victoria Lynn Swigert 1978a Prior offense as a self-fulfilling prophecy. Law & Society Review 12:437~53. 1978b Legal disposition of inter-group and intra-group homicides. Sociological Quar- terly 19:56~576. Federal Bureau of Investigation 1980 Crime in the U.S.—1979. Uniform Crime Reports. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. Feeley, Malcolm M. 1979 The Process is the Punishment: Handling Cases in a Lower Criminal Court. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Florida Civil Liberties Union 1964 Rape: Selective Electrocution Based on Race. Florida Civil Liberties Union, Miami. Flowers, G.T. 1977 The Georgia Restitution Shelter Program. Evaluation Report No. 1-150. Geor- gia Department of Offender Rehabilitation, Atlanta. Foley, L.A., and C.E. Rasche 1979 The effect of race on sentence, actual time served and final disposition of female

290 References offenders. Pp. 93-106 in J.A. Conley, ea., Theory and Research in Criminal Justice: Current Perspectives. Cincinnati, Ohio: Anderson. Foote, Caleb, J. Markle, and E. Woolley 1954 Compelling appearance in court: administration of bail in Philadelphia. Uni- versity of Pennsylvania Law Review 102:1031-1079. Forst, Brian, and Charles Wellford 1981 Punishment and sentencing: developing sentencing guidelines empirically from principles of punishment. Rutgers Law Review 33:799-837. Forst, Brian, Judith Lucianovic, and Sarah J. Cox 1977 What Happens After Arrest? A Court Perspective of Police Operations in the District of Columbia. Washington, D.C.: Institute for Law and Social Research. Forst' Martin L. 1981 Effects of determinate sentencing on prison disciplinary procedures and inmate misconduct. Ch. 21 in S.L. Messinger et al., Report on Strategies for Deter- minate Sentencing. Unpublished report prepared for the National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. Foucault, Michel 1978 Discipline and Punish. Translated by Alan Sheridan. New York: Pantheon. Fox, James 1978 Forecasting Crime Data. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books. Frankel, Marvin E. 1972 Criminal Sentences: Law Without Order. New York: Hill and Wang. Galle, O.R., Walter R. Gove, and J.M. McPherson 1972 Population density and pathology: what are the relationships for men? Science 176:23-30. Garber, Stephen, and Stephen Klepper 1980 Extending the classical normal errors-in-variables model. Econometrica 48:1541- 1546. Garfinkel, Harold 1949 Research note on inter- and intra-racial homicides. Social Forces 27:369-381. Gaudet, F.J., G.S. Harris, and C.W. St. John 1933 Individual differences in the sentencing tendencies of judges. Journal of Crim- inal Law & Crim~nology 23:811-818. Gerard, Jules, and T.R. Terry 1970 Discrimination against Negroes in the administration of criminal law in Missouri. Washington University Law Quarterly 1970:415~37. Gewirth, Alan 1978 Reason and Morality. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. Gibson, James L. 1978a Judges' role orientations, attitudes and decisions: an interactive model. Amer- ican Political Science Review 72(September):911-924. 1978b Race as a determinant of criminal sentences: a methodological critique and a case study. Law & Society Review 12:455~78. Goldberger, A.S. 1981 Linear regression after selection. Journal of Econometrics 15:357-366. Goldkamp, J. 1979 Two Classes of Accused. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger. Goldstein, Abraham, and Stephen Marcus 1977 Myths of judicial supervision in three "inquisitorial" systems: France, Italy, and Germany. Yale Law Journal 78(December):24~283.

References Goodstein, Lynne 291 1980 Psychological effects of the predictability of prison release: implications for the sentencing debate. Criminology 18~3~:363-384. 1981 A quasi experimental test of prisoner reactions to determinate and indeter- minate sentencing. In N. Parise, ea., Coping with Crime. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage. Gordon, Robert A. 1976 Prevalence: the rare datum in delinquency measurement and its implications for the theory of delinquency. Pp. 201-284 in Malcolm W. Klein, ea., The Juvenile Justice System. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage. Gottfredson, Don M., and Stephen D. Gottfredson 1979 Screening for Risk: A Comparison of Methods. National Institute of Corrections. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. Gottfredson, Don M., Peter B. Hoffman, Maurice H. Sigler, and Leslie T. Wilkins 1975 Making paroling policy explicit. Crime & Delinquency 21~1~:34 44. Gottfredson, Don M., Leslie T. Wilkins, and Peter B. Hoffman 1978 Guidelines for Parole and Sentencing. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books. Gove, W.R., M. Hughes, and O.R. Galle 1979 Overcrowding in the home: an empirical investigation of its possible pathological consequences. American Sociological Review 44:59-80. Granger, C.W.J., and Paul Newbold 1977 Forecasting Economic Time Series. New York: Academic. Green, Edward 1961 Judicial Attitudes in Sentencing: A Study of the Factors Underlying the Sentencing Practices of the Criminal Court of Philadelphia. Vol. 15 in Cambridge Studies in Criminology. London: Macmillan. 1964 Inter- and intra-racial crime relative to sentencing. Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science 55 :34~358. Greenberg, David F. 1975 Problems in community corrections. Issues in Criminology. 10(Spring):1-33. Greenwood, Peter W., and Allan Abrahamse 1982 Selective Incapacitation. Report R-2815-NIJ. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand Cor- poration. Greenwood, Peter W., Joan Petersilia, and Franklin E. Zimring 1980 Age, Crime, and Sanctions: The Transition from Juvenile to Adult Court. Report R-2642-NIJ. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand Corporation. Greenwood, Peter W., Sorrel Wildhorn, Eugene C. Poggio, Michael J. Strumwasser, and Peter de Leon 1973 Prosecution of Adult Felony Defendants in L.A. County. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand Corporation. Hagan, John 1974 Extra-legal attributes and criminal sentencing: an assessment of a sociological viewpoint. Law & Society Review 8(Spring):357-383. 1975 Parameters of criminal prosecution: an application of path analysis to a problem of criminal justice. Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science 65:536-544. 1977 Criminal justice in rural and urban communities: a study of the bureaucratization of justice. Social Forces 55~3~:597-612.

