|
Items in cart [0] |
Questions? Call 888-624-8373 |
HARDBACK PDF BOOK Free Resources |
||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Copyright © 2009. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Terms of Use and Privacy Statement |
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 150
OCR for page 151
OTTO KRAYER
October 22, 1899—March 1S, 1982
BY AVRAM GOLDSTEIN
Sie konnen eigentlich nur Soiche brauchen, die sick brauchen lassen.
Schopenhauer. Neue Paralipomena §676,
HandschriftlicherNachiass, Vol. 4 (Leipzig: P. Reclam, 1930~.
For the style is the man, and where a man's treasure is there his heart,
and his brain, and his writing, will be also.
A. Quiller-Couch, On The Art Of Writing
(London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1916~.
IN your letter of 15 tune you state that you feel the barring of Jewish
scientists is an injustice, and that your feelings about this injustice
prevent you from accepting a position offered to you.
You are of course personally free to feel any way you like about the
way the government acts. It is not acceptable, however, for you to make
the practice of your teaching profession dependent upon those feel-
ings. You would in that case not be able in the future to hold any chair
in a German university.
Pending final decision on the basis of section 4 of the Law on the
Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, I herewith forbid you,
effective immediately, from entering any government academic insti-
tution, and from using any State libraries or scientific facilities.
151
OCR for page 152
152
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
THIS REMARKABLE LETTER, dated 20 June 1933, and
here reprocluced in its entirety, was from the Prussian
Minister for Science, Art, and National Education. The re-
cipient, Otto Krayer, who cried IS March 1982, at the age of
eighty-two, will be remembered for many things—his out-
standing research contributions to cardiovascular pharma-
cology, his intensely enthusiastic teaching style, his very high
stanclards of scientific publication and editorship, his guid-
ance ant! support of the many young scientists who came
under his influence and went on to significant careers in
pharmacology or physiology. Krayer's unique contribution,
however, was the example he set in ethical behavior behav-
ior that in his thirty-fifth year anc! in the flowering of a prom-
ising career brought upon him the full retribution of the Nazi
hierarchy.
Robert Jungk, in his book Brighter Than A Thousand Suns,
A Personal History of the Atomic Scientists, writes about those
clays in early 1933 in Gottingen: "Only a single one of Got-
tingen's natural scientists had the courage to protest openly
against the dismissal of the Jewish savants. This was the phys-
iologist Krayer. He clid not allow himself to be intimidated
either by his own dismissal, which was then orclered by the
new Prussian Minister of Education, Stuckart, or by the
threat of being clebarrecT from employment for the rest of
his life."
Yet rare though it was for a non-}ewish German intellec-
tual to jeopardize his own future for the sake of a moral
principle, "protest openly" is certainly not accurate. That was
not Krayer's style. Never a political activist nor an organizer
or preacher for causes Krayer wouic] have been the last to
condemn his colleagues who, with various rationalizations,
' Robert Muck, Brighter Than A Thousand Suns, A Personal History of the Atomic
Scientists (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1958), p. 36. .
OCR for page 153
OTTO KRAYER
153
accepted the evil situation as beyond their control. Krayer
believed, very simply, that a person tract to do what their con-
science saict was right, that in such matters it was not a ques-
tion of weighing consequences. His letter of 15 June 1933,
which so infuriated the Nazi bureaucrat, is poignant testi-
mony to this belief. He explains why he cannot accept the
proffered appointment to the chair of pharmacology at Dus-
seldorf the chair from which the Jewish incumbent Philipp
Ellinger hack just been removed:
. . . the primary reason tor my reluctance is that I feel the exclusion of
Jewish scientists to be an injustice, the necessity of which I cannot under-
stand, since it has been justified by reasons that lie outside the domain of
science.
This feeling of injustice is an ethical phenomenon. It is innate to the
structure of my personality, and not something imposed from the outside.
Under these circumstances, assuming such a position as the one in Dus-
seldorf would impose a great mental burden on me a burden that would
make it difficult to take up my duties as a teacher with joy and a sense of
dedication, without which I cannot teach properly.
I place a high value on the role of university teacher, and I myself
would want the privilege of engaging in this activity to be given only to
men who, apart from their research capabilities, also have special human
qualities. Had I not expressed to you the misgivings that made me hesitate
to accept your offer immediately, I would have compromised one of these
essential human qualities, that of honesty.
It seems to me, therefore, that the argument that in the interests of
the task at hand I must defer my personal misgivings, is an empty one. I
would not place even a lesser task in the hands of someone who cannot
remain true to himself. Moreover, it is clear to me how great is the re-
sponsibility that you have to carry a responsibility that gives you the right
to expect honesty.
The work to which I have heretofore dedicated all my strength, with
the goal of applying my scientific knowledge and research expertise to
effective university teaching, means so much to me that I could not com-
promise it with the least bit of dishonesty.
I therefore prefer to forego this appointment, though it is suited to
my inclinations and capabilities, rather than having to betray my convic-
OCR for page 154
54
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
tions; or that by remaining silent I would encourage an opinion about me
that does not correspond with the facts.
