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ARTHUR FRANCIS BUDDINGTON
November29, 1890-December25, 1980
BY HAROLD L. JAMES
ARTHUR FRANCIS BUDDINGTON was one of the most
respected and most effective teachers of geology of his
generation and a productive research scientist whose contri-
butions spanned a wide segment of the geologic spectrum.
For nearly sixty years he was iclentifiec! with Princeton Uni-
versity, where he is remembered with pride anc! honor; he
tract a parallel career as a field geologist with the New York
State Museum and the U.S. Geological Survey, organizations
that would also gladly claim him as one of their own. He was
a man of parts, and he left his mark on geologic science in
America.
Bucictington, known affectionately if somewhat irrever-
ently as "Bud" to his friends, colleagues, anct ex-stuclents, was
born in Wilmington, Delaware, the son of Osmer G. Buct-
dington, a Baptist minister, and Mary Salina Buclclington, nee
Wheeler. Although the family was temporarily domiciled in
Delaware, its roots were set firmly in New EnglancI: Bud-
dingtons (also speller! Budington or Boddington) and Wheel-
ers had lived in Connecticut since the 1600s, and men from
both sides of the family served in Connecticut contingents of
the Revolutionary Army. In 1904 Osmer Buddington re-
turned with his family to Connecticut, where he became min-
ister of the country church at Poquonnock Bridge. He aug-
3
OCR for page 4
4
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
mented his salary with commercial gardening and poultry
culture, activities that involved but did not enchant his teen-
age son.
Young Arthur's early education was in the public schools
of Wilmington (Delaware), Mystic (Connecticut), and West-
erly (Rhode Island). In 1908 he graduated from Westerly
High School and entered Brown University. After a year in
the liberal arts curriculum (during which he acquired an
often expressed lifelong distaste for Latin and Greek), he
began to specialize in the sciences, first in botany and chem-
istry, then in geology. He graduated in 1912, second in his
class, and continued his studies, receiving the M.S. degree in
1913.
Buddington's master's thesis was a geobotanical study of
fossiliferous Carboniferous shales exposed in a newly driven
tunnel on College Hill his first and only venture into the
arcane realms of paleontological research. The same year-
1913 also marked the beginning of his long association with
Princeton University, where he had been awarded a fellow-
ship. He became a member of the 1913 Princeton field party
in Newfoundland and began a field study that developed into
his doctoral thesis. He was awarded the degree in 1916.
At Princeton, Buddington was probably influenced most
strongly by two individuals: A. H. Phillips, an able chemist-
mineralogist active in both departmental and civic affairs,
and C. H. Smyth, a distinguished petrologist of broad inter-
ests and in Buddington's words "the epitome of a scholar
and a gentleman." But it is likely that much of his intellectual
growth during this period should be attributed to close as-
sociation with other budding scientists and scholars in the
newly constructed residential Graduate College. This group
included men such as Harlow Shapley in astronomy, Alan
Waterman and Arthur Compton in physics, and William
Cumberland in economics.
OCR for page 5
ARTHUR FRANCIS BUDDINGTON
5
For the next several years, however, Buddington's course
was irregular, doubtless a direct or indirect reflection of the
turmoil of World War I. After receiving the Ph.D. clegree
from Princeton, he held a postdoctoral fellowship there for
a short period and, uncler the auspices of the New York State
Museum, began his first studies in Adirondack geology. In
1917, after briefly considering a career in the burgeoning
petroleum industry, he accepted a position at Brown only
to return the following spring to Princeton to teach aerial
observation uncler his friend Ec~warct Sampson. This Prince-
ton tenure was again brief for Buddington: in April 191S,
with the United States now in the war, he enlisted as a private
in the Signal Corps. Because of his chemistry background,
he was transferred within months to the Chemical Warfare
Service and assignee! research duties under R. C. Tolman.
Mustered out at war's encT with the rank of sergeant, Buct-
ctington returned to Brown to finish the academic year as an
Instructor.
In 1919 Buddington accepted an appointment to the
Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution, then
(and now) one of the reacting experimental geology labora-
tories in the world. It was a decisive move. Not only clicI it
lead to personal acquaintance anct lasting friendship with
some of the nation's outstanding geochemists (inclucling N.