292 References Hagan, John, and Ilene Bernstein 1979 Conflict in context: the sanctioning of draft resisters, 196~76. Social Problems 27: 109-122. Hagan, John, John Hewitt, and Duane Alwin 1979 Ceremonial justice: crime and punishment in a loosely coupled system. Social Forces 58~2~:50~527. Hagan, John, Ilene Nagel, and Celesta Albonetti 1980 The differential sentencing of white collar offenders in ten federal district courts. American Sociological Review 45~0ctober):802-820. Hart, H.L.A. 1968 Punishment and Responsibility. Oxford: Oxford University. Hartung, Frank E. 1952 Trends in the use of capital punishment. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 284(November):~19. Harvey, D., and M.E. Engle 1978 Effects of retaliation, latency and provocation level on judged blameworthiness for retaliatory aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 4:579= 582. Hausman, J.A., and D.A. Wise 1977 Social experimentation, truncated distributions and efficient estimation. Econ- ometrica 45:919-938. Heckman, James 1976 The common structure of statistical models of truncation, sample selection and limited dependent variables and a simple estimation for such models. Annuals of Economic and Social Measurement 5:475~92. 1979 Sample selection bias as a specification error. Econometrica 45:15~161. Heider, F. 1958 The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. New York: Wiley. Helter, N.B., and J.T. McEwen 1973 Application of crime seriousness information in police departments. Journal of Criminal Justice 1:241-253. Heumann, Milton 1978 Plea Bargaining. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. Heumann, Milton, and Colin Loftin 1979 Mandatory sentencing and the abolition of plea bargaining: the Michigan Felony Fire Arm Statute. Law & Society Review 13:393~430. Hindelang, M. 1976 Criminal Victimization in Eight Cities: A Descriptive Analysis of Common Theft and Assault. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger. 1978 Race and involvement in common law personal crimes. American Sociological Review 43:9~109. Hindelang, M., Chris Dunn, Paul Sutton, and A.L. Aumick 1975 SourcebookofCriminalJusticeStatistics—1974. Washington,D.C.: U.S. De- partment of Justice. Hindelang, Michael J., Travis Hirschi, and Joseph G. Weis 1979 Correlates of delinquency: the illusion of discrepancy between self reports and official measures. American Sociological Review 44:995-1014. Hoffman, Peter B. 1975 A paroling policy feedback method. In W.E. Amos and C.L. Newman, eds.,

References 293 Parole: Legal IssueslDecision-Making Research. New York: Federal-Legal Pub- lications. Hoffman, Peter B., and Don M. Gottfredson 1973 Paroling Policy Guidelines: A Matter of Equity. Supplemental report 9, Parole Decision Making Project. National Council on Crime and Delinquency, Davis, Calif. Hoffman, Peter B., Barbara Stone-Meierhoefer, and James L. Beck 1978 Salient factor score and release behavior: three validation samples. Law and Human Behavior 1:47~2. Hogarth, John 1971 Sentencing as a Human Process. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Hood, Roger 1972 Sentencing the Motoring Offender. London: Heinemann. Howard, Joseph C., Jr. 1967 Rape death penalty study reported in the New York Times, September 18, 1967, p. 33. Hubay, Charles 1979 Study of Robbery Cases in Alameda County. Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. Hutt, C., and M.J. Vaizey 1966 Differential effects of group density on social behavior. Nature 209:1371-1372. Hylton, John H. 1980 Community Corrections and Social Control: A Canadian Perspective. Paper presented at 110th Congress of the American Correctional Association, San Diego, Calif., August 1980. Institute for Law and Social Research and Yankelovich, Skelly and White, Inc. (INSLAW) 1981 Federal Sentencing: Toward a More Explicit Policy of Criminal Sanctions. Final report. FJRP-81/003. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. Iowa Law Review 1975 The elimination of plea bargaining in Black Hawk County: a case study. Iowa Law Review 61:105~1071. Ittelson, W., H. Proshansky, and L. Rivlin 1972 Bedroom size and social interaction of the psychiatric ward. Pp. 9~104 in J. Wohlwill and D. Carson, eds., Environment and the Social Sciences: Perspectives and Applications. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. Jackson, Richard M. 1972 The Machinery of Justice in England. 7th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jacob, Herbert 1962 Politics and criminal prosecutions in New Orleans. Tulane Studies in Political Science 8:77-98. Jacobs, James B. 1982 Sentencing by prison personnel. UCLA Law Review 30(November). Jacoby, Joan 1980 The American Prosecutor: A Search for Identity. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books. Johnson, Elmer H. 1957 Selective forces in capital punishment. Social Forces 36:16~69.