A moral dilemma arises when the policies of a legitimately
constitutes] authority are morally unacceptable. Resistance to
a tyranny that can make no claim to a popular mandate is
difficult and risky enough. But HitIer's regime had all the
trappings of legitimacy, it had come to power in a constitu-
tional manner, and its support went creep anc! wide among
the German people, not exclucting the university faculties
and students. Noncompliance, under such circumstances, re-
quires the courage of one's convictions to an extraordinary
clegree. One's support has to come principally from one's own
conscience, while one's peers, by and large, tend to distance
themselves, in order to avert unpleasant repercussions and
to avoic! confronting their own consciences.
The events that facet! Krayer with a moral choice were
unusual, from a historical perspective, but they were not
unique. Fanaticism political, religious, tribal, racial, intel-
lectual, nationalistic has perioclically infected one or an-
other part of the earth's population since civilization began.
No country and no time is immune, and so the moral di-
lemma is an ever-recurring theme. During the agony of Viet-
nam, American academics could witness the same cautious
neutrality on the part of most of their colleagues, at least until
it became acceptable anct popular to speak one's outrage. Ap-
parently the simple ability to distinguish right from wrong
and to act accordingly was incompatible with the scholarly
temperament. "Not to clecicle is to decide," wrote the Amer-
ican theologian Harvey Cox. Most fount! it easiest "not to
clecicle."
The surgeon Rudolf Nissen, writing of the German uni-
versity faculties in 1933, has this to say:
Another example of rare, almost isolated conduct amidst the crowd of
opportunists was given by the Berlin Professor Extraordinarius, Otto
OCR for page 155
OTTO KRAYER
155
Krayer. His pupil, M. Reiter, has these wonderful words for this conduct:
"The world is not particularly rich with people who prefer to jeopardize
their career rather than sanction it with alien injustice. Nothing is more
characteristic of Krayer's personality than his repeated refusal in 1933 to
take over the chair in Dusseldorf, whose former holder, Philipp Ellinger,
was driven from it on account of his race. The Professor Extraordinarius
in Berlin, who was 34 at the time, did something that those in power felt
was an open revolt and that many of his colleagues felt was at least inop-
portune and disturbing in the repercussions it had for them."2
Finally Nissen remarks: "It is unfortunate that such coura-
geous and manly incliviclual actions in the universities were
not collectecl ant! made available to the public by officials who
occupied themselves with the history of the Nazi periocl." He
concludes by quoting Shakespeare (The Winter's Tale, act I,
scene 2) on the importance of publicly recognizing such ac-
tions: "One good (leed, dying tongueless, slaughters a thou-
sand waiting upon that."
Krayer's own laconic account of this landmark event in his
life is found in an autobiographical sketch he wrote after his
retirement for the International Biographical Archives and Dic-
tionaryofCentralEuropeanEmigres, 1933-45:
In the Spring of 1933, while engaged in collaborative studies with Prof.
H. Rein in the Department of Physiology, University of Gottingen, I was
asked by the Department of Education of the State of Prussia to take over
the Chair of Pharmacology in the Medical Academy of Dusseldorf. The
vacancy had been created by the dismissal of the Jewish incumbent Prof.
Philipp Ellinger. Refusal to fill the vacancy because of my stated disagree-
ment with the unjust policies of the government led to my immediate
suspension by the Prussian Minister of Education from my academic po-
sitions. Moreover, I was forbidden to enter any university premises includ-
ing University and State libraries. Returning from Gottingen to Berlin,
where I could make use of private libraries, I was able to continue literary
work in progress. I was especially anxious to complete and edit and to
supervise the printing of Volume 2 of P. Trendelenburg: Die Hormone, a task
2 Rudolf Nissen, Helle Blatter dunkle Blatter: Erinnerungen eines Chirurgen (Stutt-
gart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1969), pp. 140-44.
OCR for page 156
56
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
which had been entrusted to me by my teacher shortly before his death in
1931.
Later in 1933 Krayer's academic privileges at the Univer-
sity of Berlin were restored. However, he obtained a leave of
absence and accepted an invitation to join the Department of
Pharmacology at University College, London, with support
from the Rockefeller Foundation, anct on the last day of 1933
he departed Germany. There followed an intense ant! pro-
cluctive nine months of research in collaboration with E. B.
Verney, who had been Starling's pupil. The substance of the
investigations with Verney is recounted in a later section of
this memoir. Krayer's former Berlin associate W. Felciberg,
himself a recent refugee from the Nazis, was also in Lonclon.
And dominating the scene was H. H. Dale, the foremost
pharmacologist of the day.
In the autumn of 1934 Krayer was callect to head the De-
partment of Pharmacology at the American University of
Beirut. His research and teaching accomplishments there are
Ascribed later. Officially representing the American Univer-
sity of Beirut at the Tercentenary Celebration of Harvard
University in 1936, he was asked to stay on for a few months
as a lecturer in pharmacology at the Harvard Meclical School.