L. Bowen, C. N. Fenner, H. E. Merwin, anct H. S. Washing-
ton), but it also expanclec! his aireacly strong background in
chemistry with "hancls-on" experience in mineralogical ex-
perimentation and the preparation of phase equilibria dia-
grams. With chemist I. B. Ferguson, he completect what was
then a definitive stucly of the melilite group of minerals be-
fore returning to Princeton in 1920 as an assistant professor.
Buciclington remained! at Princeton for the next half century
to provide leadership in the study of rocks as chemical and
physical systems.
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6
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
BucIdington's parallel career as a field geologist also took
shape about this time. His career in this area tract sputtered
along (luring the years previous to ant! (luring WorI<1 War 1,
but in 1921 he received an appointment to the U.S. Geolog-
ical Survey ant! began an association that wouIct last for more
than forty years. His first assignment for the Survey was the
geologic mapping of southeastern Alaska; he attributed this
assignment (perhaps rightly) more to his NewfounclIand ex-
perience in hanctling small boats than to his technical quali-
fications. The work occupier! five seasons during which some
4,000 miles of rugged coastline were mapped, with traverses
up the glacially oversteepened slopes of the Alaskan Jorcis
and occasional ventures across glacial ice. Conditions often
were atrocious Buddington recorded that in 1921 it rained
eighty-seven of the ninety days spent in the fielcI. Yet later he
would say that these five seasons were the most satisfying of
. .
nits entire career.
This sort of devotion to field studies is perhaps clifficult
for a laboratory scientist to understancI, and, considering that
it often calls for exhausting physical effort under conditions
that may be far from benign, perhaps not too easy to explain
either. Part of the lure uncloubtedly is aesthetic the creep
emotions evoked by close contact with nature in all its variety.
Beyond that, however, are the excitement, the challenge, anct
the intellectual satisfaction that comes from seeing a geologic
story emerge, outcrop by outcrop. In any case, field studies
were an activity to which Burlington remained devoted
throughout his life.
Buciclington's teaching load at Princeton, even cluring his
fourteen-year tenure as departmental chairman, was never
light. Normally it consisted of one senior-level undergradu-
ate course in petrology and, at the graduate level, courses
given in alternate years in chemical geology and petrology.
His impact on stuclents, particularly in graduate classes, was
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ARTHUR FRANCIS BUDDINGTON
7
profound; yet there was no Bucl(lington "school" of petro-
logic thought. What was implantecT in students was not a set
of organized conclusions but a method of approach that
would outlast the concepts of any given Late. BucIdington
place(1 heavy emphasis on the application of theoretical and
experimental chemistry to the understanding of natural sys-
tems. Such emphasis, however, always carried the expressed
recognition that the rocks themselves represent completed
experiments of far more complex design.
Because Buddington's petrology had no artificial limits,
the coverage in his courses was broad, inclucting ore deposits
and chemical sedimentary rocks along with the traclitional
igneous and metamorphic suites. His graduate-level lectures,
generally two hours in length, were meticulously prepare(1
ant] clelivered, even though the class might consist of fewer
than a dozen students, and they were illustrated with black-
boarc] diagrams ctrawn with care ant! precision. Bubclington
never resorted to dogmatic assertion: the door was always
left open for reconsideration basecI on new evidence. After
presenting an experimentally derives! phase diagram per-
haps of sulfate assemblages and discussing with some en-
thusiasm its application to certain natural deposits, he might
conclude: "But ~ clon't say," he would caution, waving at the
blackboard illustration, "that this necessarily pertains. But ~
do say" and his voice wouIct become emphatic "that this is
the sort of thing that pertains!" lit left the student with the zeal
to discover for himselfjust what "sort of thing" might in fact
apply.
Robert Hargraves (1984) records that 174 Ph.D. (legrees
in geology were awarded during the Buddington years. Of
these, 100 were in petrology, ore cleposits, and related fielcis.
It is safe to say that Bucldington's influence, whether direct
or indirect, was important to all of them.