294 References Johnson, Guy 1941 The Negro and crime. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 217:93-104. Johnson, Oakley C. 1951 Is the punishment of rape equally administered to Negroes and whites in the state of Louisiana? Pp. 216-228 in William L. Patterson, eds., We Charge Genocide. New York: International Publishers. Johnston, J. 1972 Econometric Methods. 2d ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Joint Committee on New York Drug Law Evaluation 1978 The Nation's Toughest Drug Law: Evaluating the New York Experience. A project of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York and the Drug Abuse Council, Inc. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Joseph, J.M., T.R. Kane, G.G. Gaes, and J.T. Tedeschi 1976 Effects of effort on attributed intent and perceived aggressiveness. Perceptual and Motor Skills 42:706-711. Judson, Charles J., James J. Pandell, Jack B. Owens, James L. McIntosh, and Dale L. Matschullat 1969 A study of the California penalty jury in first degree murder cases. Stanford Law Review 21:1297-1431. Kapardis, A., and D.P. Farrington 1982 An experimental study of sentencing by magistrates. Law and Human Behavior 5: 107-121. Katz, L., L. Litewin, and R. Banberger 1971 Justice is the Crime: Pretrial Delay in Felony Cases. A report to the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, Law Enforcement Assist- ance Administration. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. Keeley, Kim 1962 Prenatal influence on behavior of offspring of crowded mice. Science 135:4 45. Kelly, Henry E. 1976 Comparison of defense strategy and race as influences in differential sentencing. Criminology 14:241-249. Kennedy, Edward M. 1978 Speech to the annual conference of International Association of Chiefs of Police, New York, N.Y., October 15-20, 1978. International Association of Chiefs of Police, Gaithersburg, Md. Kerstetter, Wayne A., and Ann M. Heinz 1979 Pretrial Settlement Conference: An Evaluation. Washington, D.C.: U.S. De- partment of Justice. Kleck, G. 1981 Racial discrimination in criminal sentencing: a critical evaluation of the evidence with additional evidence on the death penalty. American Sociological Review 46:78~805. Knapp, Kay A. 1980 Estimating the Impact of Sentencing Policies on Prison Populations. Paper presented at 32nd annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, San Francisco, Calif., November 5-8, 1980. 1982 Impact of the Minnesota sentencing guidelines on sentencing practices. Hamline Law Review 5(June):237-256.

References 29S Knapp, Kay, Bob Tift, Frank Popplewell, Brad Richardson, and Jim Broucek 1979 Development of Statewide Sentencing Guidelines in Minnesota: Data Collec- tion Instrument. Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines Commission, St. Paul, Minn. Kramer, John H., F.A. Hussey, S.P. Lagoy, D. Katkin, and C.V. McLaughlin 1978 Assessing the Impact of Determinate Sentencing and Parole Abolition. Draft report to National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. Kress, Jack M. 1980 Prescription for Justice: The Theory and Practice of Sentencing Guidelines. Cam- bridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing Co. Ku, R. 1980 Case studies of new legislation governing sentencing and release. Volume IV of American Prisons and Jails. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. Kuh, Richard 1975a Plea bargaining: guidelines for the Manhattan district attorney's office. Criminal Law Bulletin 11:4~61. 1975b Sentencing: guidelines for the Manhattan district attorney's office. Criminal Law Bulletin 11 :62~6. Kulig, Frank 1975 Plea bargaining, probation, and other aspects of conviction and sentencing. Creighton Law Review 8:93~954. LaFree, Gary D. 1980 The effect of sexual stratification by race on official reactions to rape. American Sociological Review 45:842-854. Lagoy, Stephen P., Frederick A. Hussey, and John H. Kramer 1978 A comparative assessment of determinate sentencing in the four pioneer states. Crime & Delinquency (October):385-400. Landes, William 1974 Legality and reality: some evidence on criminal procedure. Journal of Legal Studies 3:287-337. Lemert, Edward M., and Forrest Dill 1978 Offenders in the Community. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books. Lemert, Edwin M., and Judy Rosberg 1948 The Administration of Justice to Minority Groups in L.A. County. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. Lerman, Paul 1975 Community Treatment and Social Control: A Critical Analysis of Juvenile Cor- rectional Policy. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. Levi, M.D. 1973 Errors in the variables bias in the presence of correctly measured variables. Econometrica 41:985-986. Levin, Martin A. 1972 Urban politics and judicial behavior. Journal of Legal Studies 1:22~221. Levin, Theodore 1966 Toward a more enlightened sentencing procedure. Alaska Law Review 45:499- 512. 1977 Urban Politics and the Criminal Courts. Chicago, Ill. Press. . . University of Chicago