Then in 1937 an invitation was extencled for Krayer to join
the faculty as associate professor of pharmacology. He ac-
ceptecl and two years later became Reid Hunt's successor as
heat] of the department, a position he held until his retire-
ment in ~ 966.
A littIe-known event of his early days in Boston sheds fur-
ther light on the idealism that was a strong motivating force
in Krayer's life. The Nobel peace prize had just been awar(le(1
to the German writer and journalist Car! van Ossietzky, a
pacifist of international renown, who had exposed the secret
rearming of Germany ant! who had been (and was until his
OCR for page 157
OTTO KRAYER
157
death) incarcerated by the Nazi regime. Hitler's response to
the award of the prize was a clecree forbidding Germans to
accept any Nobel prize in the future. At the regular meeting
of the German Chemical Society on May 8, 1937, the presi-
clent of the Society, Professor Stock, acictressed himself to the
honor bestowal upon van Ossietzky: "Every true German,"
he said, "must regard as a slap in the face this insulting abuse
. . . an abuse dictated by political hatred. It is unclerstanclable
that both the government and the people are indignant over
this, and want nothing more to do with Nobel prizes . . . the
crime of the Norwegian parliament's committee will be re-
gretted cleeply by Science."3
Krayer's immediate reaction was the following brief note
to the society's office: "The remarks of President A. Stock
concerning the awarcl of the Nobel peace prize, which are
printed on page 121 of the Proceedings of the German
Chemical Society of 9 June 1937 oblige me to request that
you strike my name from the list of members of the German
Chemical Society."
Professor Stock, in reply, couIct only imagine that he had
been misunderstoocI. "I was only reflecting the feelings of
every German scientist," he wrote, "in being upset by such a
conscious provocation . . . by the honoring of a person who-
even before the time of Hitler! hac] been branclect a traitor;
and in cleploring that the scientific Nobel prizes had to suffer
from this circumstance.... Perhaps you will be so kind as to
write me a word of clarification."
Krayer's response will ring a familiar note for all who, as
students or colleagues, came under his influence. It recalls
the curious blend of careful reasoning and objective presen-
tation of facts on the one hancI, coupled with extraordinary
3 A. Stock, "Opening Remark," Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft,
70(1937): 12 1.
OCR for page 158
58
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
emotional intensity on the other, that colored many of his
formal lectures and informal discourses.
Dear Mr. President: I am happy to communicate to you the reason for
my protest against your remarks. However, it is not my intention to enter
into a discussion about the political expression "traitor". That this expres-
sion does not necessarily have a precise ethical value must be obvious to
everyone who has experienced how easily the meaning can be changed by
various political trends that appear especially strongly and clearly at times
of upheaval in the structure of a State.
What made me write my letter of 3 September was the urge to express
the view that not every German and- as I am convinced not every Ger-
man scientist shares your feelings of being upset by the award of the recent
Nobel peace prize.
The reason for this conviction is what I have read over the last ten
years of the writings of Carl van Ossietzky and have learned from other
sources about him. I have had no occasion to meet this man personally.
But whoever, over the past decade in Germany, has followed the course of
his career in an unprejudiced way would even if he were a political op-
ponent—not be able to ignore the fact of the man's extraordinary person-
ality.
Here is a man who, in a hard life full of work and an abundance of
general human and political experience, has developed a world outlook
and has deduced from it the principles of his life philosophy, who has made
the profession of political writer his mission in life, and who is ready to
dedicate to this profession not only all the strength of his spirit but also
his whole personality. An unyielding character who, whenever the obli-
gation of sincerity necessitates, openly uses his right of free speech to ex-
press his opinion. A man who is not motivated by the lust for power and
fame but who is forced to speak by the persuasion of the rightness of his
beliefs, and who fights unafraid for that persuasion with the force of his
arguments. Carl von Ossietzky has proven the sincerity of his mind and
his selflessness by again refusing (he had already been amnestied once) to
evade responsibility for his convictions. To back up his words with deeds
was a necessity of life for him although he must have known that he could
not expect any justice from his political enemies.
The reason for such a judgment as you, Mr. President, have formu-
lated, must be sought in an ethical evaluation of the man. I do not find
OCR for page 159
OTTO KRAYER
159
sufficient basis for your interpretation, and I am not of the opinion that
the scientific Nobel prizes have lost any of their value or significance by
the honoring of Carl van Ossietzky. It is to the credit of the Nobel orga-
nization that it honored the ethical qualities of this man; that is my con-
viction. What can promote peace between nations if not the deeds of such
men, who are motivated by a pure and deep consciousness of their re-
sponsibility to a higher human order than is represented by the nation into
which we [sic!] are born?