Buddington strove mightily during his long tenure as a
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8
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
lead professor and as departmental chairman ~ ~ 936-l 950)
to establish Princeton as a center of excellence in petrology
and ore deposits—in general, the study of chemical processes
in rock formation. Progress was macle, but it was an uphill
battle for many years in a department with long-establishecl
traditions in vertebrate and invertebrate paleontology. In the
mict-1920s BucIdington induced Norman L. Bowen, the dis-
tinguishec] petrologist of the Geophysical Laboratory, to pre-
sent a series of lectures at Princeton, which were published
in 1928 by the Princeton University Press. This thin volume,
Evolution of the Igneous Rocks, is a masterly exposition of the
application of experimental data to natural systems. It be-
came a veritable Bible to petrologists of that day, anc} Prince-
ton shone in reflected glory. By the mid-1930s, with the acl-
dition of Harry Hess to the stab, Princeton was recognized
as one of the nation's leading schools in "hard rock" geology.
But it was not until 1949 that BucIdington's ambitions were
fully realizecI, ant] the ciepartment's first program in experi-
mental geology using high-temperature-high-pressure ap-
paratus was inaugurated uncler John C. Maxwell.
BucIdington briefly resumed work with the U.S. Geologi-
cal Survey in 1930 when he spent a most enjoyable season
mapping the Bohemia and North Santiam mining districts
of the Oregon Cascades. But his major post-Alaska involve-
ment with the Survey began in 1943, when he accepted the
leadership of a program of field research on iron ores of the
northeastern states. This program, with some redirection in
its later stages, was to continue for the next seventeen years.
It involved many geologists, among them H. E. Hawkes, A.
W. Postel, Cleaves Rogers, B. F. Leonard, P. K. Sims, P. E.
Hotz, and D. R. Baker. (The latter four subsequently earned
the Ph.D. degree at Princeton using material derived from
the Survey studies as bases for doctoral dissertations.
The fielct studies of regional geology and iron cleposits,
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ARTHUR FRANCIS BUDDINGTON
9
couplet] with use of the newly available airborne fluxgate
magnetometer uncler the direction of J. R. BalsIey, resulted
in the discovery of several ore bodies of small to moderate
size (Hawkes and Balsley 19461. The economic success of the
program was gratifying to Buddington's canny New Englanct
instincts. The work also resulted in a plethora of good scien-
tific reports and papers, among them one by Preston Hotz
that provicled a definitive answer to the question of the origin
of Cornwall-type magnetite deposits (Hotz 19501. The field
program also nurtured two other significant clevelopments
in geology. One (noted above) was aerial magnetic surveying
using equipment that had been cleveloped for wartime sub-
marine detection; it was first usec! systematically on low-level
flights in the Adirondacks in 1944, often with Bu~ctington
aboard as an observer. The other significant development
was exploration geochemistry, in large part the brainchilcl of
project member H. E. Hawkes (Hawkes 19761.
Buddington's contributions to regional geology are re-
cordect in a number of major documentary-type publications,
notably: Geology and; Mineral Deposits of Southeastern Alaska
(U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 800, with T. Chapin); Metal-
liferous Mineral Deposits of the Cascade Range in Oregon (U.S.
Geological Survey Bulletin 893, with E. Caliaghan); Geology
and Mineral Resources of the Hammond, Antwerp, and Lowville
Quadrangles, N.Y (New York State Museum Bulletin 2961; Re-
gional Geology of the St. Lawrence Magnetite District, N.Y (U.S.
Geological Survey Professional Paper 376, with B. F. Leon-
arct); Ore Deposits of the St. Lawrence Magnetite District, N.Y
(U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 377, with B. F.
Leonard); anct Geology of the Franklin and Part of the Hamburg
Quadrangles, N.~. (U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper
63S, with D. R. Baker). These ciata-laclen reports are not
stimulating reading and are rarely referencecl; nevertheless
they are recognized as the stuff of which the nation's geologic
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10
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
clata base has been built. Not so evident, and often over-
lookoct, is the linkage between these field studies and Bud-
dington's better known topical papers in which new concepts
and new ideas are introduced. A few illustrative examples
follow.
