|
Items in cart [0] |
Questions? Call 888-624-8373 |
HARDBACK PDF BOOK Free Resources |
||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Copyright © 2009. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Terms of Use and Privacy Statement |
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 398
OCR for page 399
GERHARD SCHMIDT
December 26, I 901—April 30, 1981
BY HERMAN M. KALCKAR
IN THE MID-~920S, during the more hopeful years of
the Weimar Republic, Gerhard Schmidt seemed destined
for a distinguished scholarly career in biochemistry. In ]926
he receiver! the M.D. degree from the University of Frank-
furt am Main, an institution that enjoyed considerable es-
teem, both nationally anct internationally. In that same year,
he accepted a postgraduate research fellowship in the bio-
chemistry department there, the first step in a career pro-
gression that brought him eventually to the position of Pri-
vatdozent in the school's Department of Pathology. But
Schmidt's career—like those of so many other scholars of
Jewish extraction was suddenly interrupter! by the rise to
power of the Nazis in 1933. He left Germany, and after a few
years of "wandering" years that took him to Italy, Sweden,
and Canada—he finally settled permanently in the United
States. There, he continued his work: first, briefly, at the
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research anti Washington
University School of Medicine in St. Louis, anct then, for
nearly forty years, at Tufts University School of Medicine in
Boston.
Gerhard Schmidt was born December 26, i90l, in Stutt-
gart, the capital of the kingdom of Wurtemberg, which was
part of imperial Germany. His father, Julius, was a professor
399
OCR for page 400
400
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
of chemistry at the Technische Hochschule in Stuttgart ancT
the author of a textbook on organic chemistry; Gerhard's
later zeal for sound analytical chemistry was probably influ-
enced by his father's interests and scientific orientation. His
mother, Isabella (nee Gombrich), was an excellent pianist;
her work uncloubtectly stimulated her son's active participa-
tion in chamber music, an aspect of his life to which we shall
return later.
Gerhard attenclect the Eberhardt Ludwig Gymnasium in
Stuttgart, where he was valedictorian of his class at com-
mencement exercises in the spring of 1919. That autumn he
enrollee! in the University of Tubingen anti electecI to study
medicine; in 1922, however, he transferred] to the medical
school of the University of Frankfurt am Main. His early in-
terests included not only chemistry anct medicine but also
general biology and particularly zoology one of his favorite
books was Brehm's popular zoology text, Tierleben.
After he received his medical degree in 1926, Schmidt
accepted a research fellowship in the laboratory of Gustav
Embclen. While preparing for work on the so-called "nuclein
cleaminase," which was generally thought to liberate ammo-
nia from various purine nucleosides, he selectect (among var-
ious tissues) skeletal muscle for a special study. Parnas and
his group had aIreacly clescribed ammonia formation in skel-
etal muscle after tetanic contractions. Schmidt observed that
muscle dispersions or extracts catalyzer! the release of am-
monia from muscle adenylic acid preparations, a phenome-
non recently described by EmbJen and Zimmerman in early
1928; according to the physical and chemical methocis they
usec! for evaluation, the crystals were supposedly iclentical to
the adenylic acid that Levene and his group tract isolated
from yeast nucleic acid by alkaline hydrolysis. A few months
later, however, Schmidt was to revise this view profoundly.
He found that the adenine ring in Embclen's muscle aclenylic
OCR for page 401
GERHARD SCHMIDT
401
acid was rapi(lly cleaminate(1 by the muscle cleaminase,
whereas Levene's yeast adenylic acid was not at all deami-
nated by the muscle enzyme.
The young Gerharct Schmidt may well have had sleepless
nights after these initial observations. To reinforce his new
finclings, he designed the following control. Since Levene's
yeast aclenylic acid was obtained by subjecting yeast nucleic
acid to a prolonged alkaline hydrolysis, Schmidt subjected
muscle adenylic acid to the same type of hydrolysis. The de-
aminase preparation remained equally active on the treated
as well as the untreated muscle aclenylic acid. Schmidt wrote:
"Therefore there can be no ctoubt about the chemical differ-
ence of the two substances (muscle and yeast aclenylic acid).