A final incident is noteworthy, again for the light it sheets
on the ethical stanciarcls by which Krayer consistently guiclect
all his actions. In 1965 the Academic Council of the Medical
Academy of Dusseldorf votect to confer honorary member-
ship on Krayer. Writing about this decision, the rector of the
University explainer] as follows:
They would like thereby to show their appreciation of the stand you
took when, on grounds of conscience, you refused the call to the chair of
pharmacology and toxicology in Dusseldorf in 1933, which would have
been your first opportunity to be head of your own institute. At the same
time the Academic Council wishes to acknowledge the fact that even after
your emigration, and despite the unpleasantness you experienced in Dus-
seldorf, you nevertheless maintained and furthered your contacts with
German science. Not the least, we would also like by our decision to ac-
knowledge your scientific accomplishments, which relate to us in a special
way through a traditional field of research at our Academy, namely, heart
and circulation research.
Krayer's immediate response was to accept the honorary
membership with pleasure. But as time passed, he evidently
became increasingly uneasy. Somehow a mutually suitable
ciate for the presentation ceremony in Dusseldorf collie not
be arranged. Finally, on January 26, 1966, Krayer sent what
must have been a very difficult letter to write, as we can sur-
mise from the three different preliminary handwritten drafts
that are preserved, each full of cleletions ancT alternative
OCR for page 160
160
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
worclings. Addressing the rector of the University of Dussel-
clorf, Krayer wrote:
In the course of the correspondence with you concerning the time of
my visit to Dusseldorf, I have thought more deeply about the honor you
are planning for me. I have come to the conclusion that the right thing
for me to do is not to accept the honorary membership of the Medical
Academy of Dusseldorf.
Despite my happiness at your first letter, which reached me during my
trip to Japan, I had certain reservations from the beginning. It is now clear
to me that the original ethical position I took in 1933 does not permit of
any external reward. I must ask you, therefore, to nullify the decision of
the Scientific Council of the Medical Academy. I regret that I took so long
to express my convictions clearly.
Krayer closes with the hope that his decision will not cause
bact feelings to mar his personal relationships with colleagues
at Dusseldorf.
The reference, in the rector's original letter, to Krayer's
maintaining anct furthering contacts with German science
will be cryptic to those unfamiliar with an episode that fol-
lowed shortly on the close of World War Il. With Central
Europe literally in ashes, its universities and research insti-
tutes in ruins, and its people starving, the Unitarian Service
Committee organized a medical mission to Czechoslovakia
with Harvard carctiologist Paul DuctIey White as director and
Krayer as an active participant. During that trip Krayer be-
came fully aware of the (levastation of the German universi-
ties through personal visits with university colleagues. It must
have been then that he formulated a plan for rendering spe-
cial material and moral assistance to the German academic
communities. On his return to Harvard, he foundecI, and
served as secretary-treasurer of, a Committee to Help Ger-
man University Scientists. By lL948 a medical mission to Ger-
many had been organized by the Unitarian Service Commit-
tee, with Krayer as its chairman. This effort was supported
OCR for page 215
OTTO KRAYER
215
f. O. Krayer. Der toxikologische Nachweis des Coniins. Arch.
Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol., 162:342-72.
g. O. Krayer and W. Koll. Coniinahnliche Eigenschaften einiger
Aminbasen. Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol., 162:373-84.
h. ~ Trendelenburg's Grundlagen der allgemeinen und speziellen Arznei-
verordnung, 3d ed. rev. O. Krayer. Berlin: Springer.
1932
a. O. Krayer. Uber die Behandlung von Kreislaufstorungen mit
Organ- und Muskelextrakten. Bemerkungen zur Pharmakolo-
gie. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr., 58:123-24.
O. Krayer and E. Schutz. Mechanische Leistung und Aktions-
strom des Warmbluterherzens. Verh. Dtsch. Pharmakol. Ges.,
XI. Tagung, 99 - 100.
c. O. Krayer and E. Schutz. Mechanische Leistung und einphasi-
sches Elektrogramm am Herz-Lungen-Praparat des Hundes.
Z. Biol., 92:453-61.
1933
a.
O. Krayer. Ist die Integritat der sympathischen Schilddrusenin-
nervation notwendig fur die thyreotrope Wirkung des Hypo-
physenvorderlappens? Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol.,
171 :473-79.
b. W. Feldberg and O. Krayer. Nachweis einer bei Vagusreiz frei-
werdenden azetylcholinah nlich en Subs tan z am Warmbl u ter-
herzen. Verh. Dtsch. Ges. Kreislaufforsch, VI. Tagung, 81-83.
c. W. Feldberg and O. Krayer. Das Auftreten eines azetylcholinar-
tigen Stoffes im Herzvenenblut von Warmblutern bei Reizung
der Nervi vagi. Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol., 172: 170-93.
d. O. Krayer. Zur Kreislaufwirkung der Leberpraparate des Han-
dels. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr., 59:576-78.
e. O. Krayer. Zur Pharmakotherapie der Herzinsuffizienz. Er-
krankungen des Herzmuskels und der Herzklappen, pp. 84-
94. Dresden and Leipzig: Steinkopff.
1934
a. F. Grabe, O. Krayer, and K. Seelkopf. Beitrag zur Aufklarung
der kreislaufwirksamen (adrenalinahnlichen) Stoffe in Lebe-
rextrakten. Klin. Wochenschr., 13: 1381-83.