BucIdington's ~ 959 paper delineating ancI explaining
depth-relatect differences among igneous intrusives a most
useful and illuminating concept is base(1 on his perceptive
field observations of igneous intrusives in the greatly cliffer-
ent geologic environments of NewfouncIland, the Alaska
Coast Ranges, the Oregon Cascades, anc} the Adirondacks of
New York. (Bucictington's acicTitional observation of the pro-
gressive changes, west to east, in the dominant composition
of the Coast Range batholith of Alaska wouIcI have to wait
forty years for explanation. Not until the concepts of plate
tectonics anc! subduction zone geometry were clevelopect
wouIct this progressive change be understoocI.) Another pa-
per, published in Economic Geology in 1935, introcluced the
concept of a "xenothermal" (shallow clepth, high-tempera-
ture) class of hydrothermal ore deposits, an idea clearly based
on observations of the character of the shallow intrusives ant!
associated ore deposits of the Oregon Cascades. This repre-
sents perhaps the first formal break with the then-clominant
but now largely superseclect I~in(lgren-Emmons classification,
in which depth of emplacement and temperature of forma-
tion were assumer! to vary sympathetically. Bu~clington's pio-
neer contribution was explicitly noted in R. W. Hutchinson's
1983 presidential acictress to the Society of Economic Geol-
ogists (Hutchinson 19831.
The systematic descriptions of and distinctions between
anorthosite of Grenville-type massifs and that of layered
gabbroic complexes were expressed most completely in Bucl-
dington's 1960 paper published by the Geological Survey of
India. These finclings obviously derive from field. studies in
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ARTHUR FRANCIS BUDDINGTON
11
the Aclironciacks, coupled with observations on the Stillwater
Complex of Montana that were made during his supervision
of the thesis studies of Princeton graduate students A. L.
HowlancI and I. W. Peoples. BucicTington's conclusions were
summarized in a 1970 symposium paper: massif-type anor-
thosite is clerived by fractional crystallization of gabbroic an-
orthosite magma, genetically distinct from associated rocks
of the quartz syenite-mangerite series. Although this finding
was challengect by other workers in the 1960s, it has since
been affirmed by studies of rare-element distribution.
Buclclington also proclucect a series of papers, variously
coauthored with I. R. Balsley, D. H. LinctsIey, anc! others, that
describect mineralogical variations in the Fe-Ti-O system anct
their significance. These contributions stemmed from the ex-
tensive field program of the U.S. Geological Survey in New
York-New Jersey, which was lee! by Buddington. Many con-
cepts of value were produced, among them the relationship
between mineralogy and magnetic anomalies. (For example,
it was discovered that reverse remanent magnetism was a
characteristic property of Ti-bearing hematite, information
of great value in the interpretation of measured magnetic
anomalies in the region.) Buciclington himself valuecI most
highly the 1964 paper with D. H. Lindsley of the Geophysical
Laboratory in which it was shown that compositions of min-
erals of the ilmenite-titaniferous magnetite suite couIcI be
used as a measure of partial pressure of oxygen and of tem-
perature at the time of origin. The paper drew worIc~wide
attention and stimulated extensive follow-on research.
BucIdington tendec] to be somewhat orthodox and con-
servative in his scientific thinking clisciplined rather than
venturesome; yet he was not bounct by orthodoxy. New con-
cepts were examined critically anct without bias; those aspects
that were found to be supported by empirical ciata or cogent
theoretical analysis were woven into existing theory, expancl-
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12
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
ing rather than replacing. For example, without changing his
basic thesis that massif-type anorthosite originates] by frac-
tionation of gabbroic anorthositic magma, he fount! that the
concept of "flow clifferentiation," which was advanced in the
late 1950s by W. R. A. Baragar in Canada (Baragar 1960),
provided an acceptable mechanism for separation of a pla-
giocIase-rich fraction. He consequently incorporated the con-
cept into his mocle! for origin.
During the great "granitization" debate of the 1940s and
1950s, a number of well-known geologists in Europe anct
North America were converted to the radical doctrine that
large bodies of granitic rock were formed by metasomatic
replacement of pre-existing materials rather than by crystal-
lization from silicate melts. Buciclington, however, emerged
as he ha(1 entered; a staunch magmatist. But even so, his
rejection of the hypothesis as a major geologic process was
not out-of-hancI; it came only after the examination of pos-
sible examples of granitization in the Adirondacks and the
viewing of cited field evidence elsewhere and after many a
spirited! discussion with more "heretical" colleagues. It is
likely that most geologists and geochemists today would share
Buddington's skepticism of the importance of the granitiza-
tion process. Somewhat ironically, however, with respect to
the Adironciacks, it is also likely that Bu~clington's strictly
magmatic interpretation of certain bocties of alaskite and lay-
erect gneiss in the dominantly metasedimentary terrane of
the Adirondack Lowlands will have to yield to a more com-
plex model: one that involves partial melting, (liapiric move-
ment, and at least some degree of high-temperature meta-
somatic replacement.