This will be illustratecI also by physical and chemical methods
in a subsequent report by G. Embolden and G. Schmiclt."i
These crucial enzymatic findings were published in 1928
by Schmidt alone but with the keen interest anct enthusiasm
of his mentor Gustav Embclen; the chemical ciata were pub-
lishec] by Embcien anct Schmidt in ~ 929 in the same journal-
Zeitschriftfur physiologische Chemie. (It is interesting to note that
the next yeast aclenylic samples sent to Schmidt and Embclen
were not only sent personally by P. A. Levene but were also
prepares! by him.) Schmicit's article emphasized that another
cleaminase in muscle catalyzed the liberation of ammonia
from aclenosine, regarcIless of whether this nucleoside orig-
inated from yeast or muscle adenylic acid. Hence the position
of the phosphoric acid in the adenine nucleotide was essential
for the specificity of the muscle adenylic acid cleaminase. Al-
though a few specific enzymes (such as urease) hac! been cle-
scribed several years earlier, Schmidt's new finding in the case
of muscle aclenylic acid cleaminase may be the first example
' G. EmbJen and G. Schmidt, '`Berichtigung," Zeitschrift fur Physiologische Chemie,
197:191-92. This paper corrects one of their mathematical oversights.
OCR for page 402
402
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
of the importance of conformational differences (beyond the
local target groups) for enzyme specificity. This principle was
to be user] successfully by Gerharc! Schmidt ant! later by
other investigators for the characterization of nucleic acicis
and their fragments.
Because inosinic acid, the deamination product of muscle
aclenylic acid, had been iclentifiect by Levene as a 5' nucleo-
ticJe, muscle adenylic acid had to be consiclerect a 5' nucleo-
ticle. Conversely, yeast adenylic acicI, which is now known to
be simply an artifact of the alkaline degraciation, had to be
assignee] a different structure either as a 2' or 3' (or both)
nucleoticle. Although Schmidt followed further develop-
ments with active interest, from the beginning he was careful
not to categorize the nucleotides (as 2', 3', or 5') until further
chemical and biochemical evidence became available.2
Schmidt's anti Embtlen's investigations, however, were
soon interrupted, as outsicle political events began to impinge
on scientific research programs and institutions all over Ger-
many. With the rise of Hitler anc} the Nazis, virulent anti-
Semitism began to spread rapidly, and many German schol-
ars and artists of Jewish extraction were forced to leave the
country. At many German universities, Nazis began to infi~-
trate the academic community, and the persecution anc! ha-
rassment of Jewish scholars in the sciences anct the humani-
ties began to accelerate. This was certainly the case at the
University of Frankfurt where Gustav EmbJen and Gerhard
Schmidt were pursuing their important research. Finally, in
1933, during one of the frequent clashes of Nazi stormtroop-
ers anct their opponents in the streets near the university, a
2 Soon after Schmidt's discovery of muscle adenylic acid, Fiske, Subarrow, and
Lohmann described ATP and ADP. These pyrophosphate derivatives of muscle
adenylic acid were not direct substrates for the deaminase. However, the latter en-
zyme became a crucial tool for this author in the description in 1942 of adenylate
kinase (myokinase), the enzyme responsible for the reversible formation of 5' ad-
enylic acid and ATP from two molecules of ADP.
OCR for page 403
GE RHA RD S C H M I DT
403
uniformed! stormtrooper was killect. The man arrester! for
the act, allegecIly a "communist," was triect before a tribunal
that in its verdicts usually favored the Nazi cause. But the
verdict on this occasion was "not guilty" because the coroner's
report from the pathology department stated that the victim
had been shot in the chest and not in the back, as cIaimecT by
the Nazis. (Their story had been that the victim was fleeing
anct was then shot; instead, the pathology report indicated
. .
active aggression.)