OCR for page 216
216
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1934
b. O. Krayer and E. B. Verney. Veranderung des Acetylcholinge-
haltes im Blute der Coronarvenen unter dem Einfluss einer
Blutdrucksteigerung durch Adrenalin. Klin. Wochenschr.,
13: 1250-51.
c. Die Hormone. Ihre Physiologte und Pharmakolog~e, by Paul Tren-
delenburg, vol. 2, ed. O. Krayer. Berlin: Springer.
1935
a. O. Krayer. Beitrag zur Aufklarung der Natur der kreislauf-
wirksamen Stoffe in als Heilmittel verwandten Leberextrakten.
Institut de Recherches Physiologiques de Moscou. Problemes
de Biologie et de Medecine Volume {ubilaire dedie au Prof.
Lina Stern, pp. 179 - 83.
b. O. Krayer and E. B. Verney. Reflektorische Beeinflussung des
Gehaltes an Acetylcholin im Blute der Coronarvenen. Arch.
Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol., 180:75-92.
1937
O. Krayer. Kurbissamen als Bandwurmmittel. Klin. Wochenschr.,
16: 1651-52.
1938
Trendelenb?~rg's Grundlagen der allgemeinen und speziellen Arznei-
verordnung, 4th ed. rev. O. Krayer. Berlin: Springer.
1941
a. D. G. Friend and O. Krayer. The estimation by a manometric
method of the activity of cholinesterase in lymph. }. Pharmacol.
Exp. Ther., 71:246-52.
b. D. G. Friend and O. Krayer. The elimination of prostigmine. J.
Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 72:15.
1942
a. O. Krayer and R. Mendez. Studies on veratrum alkaloids. I.
The action of veratrine upon the isolated mammalian heart. T.
Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 74:350-64.
b. R. P. Linstead and O. Krayer. Effect of l-ascorbic acid on the
isolated frog heart. Science, 95:332-33.
OCR for page 217
OTTO KRAYER
217
c. O. Krayer, R. Mendez, E. Moisset de Espanes, and R. P. Lin-
stead. Pharmacology and chemistry of substances with cardiac
activity. I. Effect of unsaturated lactones on the isolated frog
heart. I. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 74:372-80.
d. O. H. Lowry, O. Krayer, A. B. Hastings, and R. P. Tucker. Effect
of anoxemia on myocardium of the isolated heart of the dog.
Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. N.Y., 49:670-74.
e. E. B. Astwood, l. M. Flynn, and O. Krayer. Effect of continuous
intravenous infusion of glucose in normal dogs. }. Clin. Invest.,
21:621.
f. O. Krayer. The effect of veratrum alkaloids on circulatory
reflexes. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., 1:156.
1943
a. O. Krayer, R. P. Linstead, and D. Todd. Pharmacology and che-
mistry of substances with cardiac activity. II. Effect of l-ascorbic
acid and some related compounds and of hydrogen peroxide
on the isolated frog heart. I. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 77:113-
22.
b. G. K. Moe and O. Krayer. Studies on veratrum alkaloids. II.
The action of veratridine and cevine upon the isolated mam-
malian heart. I. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 77:220-28.
c. O. Krayer. Action of l-ascorbic acid upon the isolated frog
heart. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. N.Y., 53:51-52.
d. O. Krayer, E. H. Wood, and G. Montes. Studies on veratrum
alkaloids. IV. The sites of the heart rate lowering action of ver-
atridine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 79:215-24.
e. S. Ellis, O. Krayer, and F. L. Plachte. Studies on physostigmine
and related substances. III. Breakdown products of physostig-
mine; their inhibitory effect on cholinesterase and their phar-
macological action. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 79:309-19.
1944
a. O. Krayer, A. Goldstein, and F. L. Plachte. Studies on physo-
stigmine and related substances. I. Quantitative relation be-
tween dosage of physostigmine and inhibition of cholinesterase
activity in the blood serum of dogs. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,
80:8-30.
b. G. K. Moe, D. L. Bassett, and O. Krayer. Studies on veratrum
OCR for page 218
218
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
alkaloids. V. The effect of veratridine and cevine upon the cir-
culation in anesthetized dogs, with particular reference to
femoral arterial flow. i. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 80:272-84.
c. O. Krayer, G. K. Moe, and R. Mendez. Studies on veratrum
alkaloids. VI. Protoveratrine: Its comparative toxicity and its
circulatory action. i. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 82: 167-86.
d. O. Krayer. A difference in cardiodecelerator action between di-
gitoxin and digitoxigenin. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. N.Y., 57:167-
69.
1946
a. H. M. Mating and O. Krayer. The action of erythrophleum al-
kaloids upon the isolated mammalian heart. I. Pharmacol. Exp.