Exclusive of abstracts, medal presentations, and the like.
Buclctington's bibliography consists of about seventy papers,
twenty-three of them published after his formal retirement
in 1959. What is impressive about this list is not the number
OCR for page 15
ARTHUR FRANCIS BUDDINGTON
15
the chairmanship of the Geology Section (1954-57) of the
National Academy of Sciences; anc! membership on the Act-
visory Boarct (1950-61) of the Geochimica et Cosmochimica
Acta. He also served as associate editor of American Journal of
Science ~ ~ 950 - 69) and American Scientist ~ ~ 96 I-621.
In ~ 924 Arthur Bucictington marriec! Jene Elizabeth
Muntz of David City, Nebraska, whom he had met while with
the Geophysical Laboratory in Washington, D.C. She was to
be his loved ant! treasured helpmate until her death in 1975.
Buddington depenclect on her absolutely in social affairs, and
she was a gracious hostess to generations of Princeton gracl-
uate students—for years the Buciclingtons regularly visited
and in turn entertained incoming students and their wives,
engendering an esprit de corps at Princeton rarely matcher!
in academic circles. Mrs. Buciclington also served as a loyal
chauffeur cluring Aclirondack fielc! work, "driving over all
kinds of roacis in all kinds of weather," because Buddington,
ocIdly enough, never learner! to drive a car even though he
was entirely at ease at the helm of a motor-driven small boat
in rough water. The Bucldingtons tract one daughter, Eliza-
beth Tene (Mrs. Lyle Branagan), who now lives in Cohasset,
Massachusetts.
Honesty and integrity are two of the best remembered
elements of Bu~clington's character. He was a man of true
modesty, a trait that led him to give fair hearing to views with
which he disagreed, whether expressed by lowly student or
professional peer. He dicI enjoy—both as a participant anti
as a listener a brisk exchange of opinions, particularly in
the fielcI, but he was not of an argumentative disposition. He
hac! a loud anc! gusty laugh that often echoed down the cor-
ri(lors of Guyot Hall, and even if sometimes it seemed at odds
with his quiet speech and manner, it was nonetheless entirely
genuine. These personal characteristics, coupled with a com-
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16
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
plete lack of pomp and ceremony, endeared Buddington to
students. That his influence was lasting can be illustrated by
a passage in Harry Hess's touching tribute in the 1962 Bud-
dington Volume (Hess 1962~. The words are from a letter
sent to Harry by a former student unnamed, but at the time
of writing a distinguished professor in his own right
,~ ~
He always has been the greatest man I know in science, and I don't
lead an isolated life. To me he is, to use his expression, "the pure quill." If
I ever do anything worth a damn, it will be largely due to his influence on
me. There is nothing like Bud on the market and I go shopping every
day.
IN PREPARING THIS MEMOIR I have had the advantage of access
to autobiographical notes prepared by Buddington in his later
years and to a draft of a memorial being prepared by B. F. Leon-
ard. I have drawn freely from both sources, generally without at-
tribution. I have also incorporated, again without specific credit,
thoughts and comments received from others notably, P. E. Hotz,
A. E. i. Engel, P. K. Sims, i. C. Maxwell, and M. P. Foose all of
whom shared my good fortune in having had Bud as a teacher and
as a friend.
REFERENCES
Baragar, W. R. A. 1960. Petrology of basaltic rocks in part of the
Labrador Trough. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 71: 1589-1644.
Erd, R. C., D. E. White, l. i. Fahey, and D. E. Lee. 1964. Budding-
tonite, an ammonium feldspar with zeolitic water. Am. Min-
eral., 49:831-50.
Hargraves, R. B. 1984. Memorial to Arthur Francis Buddington.
Geol. Soc. Am. Mem.
Hawkes, H. E. and l. R. Balsley. 1946. Magnetic exploration for
iron ore in northern New York. U.S. Geological Survey Strategic
Minerals Investigations, Preliminary Report, 3 - 194.