The Nazis confronted the chairman of the pathology de-
partment, Dr. Fischer-Wasels, and accused the young "}ewish
cloctor" Gerhard Schmidt of falsifying the fincTings of the
autopsy. Since Gerharc! was engaged exclusively in medical
research and had no responsibility whatsoever for autopsies,
Fischer-Wasels immecliately suspected] a plot and with deep
sorrow urged Schmidt to leave Nazi Germany. At first, Ger-
hard found the accusations too absurd to be alarmed. But
finally, when Fischer-Wasels insisted on accompanying him to
the next train for Switzerland, Gerhard became convinced of
the imminent danger of the conspiracy. With only a few be-
longings (perhaps including his beloved cello), he left Ger-
many for neutral SwitzerIancI. (Fischer-Wasels, a conscien-
tious scholar and administrator who abhorred anti-Semitism,
is sail! to have rescuer! other Jewish medical scholars; appar-
ently, however, Gustav Embclen was not one of them. Emb-
clen's early death in Frankfurt, after he was forced out of his
department by the Nazis at the height of one of his most
creative scientific periods, remains a ridclle.) Gerharcl always
felt grateful for Fischer-Wasels's resolute and courageous ac-
tion, and American scientists as well have the oIct chief to
thank for preserving Schmidt's research and teaching abili-
ties for the scholars—both old and young of this nation.
Schmidt's flight from Germany marked the beginning of
years of displacement, a period that saw him moving among
OCR for page 404
404
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
appointments at universities in Italy, Sweden, and Canada.
As a refugee, Gerhard Schmidt preserved his enthusiasm for
the study of phosphorus compounds and for the enzymology
of the bases of nucleic acids. He and his last pupil in Frank-
furt, Ernest Bueding, had been studying guanase, a deami-
nase of the base guanine that they found to be abundant in
the spleen and liver. As a guest researcher in the institute of
Hans van Euler in Stockholm from 1933 to 1934, Schmidt
was encouraged to continue his studies on guanase in rat
livers from normal animals and from rats deficient in vitamin
A. On von Euler's suggestion, Schmidt and his coworker I.
Rydh-Ehrensvard investigated the effect of carotenes on
guanase levels in the spleens of vitamin A-deficient rats; they
found that administration of ,3-carotene brought about a
doubling of the guanase levels. During 1934, Schmidt was
able to publish some other results from his research, such as
the isolation of a dipeptide phosphoric acid and a study of
purine bases in nonfertilized sea urchin eggs. These topics
seem to be related to the work of another prominent Stock-
holm biochemist, Einar Hammarsten, but it is not known
whether the two researchers met during Schmidt's sojourn in
Stockholm.
In 1934 Schmidt moved to join Pontimalli in the Depart-
ment of General Pathology at the University of Florence.
With tumor research his main focus during this stay,
Schmidt's interest in phosphoproteins was greatly stimulated.
In the studies he conducted, his findings indicated that chick-
ens carrying Rous sarcoma released phosphoproteins to
the blood plasma. In addition, the phosphoprotein fractions
· . .
were su Sect to partition.
In 1935 Schmidt obtained a Carnegie Foundation re-
search fellowship for displaced German scholars. With it
came his first chance to visit the Western Hemisphere, where
he was invited to set up his own research program in the
OCR for page 405
GERHARD SCHMIDT
405
Chemistry Department of Queens University in Ontario,
Canacla. There, in 1936, Schmidt initiated his first systematic
studies of nucleic acids and nucleohistone, topics to which he
would return later in his research career. For the biochemical
resolution, he chose a partly purified alkaline phosphatase
preparation from calf intestine. Free nucleic acid! incubated
with this enzyme releasecI the main part of the phosphorus
of the nucleic acid; in contrast, upon enzymic incubation,
nucleohistone releaser] only 20 percent of its phosphorus,
presumably from the fraction corresponding to the free nu-
cleic acicI. If, however, the nucleohistone was preincubated
with pancreas extract anc! then incubated with phosphatase,
all the phosphorus was releasect as inorganic phosphate. Pur-
ified trypsin had no effect on nucleohistone.