Ther., 86:66 - 78.
b. O. Krayer and G. H. Acheson. The pharmacology of the ver-
atrum alkaloids. Physiol. Rev., 26:383-446.
c. A. Farah and O. Krayer. The action of dimethylaminoethanol
upon the heart-lung preparation of the dog. Fed. Proc. Fed.
Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., 5:177-78.
O. Krayer, A. Farah, and F. C. Uhle. Pharmacology and chem-
istry of substances with cardiac activity. IV. Effect of methyl-
aminoethanol, dimethylaminoethanol, and related substances
on the isolated mammalian heart. I. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,
88:277-86.
d.
1947
O. Krayer, }. C. Aub, I. T. Nathanson, and P. C. Zamecnik. The
influence of antitoxin upon the action of Clostr~dium oedematiens
toxin in the heart-lung preparation of the dog. }. Clin. Invest.,
26:411-15.
1948
a. O. Krayer and A. Farah. Action of cysteine and of dimercap-
topropanol in heart failure caused by sodium bismuth tartrate.
Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., 7:235.
b. A. Wollenberger and O. Krayer. Experimental heart failure
caused by central nervous system depressants and local anes-
thetics. I. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 94:439-43.
OCR for page 219
OTTO KRAYER
1949
219
a. O. Krayer, S. B. Wolbach, I. H. Mueller, and G. B. Wislocki.
Reid Hunt. Harv. Med. Alumni Bull., 23:39 - 42. (Obituary.)
b. A. Goldstein, O. Krayer, M. A. Root, G. H. Acheson, and M. E.
Doherty. Plasma neostigmine levels and cholinesterase inhibi
tion in dogs and myasthenic patients. I. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
96:56-85.
c. O. Krayer. Veratramine, an antagonist to the cardioaccelerator
action of epinephrine. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. N.Y., 70:631-32.
d. O. Krayer. Studies on veratrum alkaloids. VIII. Veratramine,
an antagonist to the cardioaccelerator action of epinephrine. {.
Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 96:422-37.
e. E. Meilman and O. Krayer. Clinical studies on the pure ver-
atrum alkaloids: Protoveratrine and veratridine. Forty-first An-
nual Meeting, American Society for Clinical Investigation, At-
lantic City, May 2. I. Clin. Invest., 28:798.
f. O. Krayer. Studies on veratrum alkaloids. IX. The inhibition by
veratrosine of the cardioaccelerator action of epinephrine and
of norepinephrine. I. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 97:256-65.
g. O. Krayer and E. F. Van Maanen. Studies on veratrum alka-
loids. X. The inhibition by veratramine of the positive chrono-
tropic effect of accelerans stimulation and of norepinephrine.
I. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 97:301-7.
h. O. Krayer. The pharmacological basis for the use of veratrum
alkaloids in the treatment of hypertension. Proc. Rudolf Vir-
chow Med. Soc. City N.Y., 8:126-27.
1950
a. Lectures Unitarian Service Committee Medical Mission to Germany,
July2—September3, 1948, ed. O. Krayer. Berlin: Springer.
b. E. Meilman and O. Krayer. Clinical studies on veratrum alka-
loids. I. The action of protoveratrine and veratridine in hyper-
tension. Circulation, 1 :204-13.
c. O. Krayer. A quantitative comparison of the antiaccelerator ac-
tion of veratramine and jervine. I. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,
98:19.
d. K. Kramer, U. Luft, and O. Krayer. Action of epinephrine and
veratramine upon heart rate and oxygen consumption in the
OCR for page 220
220
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
heart-lung preparation of the dog. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc.
Exp. Biol., 9:292.
e. M. Reiter and O. Krayer. tervine and pseudojervine, antago-
nists to the cardioaccelerator action of epinephrine and of ac-
celerans stimulation. I. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 98:27.
f. O. Krayer and M. Reiter. Studies on veratrum alkaloids. XI.
Heroine and pseudojervine, antagonists to the cardioaccelerator
action of epinephrine and of accelerans stimulation. Arch. Int.
Pharmacodyn. Ther., 81:409-26.
g. O. Krayer. Studies on veratrum alkaloids. XII. A quantitative
comparison of the antiaccelerator cardiac action of veratra-
mine, veratrosine, jervine and pseudojervine. I. Pharmacol.
Exp. Ther. 98 :427-36.
h. O. Krayer. Solanum alkaloids with antiaccelerator cardiac acti-
vity. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., 9:292.
i. O. Krayer and L. H. Briggs. Studies on solanum alkaloids. I.
The antiaccelerator cardiac action of ,13-dihydrosolasodine and
tetrahydrosolasodine. Br. i. Pharmacol., 5:118-24.
j. O. Krayer and L. H. Briggs. Studies on solanum alkaloids. II.
The antiaccelerator cardiac action of solasodine and some of its
derivatives. Br. J. Pharmacol., 5:517-25.
k. O. Krayer. The antiaccelerator cardiac action of quinine and
quinidine. I. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 100:146-50.