296 References Lipson, A.J., and Mark A. Peterson 1980 California Justice Under Determinate Sentencing: A Review and Agenda for Research. Report R-2497-CRB. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand Corporation. Lipton, Douglas, Robert Martinson, and Judith Wilks 1975 The Effectiveness of Correctional Treatment: A Survey of Treatment Evaluation Studies. New York: Praeger. Lizotte, Alan J. 1978 Extra-legal factors in Chicago's criminal courts: testing the conflict model of criminal justice. Social Problems 25:56~580. Loftin, Colin, and D. McDowall 1981 "One with a gun gets you two": mandatory sentencing and firearms violence in Detroit. The Annals of the Academy of Political and Social Science 455(May): 15~167. Loo, C. 1972 Effects of spatial density on social behavior of children. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 2:372-381. Lotz, Roy, and John D. Hewitt 1977 The influence of legally irrelevant factors on felony sentencing. Sociological Inquiry 47:39~48. Low, Peter 1970a Comment on the sentencing system: part C. Pp. 1289-1337 in Working Papers of the National Commission on Reform of the Federal Criminal Laws. Vol. II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1970b Preliminary memorandum on sentencing structure. Pp. 1245-1287 in Working Papers of the National Commission on Reform of the Federal Criminal Laws. Vol. II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Mangum, Charles S., Jr. 1940 The Legal Status of the Negro. Chapel Hill, N.C.: North Carolina Press. Manning, Peter K. 1980 The Narc's Game: Organizational and Informational Limits on Drug Law En- forcement. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Manson, John R. 1981 The Prison Overcrowding Dilemma: A New Approach. Unpublished manu- script. Connecticut Department of Corrections, Hartford. Martin, Roscoe 1934 The Defendant and Criminal Justice. Bulletin No. 34-37. Bureau of Research in the Social Sciences, University of Texas. Martin, Susan E. 1982a Interests and Politics in Sentencing Reform: A Comparative Case Study of the Development of Sentencing Guidelines in Minnesota and Pennsylvania. Com- mittee on Research on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice. National Research Council, Washington, D.C. 1982b Commutation of Prison Sentences: Practice, Promise, and Limitation. Paper presented at meeting of American Society of Criminology, Toronto, November ~6, 1982. Martin, Susan E., Lee B. Sechrest, and Robin Redner, eds. 1981 New Directions En the Rehabilitation of Criminal Offenders. Panel on Research on Rehabilitative Techniques, Committee on Research on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice, Assembly of Behavioral and Social Sciences, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

References 297 Mather, Lynn M. 1974 Some determinants of the method of case disposition: decision-making by public defenders in Los Angeles. Law & Society Review 8:187-216. McCain, Garvin, Verne C. Cox, and Paul B. Paulus 1976 The relationship between illness complaints and degree of crowding in a prison environment. Environment and Behavior 8~2) :28~290. 1980 The Effect of Prison Crowding on Inmate Behavior. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. McCallum, B.T. 1972 Relative asymptotic bias from errors of omission and measurement. Econo- metrica 40:757-758. McCarthy, John P. 1978 Report of the Sentencing Guidelines Project to the Administrative Director of the Courts. State of New Jersey Administrative Office of the Courts, Trenton. McCarthy, J.P., N. Sheflin, and J.J. Barraco 1979 Report on the Sentencing Guidelines Project to the Administrative Director of the Courts: On the Relationship Between Race and Sentencing. Sentencing Guidelines Project, State of New Jersey Administrative Office of the Courts, Trenton. McGrew, P. 1970 Social and spatial density effects on spacing behavior in preschool children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 11:197-204. McKelvey, Blake 1977 American Prisons. Montclair, N.J.: Patterson Smith. Megargee, Edwin I. 1977 The association of population density, reduced space, and uncomfortable tem- peratures with misconduct in a prison community. American Journal of Com- munity Psychology 5~3~:289-298. Mennel, Robert M. 1973 Thorns and Thistles: Juvenile Delinquents in the United States: 1825-1940. Han- over, N.H.: University Press of New England. Messinger, Sheldon L. 1979 Introduction. Pp. xi-xxx in A. van Hirsch and K. Hanrahan, The Question of Parole. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger. Messinger, Sheldon L., Andrew von Hirsch, Kathleen Hanrahan, Richard F. Sparks, Pamela J. Utz, Elliot Studt, Martin Forst, and James Brady 1981 Report on Strategies for Determinate Sentencing. Unpublished report prepared for the National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. Mileski, Maureen 1971 Courtroom encounters: an observation of a lower criminal court. Law & Society Review 5:473-538. Miller, D. 1980 Alternatives to Incarceration: From Total Institutions to Total Systems. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley. Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines Commission 1980 Report to the Legislature. January 1, 1980. Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines Commission, St. Paul, Minn. 1981 Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines and Commentary. Rev. ed. Minnesota Sen- tencing Guidelines Commission, St. Paul, Minn.

298 References 1982 Preliminary Report on the Development and Impact of the Minnesota Sen- tencing Guidelines. Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines Commission, St. Paul, Minn. Mitchell, R. 1971 Some social implications of high density housing. American Sociological Review 36:1~29. Moitra, Soumyo D. 1981 Analysis of Sentencing Policies Considering Crime-Switching Patterns and Im- prisonment Contraints. Ph.D. dissertation, School of Urban and Public Affairs. Carnegie-Mellon University. Monahan, John, and Hood, Gloria 1976 Psychologically disordered and criminal offenders. Criminal Justice and Behav- ior 3: 12~134. Morris, Norval 1974 The Future of Imprisonment. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. 1982 Anisonomy, or treating like cases unlike. Ch. 5 (pp. 179-209) in N. Morris, Madness and the Criminal Law. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press. Morse, W., and R. Beattie 1932 Survey of the Administration of Criminal Justice in Oregon. New York: Arno Press. Mueller, Julia M., and Richard F. Sparks 1982 Strategy for determinate sentencing some statewide statistical results (Ore- gon). Chapter in S.L. Messinger et al., Report on Strategies for Determinate Sentencing. Unpublished report prepared for the National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. Mullen, Joan, and Bradford Smith 1980 Conditions and costs of confinement. Volume III of American Prisons and Jails. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. Mullen, Joan, Kenneth Carlson, and Bradford Smith 1980 Summary findings and policy implications of a national survey. Volume I of American Prisons and Jails. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. Mulvihill, Donald J., Melvin M. Tumin, and Lynne A. Curtis 1969 Crimes of Violence. Vol. 11. Staff report submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office. Myers, Martha A. 1979 Offended parties and official reactions: victims and the sentencing of criminal defendants. Sociological Quarterly 20:529-540. Nacci, Peter L., Hugh E. Teitelbaum, and Jerry Prather 1977 Population density and inmate misconduct rates in the federal prison system. Federal Probation 41(June):26-31. Nagel, Ilene, and John Hagan 1983 Gender and crime: offense patterns and criminal court sanctions. Pp. 91-144 in M. Tonry and N. Morris, eds., Crime and Justice, An Annual Review of Research. Vol. 4. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. Nagel, Stuart 1969 The Legal Process from a Behavioral Perspective. Homewood, Ill. Press. : Dorsey