Hawkes, H. E. 1976. The early days of exploration geochemistry.
I. Geochem. Explor., 6: 1-11.
Hess, H. H. 1962. (A. F. Buddington) An appreciation. In: Petro-
logic Studies (a volume in honor of A. F. Buddington), ed. A. E.
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ARTHUR FRANCIS BUDDINGTON
17
J. Engel, H. L. James, and B. F. Leonard, pp. vii-xi. Boulder,
Colorado: Geological Society of America.
Hotz, P. E. 1950. Diamond-drill exploration of the Dillsburg mag-
netite deposits, York County, Pennsylvania. U.S. Geol. Surv.
Bull., 969-A.
Hutchinson, R. W. 1983. Hydrothermal concepts: the old and the
new. Econ. Geol., 78:1734-41.
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18
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1916
Pyrophyllitization, pinitization and silicification of rocks around
Conception Bay, Newfoundland. I. Geol., 24:130-52.
1917
Report on the pyrite and pyrrhotite veins in Jefferson and St. Law-
rence Counties, New York. N.Y. State Defense Council Bull. no.
1. 40 pp.
1919
Foliation of the gneissoid syenite-granite complex of Lewis County,
New York. In: 14th Report of the Director, N.Y. State Museum,
1917, pp. 101-10.
Pre-Cambrian rocks of southeast Newfoundland. J. Geol., 27:449-
79.
1920
With }. B. Ferguson. The binary system akermanite-gehlenite. Am.
I. Sci., 199: 131-40.
1922
On some natural and synthetic melilites. Am. J. Sci., 203:35-87.
Mineral deposits of the Wrangell district, southeastern Alaska. U.S.
Geol. Surv. Bull., 739-B:51-75.
1924
Alaskan nickel minerals. Econ. Geol., 19:521-41.
1925
Mineral investigations in southeastern Alaska. U.S. Geol. Surv.
Bull., 773-B :71-139.
1926
Submarine pillow lavas of southeastern Alaska. I. Geol., 34:824-
28.
With C. H. Smyth, Jr. Geology of the Bonaparte quadrangle. N.Y.
State Mus. Bull. no. 269. 103 pp.
18
OCR for page 19
ARTHUR FRANCIS BUDDINGTON
Mineral investigations in southeastern Alaska. U.S. Geol. Surv.
Bull., 783-B:41 - 62.
1927
19
Geology and mineral deposits of the Salmon River area. Eng. Min.
J. Press, pp. 525 - 30.
Coast range intrusives of southeastern Alaska. I. Geol., 35:224-46.
Coincident variations of types of mineralization and of Coast
Range intrusives. Econ. Geol., 22:158-79.
1929
With T. Chapin. Geology and mineral deposits of southeastern
Alaska. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. no. 800. 398 pp.
Geology of Hyder and vicinity, southeastern Alaska. U.S. Geol.
Surv. Bull. no. 807. 124 pp.
Granite phacoliths and their contact zones in the northwest Adi-
rondacks. N.Y. State Mus. Bull., 281:51-107.
1930
Molybdenite deposit at Shakan, Alaska. Econ. Geol., 25: 197-200.
1931
The Adirondack igneous stem. I. Geol., 39:240-63.
1932
With I. G. Fairchild. Some Eocene volcanics in southeastern Alaska.
Am. I. Sci., 224:490-96.
1933
Correlation of kinds of igneous rocks with kinds of mineralization.
In: Ore Deposits of the Western States (Lindgren Volume), pp.350-
85. New York: American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical
~ .
Engineers.
Gravity stratification as a criterion in the interpretation of the
structure of certain intrusives of the northwestern Adiron-
dacks. Int. Geol. Congr. 16th Rep., 1:347-52.
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1934
Geology and mineral resources of the Hammond, Antwerp, and
Lowville quadrangles. N.Y. State Mus. Bull. no. 296. 215 pp.
1935
High-temperature mineral associations at shallow to moderate
depth. Econ. Geol., 30:205-22.
1936
With E. Callaghan. Dioritic intrusive rocks and contact metamor-
phism in the Cascade Range in Oregon. Am. I. Sci.,31:421-49.