O. Krayer. Untersuchungen uber die Kreislaufwirkung der
Veratrumalkaloide. Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol., 209:405-
20.
1951
a. J. I. Mandoki, C. Mendez, R. R. Garcia, and O. Krayer. The
action of veratramine and epinephrine on the functional re-
fractory period of A-V conduction. I. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,
101:25.
b. O. Krayer. Quinine-like action of veratramine upon the single
twitch and upon the "veratrine response" of the sartorius
muscle of the frog. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., 10:316.
c. O. Krayer, F. C. Uhle, and P. Ourisson. Studies on veratrum
alkaloids. XIV. The antiaccelerator cardiac action of derivatives
of veratramine and jervine and of synthetic steroid secondary
OCR for page 221
OTTO KRAYER
221
alkamines obtained from pregnenolone and from sapogenins.
I. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 102:261 - 68.
d. O. Krayer and H. W. George. Studies on veratrum alkaloids.
XV. The quinine-like effect of veratramine upon the single
twitch and upon the "veratrine response" of the sartorius
muscle of the frog. I. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 103:249-58.
e. O. Krayer, I. I. Mandoki, and C. Mendez. Studies on veratrum
alkaloids. XVI. The action of epinephrine and of veratramine
on the functional refractory period of the auriculo-ventricular
transmission in the heart-lung preparation of the dog. J. Phar-
macol. Exp. Ther., 103:412-19.
1952
a. O. Krayer, B. H. Rogers, S. M. Kupchan, and C. V. Deliwala.
Pharmacological and chemical relation between the veratrum
alkaloids and the zygadenus alkaloids. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc.
Exp. Biol., 11:364.
b. R. B. Arora, E. Meilman, and O. Krayer. Action of veratramine
and of sympathomimetic amines upon the automaticity of the
atrio-ventricular node. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol.,
11:318.
c. P. Ourisson and O. Krayer. Antagonistic action to the cardio-
accelerator effect of ephedrine, synephrine? isuprel, tuamine
and oenethyl. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., 11:381.
d. O. Krayer. Antiaccelerator cardiac agents. I. M. Sinai Hosp.
N.Y., 19:53-69.
e. E. Meilman and O. Krayer. Clinical studies on veratrum alka-
loids. II. The dose-response relations of protoveratrine in hy-
pertension. Circulation, 6:2 12 - 2 1 .
f. R. B. Arora and O. Krayer. The antiveratrinic action of the
cardiac glycosides and of bufotoxin. I. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,
106:371-72.
g. ~ Trendelenburg's Grundlagen der allgemeinen and speziellen Arznei-
verordnung, 7th ea., rev. O. Krayer and M. Kiese. Berlin, Got-
tingen, and Heidelberg: Springer.
1953
a. O. Krayer, S. M. Kupchan, C. V. Deliwala, and B. H. Rogers.
Untersuchungen uber die Veratrumalkaloide. XVIII; Die
OCR for page 222
222
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
chemischen und pharmakologischen Beziehungen zwischen
den Zygadenusalkaloiden und den Veratrumalkaloiden. Arch.
Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol., 219:371-85.
b. O. Krayer. The history of the Bezold-tarisch effect. Presented
at a symposium, Reflexes from the Cardiac and Pulmonary
Areas. Nineteenth International Physiology Congress, Mon-
treal.
1954
a. H. W. Kosterlitz, O. Krayer, and A. Matallana. The eject of
moderately large doses of veratramine and veratrosine on the
rhythm of the acutely denervated heart of the cat. }. Physiol.
(London), 124:40P.
b. O. Krayer and P. Ourisson. Studies on veratrum alkaloids. XIX.
The action of veratramine upon cardioacceleration caused by
ephedrine, tyramine, phenylephrine and isopropylarterenol. J.
Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 112:341 - 55.
c. O. Krayer. Veratrum alkaloids. In: Pharmacology in Medicine, ed.
V. A. Drill, pp. 1-10. New York: McGraw-Hill.
1955
c.
a. O. Krayer and t. M. Benforado. Die Schlagfrequenz des akut
denervierten Herzens im Herz-Lungen-Praparat des Hundes
mit einem Hinweis auf die frequenzbeschleunigende Wirkung
des Adrenalins. Pflug. Arch. Ges. Physiol., 260:177-87.
b. O. Krayer, R. B. Arora, and E. Meilman. Studies on veratrum
alkaloids. XXI. The action of veratramine upon impulse gene-
ration in the dog heart. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 113:446-59.
H. W. Kosterlitz, O. Krayer, and A. Matallana. Studies on ver-
atrum alkaloids. XXII. Periodic activity of the sino-auricular
node of the denervated cat heart caused by veratramine. i.
Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 113 :460-69.
d. S. Ellis and O. Krayer. Properties of a toxin from the salivary
gland of the shrew, Blarina brevicauda. ]. Pharmacol. Exp.
Ther.,114:127 - 37.
1956
a. O. Krayer and }. Fuentes. Chronotropic cardiac action of reser-
pine. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., 15:1462.