References 299 Nagel, William G. 1973 The New Red Barn: A Critical Look at the Modern American Prison. New York: Walker and Co. Nardulli, Peter 1978 The Courtroom Elite. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing Co. National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals 1973 Courts. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. National Commission on Reform of Federal Criminal Laws 1970 Study Draft of a New Federal Criminal Code. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Gov- ernment Printing Office. National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws 1979 Model Sentencing and Corrections Act. Approved draft 1979. National Con- ference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, Chicago, Ill. National Council on Crime and Delinquency 1977 Prisons: The Price We Pay. Hackensack, N.J.: National Council on Crime and Delinquency. 1980 The Sourcebook on Alternatives to Prison in California. Report to Joint Rules Committee of the California legislature. San Francisco, Calif.: National Council on Crime and Delinquency. National Moratorium on Prison Construction 1981 United States incarceration and prison growth. Jericho (May 9~:~7. (Available from Unitarian Universalist Service Committee National Moratorium on Prison Construction, Washington, D.C.~. Nerlove, Marc, David M. Grether, and Jose L. Carvalho 1979 Analysis of Economic Time Series. New York: Academic Press. Newman, D. 1956 Pleading guilty for considerations. Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science 46: 78(~790. Ney, Becki 1980 Release Mechanisms. American Institute of Criminal Justice, Philadelphia, Pa. Ney, Becki, William Nagel, Polly Smith, and Judi Zucker 1980 Release Procedures. The American Foundation, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa. Nozick, Robert 1974 Anarchy, State and Utopia. New York: Basic Books. Oaks, D.H., and W. Lehman 1968 A Criminal Justice System and the Indigent. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. Olsen, R. 1980 A least squares correction for selectivity bias. Econometrica 48:1815-1820. Park, J. 1976 The organization of prison violence. In A. Cohen et al., eds., Prison Violence. Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath. Partington, Donald 1965 The incidence of the death penalty for rape in Virginia. Washington and Lee Law Review 22:4~75. Partridge, Anthony, and William B. Eldridge 1974 Second Circuit Sentencing Study: A Report to the Judges of the Second Circuit. FJC No. 7~4. Washington, D.C.: The Federal Judicial Center.

300 References Paulus, Paul B., Verne C. Cox, Garvin McCain, and Jane Chandler 1975 Some effects of crowding in a prison environment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 5:86-91. Paulus, Paul B., Garvin McCain, and Verne C. Cox 1978 Death rates, psychiatric commitments, blood pressure, and perceived crowding as a function of institutional crowding. Environmental Psychology and Non- verbal Behavior 3:107-116. Pease, K., S. Billingham, and I. Earnshaw 1977 Community Service Assessed in 1976. Home Office Research Unit Report No. 39. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Perry, R.W. 1977 Justice system and sentencing: the importance of race in the military. Crimi- nology 15:225-234. Phillips, Charles D. 1980 Sentencing Councils in the Federal Courts. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books. Platt, Anthony M. 1977 The Child Savers. 2d ed. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. Pope, Carl E. 1975a Sentencing of California Felony Offenders. National Criminal Justice Infor- mation and Statistics Service (now Bureau of Justice Statistics). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. 1975b The Judicial Processing of Assault and Burglary Offenders in Selected California Counties. National Criminal Justice Information and Statistics Service (now Bureau of Justice Statistics). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice (Presi- dent's Crime Commission) 1967 The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Rankin, A. 1964 The effect of pretrial detention. New York University Law Review 39:641~55. Rao, C.R. 1973 Linear Statistical Inference and Its Applications. 2d ed. New York: John Wiley. Rau, Richard M. 1972 Sentencing in the Federal District Courts. Law Enforcement Assistance Admin- istration. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. Rawls, John 1971 A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Ray, D.W. 1978 The Effects of High Density in a Juvenile Correctional Institution. Ph.D. dis- sertation, George Peabody College for Teachers. Reiss, Albert J., and A.L. Rhodes 1961 The distribution of juvenile delinquency in the social class structure. American Sociological Review 26:72~732. Rhodes, William M. 1976 The economics of criminal courts: a theoretical and empirical investigation. Journal of Legal Studies 5:311-340. 1977 1978 1981 A study of sentencing in the Hennepin County and Ramsey County district courts. Journal of Legal Studies 6:333-354. Plea Bargaining. Washington, D.C.: Institute for Law and Social Research. Comments on the Methodology Used in the Construction of Sentencing Guide-