Review of geology and ore deposits of the Montezuma quadrangle,
Colorado. Econ. Geol., 31:318-21.
Memorial to Alexander Hamilton Phillips. Geol. Soc. Am. Proc.,
pp. 241 - 48. (Also in: Am. Mineral., 22:1094-98.)
1937
With H. H. Hess. Layered peridotitic laccoliths in the Trout River
area, Newfoundland. Am. I. Sci., 33:380 - 88.
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1938
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With E. Callaghan. Metalliferous deposits of the Cascade Range in
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1939
Adirondack igneous rocks and their metamorphism. Geol. Soc.
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1941
With L. Whitcomb. Geology of the Willsboro quadrangle, New
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1943
Some petrological concepts and the interior of the earth. Am. Min-
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ARTHUR FRANCIS BUDDINGTON
21
1948
Origin of granitic rocks of the northwest Adirondacks. Geol. Soc.
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1950
Composition and genesis of pyroxene and garnet related to Adi-
rondack anorthosite and anorthosite-marble contact zones. Am.
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1952
Chemical petrology of some metamorphosed Adirondack gab-
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Volume), part 1:37-84.
1953
With B. F. Leonard. Chemical petrology and mineralogy of horn-
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Geology of the Saranac quadrangle, New York. N.Y. State Mus.
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1954
With }. R. Balsley. Correlation of reverse remanent magnetism and
negative anomalies with certain minerals. }. Geomagn. Geo-
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1955
With }. Fahey and A. Vlisidis. Thermometric and petrogenetic sig-
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1957
With I. R. Balsley. Remanent magnetism of the Russell belt of
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With I. R. Balsley and I. W. Graham. Stress induced magnetization
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Interrelated Precambrian granitic rocks, northwest Adirondacks.
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1958
Geologic section at Hibernia Mine, N.~. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap.,
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With J. R. Balsley. Iron-titanium oxide minerals, rocks, and aero-
magnetic anomalies of the Adirondack area, New York. Econ.
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1959
Granite emplacement with special reference to North America.
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1960
With J. R. Balsley. Magnetic susceptibility, anisotropy, and fabric of
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Norman Levi Bowen. Am. Philos. Soc. Yearb., pp. 113-18.
The origin of anorthosite re-evaluated. Geol. Surv. Indian Rec.,
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1961
With J. R. Balsley. Microintergrowths and fabrics of iron-titanium
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With D. R. Baker. Geology of the Franklin and part of the Ham-
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1962
Iron and iron-titanium oxide minerals and concentrations in Pre-
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ARTHUR FRANCIS BUDDINGTON
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zhinsky Volume. Moscow.
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1963
With l. Fahey and A. Vlisidis. Degree of oxidation of Adirondack
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Isograds and the role of H2O in metamorphic facies of ortho-
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Metasomatic origin of large parts of the Adirondack phacoliths-
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1964
With D. H. Lindsley. Iron-titanium oxide minerals and synthetic
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With B. F. Leonard. Ore deposits of the St. Lawrence County mag-
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1965
The origin of three garnet isograds in Adirondack gneisses. Min-
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1966
The occurrence of garnet in the granulite-facies terrane of the
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The Precambrian magnetite deposits of New York and New Jersey.
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24
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1969
With M. L. Jensen and R. C. Manger. Sulfur isotopes and origin of
northwest Adirondack sulfide deposits. Geol. Soc. Am. Mem.
no. 115 (Poldervaart Volume), pp. 423-51.
Some problems in estimation of physical conditions for develop-
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1970
Adirondack anorthositic series. In: The Origin of Anorthosite and Re-
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With R. B. Hargraves. Analogy between anorthositic series on the
earth and moon. Icarus, 13:371-82.
With D. R. Baker. Geology of the Franklin and part of the Ham-
burg quadrangles, N.~. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. no. 638.
1972
Differentiation trends and parental magmas for anorthositic and
quartz mangerite series, Adirondacks, New York. Geol. Soc.
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1973
Memorial to Harry Hammond Hess. Geol. Soc. Am. Mem., 1:18-
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1975
Anorthosite bearing complexes: Classification and parental mag-
mas. In: Studies in Precambrians, ed. C. Naganna, pp. 115-41.
Bangalore, India: Ban~alore University Press.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
arthur francis