OCR for page 223
OTTO KRAYER
223
b. F. C. Uhle, B. A. Mitman, and O. Krayer. Synthetic esters of
dimethylaminoethanol exhibiting positive inotropic cardiac ac-
tivity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 116:444 - 49.
I. R. Innes, H. W. Kosterlitz, and O. Krayer. Studies on ver-
atrum alkaloids. XXIV. The inhibition by veratramine and ver-
atrosine of the cardioaccelerator effect of electrical stimulation
of the accelerator nerves. l. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 117:317-
21.
c.
1957
a. M. K. Paasonen and O. Krayer. Effect of reserpine upon the
mammalian heart. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol.,
16:326-27.
b. O. Krayer and M. K. Paasonen. Direct cardiac action of reser-
pine. Acta Physiol. Scand., 42:88-89.
c. I. R. Innes and O. Krayer. Depletion of the cardiac catechol-
amines by reserpine. I. Physiol. (London), 139: 18P.
1958
a. O. Krayer. Veratrum alkaloids. In: Pharmacology in Medicine, 2d
ea., ed. V. A. Drill, pp. 515-24. New York: McGraw-Hill.
b. O. Krayer and I. Fuentes. Changes in heart rate caused by di-
rect cardiac action of reserpine. I. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,
123: 145-52.
M. K. Paasonen and O. Krayer. The release of norepinephrine
from the mammalian heart by reserpine. I. Pharmacol. Exp.
Ther., 123:153-60.
d. I. R. Innes and O. Krayer. Studies on veratrum alkaloids.
XXVII. The negative chronotropic action of veratramine and
reserpine in the heart depleted of catecholamines. J. Pharma-
col. Exp. Ther., 124:245-51.
e. I. R. Innes, O. Krayer, and D. R. Waud. The action of Ranwolfia
alkaloids on the heart rate and on the functional refractory pe-
riod of atrio-ventricular transmission in the heart-lung prepa-
ration of the dog. i. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 124:324-32.
f. D. R. Wand, S. R. Kottegoda, and O. Krayer. Threshold dose
and time course of norepinephrine depletion of the mamma-
lian heart by reserpine. I. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 124:340-46.
c.
OCR for page 224
224
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1959
M. K. Paasonen and O. Krayer. The content of noradrenaline and
adrenaline in the rat heart after administration of Ranwolfia alka-
loids. Experientia, 15:75 -76.
1960
D. R. Wand and O. Krayer. The rate-increasing effect of epineph-
rine and norepinephrine and its modification by experimental time
in the isolated heart of normal and reserpine-pretreated dogs. J.
Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 128:352-57.
1961
a. O. Krayer. The history of the Bezold-larisch effect. Arch. Exp.
Pathol. Pharmakol., 240:361-68.
b. O. Krayer, E. B. Astwood, D. R. Wand, and M. H. Alper. Rate-
increasing action of corticotropin and of a-intermedin in the
isolated mammalian heart. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,
47: 1227-36.
1962
a. O. Krayer, M. H. Alper, and M. K. Paasonen. Action of gua-
nethidine and reserpine upon the isolated mammalian heart. }.
Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 135: 164-73.
b. O. Krayer, B. D. Davis, and S. W. Kuffler. Obituary Otto
Loewi. Pharmacologist, 4:47-49.
c. O. Krayer. Accidents in the pursuit of knowledge. (Sollmann-
Award oration.) Pharmacologist, 4:68-76.
a. O. Krayer.
1963
Uber chronotrope Herzwirkung. Klin. Wo-
chenschr., 41:272-76.
b. M. H. Alper, W. Flacke, and O. Krayer. Pharmacology of reser-
pine and its implications for anesthesia. Anesthesiology,
24:524-42.
1964
D. F. Hawkins, F. C. Uhle, and O. Krayer. Studies on veratrum
alkaloids. XXXVII. Chronotropic cardiac action and toxicity of
OCR for page 225
OTTO KRAYER
225
N-alkyl derivatives of veratramine. I. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,
145:275-85.
1965
O. Krayer, W. Mosimann, and G. Schroder. Positive chronotropic
cardiac effect of methyl guanidine. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc.
Exp. Biol., 24:487.
1966
O. Krayer, W. Mosimann, and G. Silver. Rate-increasing action of
methylguanidine upon the isolated mammalian heart. l. Phar-
macol. Exp. Ther., 154:73-82.
1972
O. Krayer, N. Weiner, and W. Mosimann. Blood norepinephrine
levels during responses of the heart-lung preparation to me-
thylguanidine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 181: 108-15.
1977
O. Krayer and E. Meilman. Veratrum alkaloids with antihyperten-
sive activity. In: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Hef~ter-
Heubner, new ser., ed. G. V. R. Born, O. Eichler, A. Farah, H.
Herken, and A. D. Welch, pp. 547-70. Berlin, Heidelberg, and
New York: Springer-Verlag.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
biographical memoirs