References 301 lines. Paper presented at National Research Council Conference on Sentencing Research, Woods Hole, Mass., July 27-31, 1981. Rhodes, William M., and Catherine Conly 1981 Analysts of Federal Sentencing. Final report. FJRP 81/004. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. Rich, William D., L. Paul Sutton, Todd D. Clear, and Michael J. Saks 1981 Sentencing Guidelines: Their Operation and Impact on the Courts. Draft. Na- tional Center for State Courts, Williamsburg, Va. Robinson, W.H., P. Smith, and J. Wolf 1977 Prison Populations and Costs—Illustrated Projections to 1980. Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Robison, James O., and Gerald Smith 1971 The effectiveness of correctional programs. Crime & Delinquency 17:67-80. Rosen, J. 1961 Dominance behavior of the adult rat as a function of early social experience. Journal of Genetic Psychology 99:14~151. Rossi, Peter H., and Steven L. Nock, eds. 1982 Measuring Social Judgements: The Factorial Survey Approach. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage. Rothman, David J. 1971 The Discovery of the Asylum. Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown and Co. 1980 Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America. Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown and Co. 1981 Perspectives on the History of Sentencing. Paper presented at National Re- search Council Conference on Sentencing Research, Woods Hole, Mass., July 27-31, 1981. Rothman, Meah Dell 1976 The pardoning power: historical perspective and case study of New York and Connecticut. Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems 12(Winter):149- 220. Rubenstein, Jonathan 1974 City Police. New York: Ballantine Books Rubinstein, Michael L., Stevens H. Clarke, and Teresa J. White 1980 Alaska Bans Plea Bargaining. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. Ryan, John P. 1980/ Adjudication and sentencing in a misdemeanor court: the outcome is the pun- 1981 ishment. Law & Society Review 15:79-108. Samuelson, Paula 1977 Sentence review and sentence disparity: a case study of the Connecticut Sen- tence Review Division. Connecticut Law Review 10:~89. Schmid, Calvin Fisher 1960 Urban crime areas. American Sociological Review 25(August):527-542, 25 (October) :655-678. Schmitt, R.C. 1957 Density, delinquency and crime in Honolulu. Sociology and Social Research 41:274-276. Schneider, Peter R., and Anne L. Schneider 1979 Implementation and Policy Issues in the National Juvenile Restitution Initiative: A Six-Month Evaluation Report. Institute for Policy Analysis, Eugene, Oreg.

302 References Schulhofer, Stephen J. 1979 Prosecutorial Discretion and Federal Sentencing Reform. Vol. 1 and Vol. 2 (Technical Supplement). Federal Judicial Center, Washington, D.C.. 1980 Due process of sentencing. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 128:733- 828. Sebba, L. 1980 Is mens rea a component of perceived offense seriousness? Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 71:12~135. Sechrest, Lee B., Susan O. White, and Elizabeth D. Brown, eds. 1979 The Rehabilitation of Criminal Offenders: Problems and Prospects. Panel on Research on Rehabilitative Techniques, Committee on Research on Law En- forcement and Criminal Justice, Assembly of Behavioral and Social Sciences, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. Sellin, Thorsten, and Marvin E. Wolfgang 1964 The Measurement of Delinquency. New York: Wiley. Sentencing Guidelines Project 1981 Advisory board makes first guideline modifications. SOP News (August). Ad- ministrative Office of the Courts, Annapolis, Md. Shane-Dubow, Sandra, Walter F. Smith, and Kim B. Haralson 1979 Felony Sentencing in Wisconsin. Madison, Wis.: Public Policy Press. Shaw, C.R., and H.D. McKay 1942 Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas. Rev. ed. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. Singer, N., and V.B. Wright 1976 Cost Analysis of Corrections Standards: Institutional-Based Programs and Pa- role. National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. Singer, Richard G. 1979 Just Deserts: Sentencing Based on Equality and Desert. Cambridge, Mass.: Bal- linger. Smith, G. 1970 A Statistical Analysis of Public Defender Activities. Ohio State University Research Foundation, Columbus. Solomon, L. 1980 Developing an empirically based model for classification decision-making. Prison Law Monitor 217:234-42. Southern Regional Council 1969 Race Makes the Difference. Southern Regional Council, Atlanta, Ga. Sparks, Richard F. 1981 The Construction of Sentencing Guidelines: A Methodological Critique. Paper presented at National Research Council Conference on Sentencing Research, Woods Hole, Mass., July 27-31, 1981. Sparks, Richard F., and Bridget A. Stecher 1979 The New Jersey Sentencing Guidelines: An Unauthorized Analysis. Paper pre- sented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Phila- delphia, Pa., November 8,1979. Sparks, Richard F., Bridget A. Stecher, Jay Albanese, and Peggy L. Shelly 1982 Stumbling Toward Justice: Some Overlooked Research and Policy Questions About Statewide Sentencing Guidelines. Final report of the Evaluation of State-

References 303 wide Sentencing Guidelines Project. National Institute of Justice, U.S. De- partment of Justice, Washington, D.C. Spohn, C., J. Gruhl, and S. Welch 1982 The effect of race on sentencing: a reexamination of an unsettled question. Law & Society Review 16:71-88. Stafford, Samuel P. II 1977 Clemency: Legal Authority, Procedure and Structure. Williamsburg, Va: Na- tional Center for State Courts. Stone-Meierhoefer, Barbara, and Peter B. Hoffman 1980 The Effects of Presumptive Parole Dates on Institutional Behavior: A Prelim- inary Study. Draft. Report 27. Research Unit, U.S. Parole Commission, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. Strathman, Gerald J., et al. 1981 Minnesota Community Corrections Act Evaluation: General Report. Crime Control Planning Board, Minnesota Department of Corrections, St. Paul. Sutton, P. 1978 Variations in Federal Criminal Sentences: A Statistical Assessment at the National Level. National Criminal Justice Information and Statistics Service (now Bureau of Justice Statistics). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. Swigert, Victoria Lynn, and Ronald A. Farrell 1977 Normal homicides and the law. American Sociological Review 42:16-32. Taylor, J., T. Stanley, B. DeFlorio, and L. Seekamp 1972 An analysis of defense counsel in the processing of felony defendants in San Diego, California. Denver Law Journal 49:23~275. Terry, R. 1967 Discrimination in the handling of juvenile offenders by social-control agencies. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 4:218. Thalheimer, D.J. 1978 Cost Analysis of Correctional Standards: Community Supervision, Probation, Restitution, Community Service. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Depart- ment of Justice. Thomas, David A. 1979 The Principles of Sentencing. 2d ed. London: Heinemann. Thomson, Randall J., and Matthew T. Zingraff 1981 Detecting sentence disparity: some problems and evidence. American Journal of Sociology 86:869-880. Thornberry, Terence P. 1973 Race, socioeconomic status and sentencing in the juvenile justice system. Jour- nal of criminal Law & Criminology 64:9~98. Tiffany, Lawrence P., Yakov Avichai, and Geoffrey W. Peters 1975 A statistical analysis of sentencing in federal courts: defendants convicted after trial, 1967-1968. The Journal of Legal Studies 4:369-390. Tobin, James 1958 Estimation of relationships for limited dependent variables. Econometrica 26:2= 36. Townsend, David, John W. Palmer, and Jennifer Newton 1978 Technical Issue Paper on Presentence Investigation Reports. Report No. 3, Critical Issues in Adult Probation. Center for Law Enforcement and Correc- tional Justice, Westerville, Ohio.

304 References Turner, C.D. 1961 GeneralEndocrinology. Philadelphia, Pa.: W.B. Saunders. The Twentieth Century Fund. Task Force on Criminal Sentencing 1976 Fair and Certain Punishment. New York: McGraw-Hill. Uhlman, Thomas M. 1979 Racial Justice: Black Judges and Defendants in an Urban Trial Court. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books. Uhlman, Thomas M., and Darlene N. Walker 1980 "He takes some of my time; I take some of his": an analysis of judicial sentencing patterns in jury cases. Law & Society Review 14:323-341. Uniform Parole Reports 1980 Parole in the United States: 1979. James L. Galvin, Cheryl H. Ruby, John J. Galvin, Ellen L. McNeil. Uniform Parole Reports Series 1:80:3. San Francisco, Calif.: National Council on Crime and Delinquency. Unnever, James D., Charles Frazier, and John C. Henretta 1980 Race differences in criminal sentencing. Sociological Quarterly 21:197-207. U.S. Department of Commerce 1980 Population Estimates and Projections. Series P-25, No. 870, Bureau of the Census. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Department of Justice 1975 Prisoners in State and Federal Institutzons on December 31, 1974. National Prisoner Statistics Bulletin SD-NPS-PSF-2. Law Enforcement Assistance Administration. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. 1976 Prisoners in State and Federal Institutions on December 31, 1975. National Prisoner Statistics Bulletin SD-NPS-PSF-3. Law Enforcement Assistance Administration. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. 1977 Prisoners in State and Federal Institutzons on December 31, 1976. National Prisoner Statistics Bulletin SD-NPS-PSF-4. Law Enforcement Assistance Administration. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. 1978a Federal Standards for Corrections. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. 1978b Prisoners in State and Federal Institutzons on December 31, 1977. National Prisoner Statistics Bulletin SD-NPS-PSF-5. Law Enforcement Assistance Administration. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. 1979 Prisoners in State and Federal Institutions on December 31, 1978. National Prisoner Statistics Bulletin SD-NPS-PSF-6. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Wash- ington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. 1980a Crime in the U.S.—1979. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. 1980b Criminal Victimization in the United States, 1978. National Crime Survey Report NCS-N-17. GPO NCJ-66480. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. 1981a Prisoners at midyear 1981. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin (September). NC-78756. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. 1981b Prisoners in State and Federal Institutions on December 31, 1979. National Prisoner Statistics Bulletin NPS-PSF-7, NCJ-73719. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. 1981c Criminal Victimization in the United States, 1979. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice.

References 1982a Prisoners in 1981. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin (May). NCJ-82262. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. 1982b Prisons and Prisoners. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin NCJ-80697. Wash- ington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice U.S. Department of Labor 1980 Handbook of Labor Statistics. Bulletin 2070. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Depart- ment of Labor. U.S. General Accounting Office 1978 What Can be Done About Overcrowding in Long-Term Federal Correctional Facilities? Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office. 1982 Federal Parole Practices: Better Management and Legislative Changes are Needed. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office. Utz, Pamela J. 1981 Determinate sentencing in two California courts. Ch. 17 in S. L. Messinger et al., Report on Strategies for Determinate Sentencing. Unpublished report pre- pared for the National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice, Wash- ington, D.C. van den Haag, Ernest 1975 Punishing Criminals: Concerning a Very Old and Painful Question. New York: Basic. Vera Institute of Justice 1977 Felony Arrests: Prosecution and Disposition in New York City's Courts. Vera Institute of Justice, New York. 305 Vetri, D. 1964 Guilty plea bargaining: compromises by prosecutors to secure guilty pleas. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 112:865-908. van Hirsch, Andrew 1976 Doing Justice: The Choice of Punishments. New York: Hill and Wang. 1981 Utilitarian sentencing resuscitated: the American Bar Association's second re- port on criminal sentencing. Rutgers Law Review 33(Spring):772-789. van Hirsch, Andrew, and Kathleen Hanrahan 1979 The Question of Parole: Retention, Reform, or Abolition? Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger. 1981 Determinate penalty systems in America: an overview. Crime & Delinquency 27(July) :289-316. Walker, Samuel 1980 Popular Justice: A History of American Criminal Justice. New York: Oxford 1979 Walster, E. 1966 University Press. A History of Criminal Justice in America. New York: Oxford University Press. Assignment of responsibility for an accident. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3:73-79. Wechsler, Herbert 1961 Sentencing, correction, and the Model Penal Code. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 109:465-493. Weigend, Thomas 1980 Continental cures for American ailments: European criminal procedure as a model for law reform. Pp. 381~28 in M. Tonry and N. Morris, eds., Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research. Vol. 2. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.

Weiss, Carol H. 1981 306 References 1983 Sentencing in West Germany. In Michael H. Tonry and Franklin E. Zimring, eds., Reform and Punishment. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. Weiner, B., ed. 1974 Achievement Motivation and Attribution Theory. Morristown, N.J.: General Learning Press. - The Influence of Research in Criminal Justice: The Case of Sentencing. Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Wheeler, Stanton, E. Bonachich, M.R. Cramer, and I.K. Zola 1981 Agents of delinquency control: a comparative analysis. In S. Wheeler, ea., Controlling Delinquents. New York: Wiley. White, James B. 1978 Making sense of the criminal law. University of Colorado Law Review 50:1-27. Wickens, M.R. 1972 A note on the use of proxy variables. Econometrica 40:759-761. Wilkins, Leslie T. 1981 The Principles of Guidelines for Sentencing: Methodological and Philosophical Issues in Their Development. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. Wilkins, Leslie T., Jack M. Kress, Don M. Gottfredson, Joseph C. Calpin, and Arthur M. Gelman 1978 Sentencing Guidelines: Structuring Judicial Discretion—Report on the Feasibility Study. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. Williams, Glanville 1961 Criminal Law. 2d ed. London: Stevens. Willick, D.H., G. Gehlker, and A.M. Watts 1975 Social class as a factor affecting judicial disposition. Criminology 13:57-77. Wilson, James Q. 1973 Varieties of Police Behavior. New York: Atheneum. 1975 Thinking About Crime. New York: Basic. Wolf, Edwin D. 1964 Abstract of analysis of jury sentencing in capital cases. Rutgers Law Review 19:56-64. Wolfgang, M. 1978 Overview of research into violent behavior. Testimony to the Subcommittee on Domestic and International Scientific Planning, Analysis and Cooperation (DISPAC) of the Committee on Science and Techn~lo~v ~ J .R Hn'~ce of Ran resentatives, Washington, D.C. O., ~ ^ ^--r Wolfgang, Marvin E., and Franco Ferracutti 1967 The Subculture of Violence: Toward an IntePrated Th~nrv in f~r~minr,~ T r~n don: Tavistoclc. ~ . ~ 0 ~ Wolfgang, Marvin E., and Marc Reidel 1973 Race, judicial discretion, and the death penalty. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 407:119-133. Wolfgang, Marvin E., Robert Figlio, and Thorsten Sellin 1972 Delinquency in a Birth Cohort. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. Wolfgang, Marvin E., Arlene Kelly, and Hans C. Nolde 1962 Comparison of the executed and commuted among admissions to death row. Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science 53:301-311. Yale Law Journal 1956 Comment: the influence of the defendant's plea on the judicial determination

References of sentence. Yale Law Journal 66:204-222. Zalman, Marvin, Charles W. Ostrom, Jr., Phillip Guilliams, and Garret Peaslee 1979 Sentencing in Michigan: Report on the Michigan Felony Sentencing Project. Michigan State Court Administrative Office, Lansing. Zarr, Melvyn 1976 Sentencing. Maine Law Review 28(Special Issue):117-148. Zeisel, Hans, and Diamond, Shari S. 1977 Search for sentencing equity: sentence review in Massachusetts and Connecticut. American Bar Foundation Research Journal. 4(Fall) :881-940. Zimring, Franklin E. 1976 A Consumer's Guide to Sentencing Reform. Occasional Paper #16. University of Chicago Law School, Chicago, Ill. 1983 Prisoners, professors and politicians—sentencing reform in the decade of the seventies. In Michael H. Tonry and Franklin E. Zimring, eds., Reform and Punishment. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. Zimring, Franklin E., Joel Eigen, and Sheila O'Malley 1976 Punishing homicide in Philadelphia: perspectives on the death penalty. Uni- versity of Chicago Law Review 43:227-252. 307

References of sentence. Yale Law Journal 66:204-222. Zalman, Marvin, Charles W. Ostrom, Jr., Phillip Guilliams, and Garret Peaslee 1979 Sentencing in Michigan: Report on the Michigan Felony Sentencing Project. Michigan State Court Administrative Office, Lansing. Zarr, Melvyn 1976 Sentencing. Maine Law Review 28(Special Issue):117-148. Zeisel, Hans, and Diamond, Shari S. 1977 Search for sentencing equity: sentence review in Massachusetts and Connecticut. American Bar Foundation Research Journal. 4(Fall) :881-940. Zimring, Franklin E. 1976 A Consumer's Guide to Sentencing Reform. Occasional Paper #16. University of Chicago Law School, Chicago, Ill. 1983 Prisoners, professors and politicians-sentencing reform in the decade of the seventies. In Michael H. Tonry and Franklin E. Zimring, eds., Reform and Punishment. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. Zimring, Franklin E., Joel Eigen, and Sheila O'Malley 1976 Punishing homicide in Philadelphia: perspectives on the death penalty. Uni- versity of Chicago Law Review 43:227-252. 307