Schmidt published his findings in 1936, two years before
he joinect P. A. Levene's laboratory in New York. An addi-
tional study (in 1937) on the growth of chicken embryos, and
the clependence of growth on egg white (even in rather high
dilutions) and on glucose, testifies to Schmicit's interest in
general biology. As one of his conclusions, he states that cle-
velopment is resumed after substitution of the inorganic salt
solution with egg white.
Schmicit's 1936 studies of anct interest in nucleohistone
prompted him to apply to P. A. Levene at the Rockefeller
Institute for Medical Research in New York. As mentioned
earlier, Levene hac! providect valuable assistance while
Schmidt was still in Embclen's laboratory in Germany by sencl-
ing him pure yeast nucleic acic! adenylate as a reference com-
pounc! to muscle aclenylic acid. At the time of Schmidt's ap-
plication, Levene was studying stepwise clepolymerization of
pure yeast nucleic acict by means of enzymes. Schmicit's ex-
ercise of 1936 in this fielct had already macle him familiar
with the literature and also with many of the techniques
needed for this work. Thus, in 193~7, Schmidt left Queens
OCR for page 406
406
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
University and joined Levene as an assistant in the Research
Laboratory of Chemistry of the Rockefeller Institute.
Schmidt and Levene first reinvestigated the action of a
thermostable pancreatic enzyme preparation capable of cle-
polymerizing yeast nucleic acid. They fully confirmed pre-
vious reports of this phenomenon by W. tones as well as by
R. I. Dubos. The heat-stable pancreas enzyme preparation
did in fact catalyze a graclual depolymerization of yeast nu-
cleic acicI, yielcling fractions that were still unable to pass
through a cellophane membrane. They termed the digestion
product "tetranucleoticles of high molecular weight." During
this period, Levene held the firm belief that nucleic acids
were polymers of tetranucleoticles, containing the four clif-
ferent bases (two purines, two pyrimidines).
Another of their joint papers inclucled E. G. Pickels, one
of the leacling experts in ultracentrifugation techniques anct
the interpretation of such data. It is in this context and at
this point that Einar Hammarsten and his school in Stock-
holm became standard references. According to Schmidt ant!
his coworkers, the only nucleic acid preparations (from thy-
mus glanct and fish sperm) in connection with proteins (his-
tone and protamine, respectively) that they consi(lerect
"naive" or "genuine" nucleic acids (more specifically, deoxy-
ribonucleic acids) were the nucleic acid preparations from
the Hammarsten group. They quote the Stockholm group's
assessment of the molecular weight of the native nucleic acic!
(the term DNA was not in use at that time) as of the orcler
of i06. Schmidt, Pickels, and Levene also assessed the so-
called Neuman preparation termed the "a" form of nucleic
acic! anc! cleterminect that it had a molecular weight of 2 x
i05 to io6. Finally, they confirmed R. Feulgen's suggestion
that the enzymatic conversion of the "a" form to the "b" form
is a depolymerization.
The year Schmidt spent in Levene's laboratory was prob-
OCR for page 407
GERHARD SCHMIDT
407
ably profitable in several respects. However, Levene's conclu-
sion that the so-callect tetranucleotide was the basis for nu-
cleic acid structure gradually came to have less validity for
Schmidt, and in later years he discreetly clismissed it.
In 1938 Schmidt received an invitation to join Car! Cori,
professor of pharmacology at Washington University School
of Medicine in St. Louis. Car! and Gerty Cori by that time
tract discovered cx-glucose-~-phosphate and the enzyme gly-
cogen phosphorylase, and they felt they were at the begin-
ning of an exciting scientific development. Car} Cori had vis-
ited Gustav EmbJen in his laboratory before 1933 and tract
admirect his work anct that of his associates, including Ger-
harct Schmidt. So Schmidt went to St. Louis, and the year
1939-1940, which he spent in the Cori laboratory, must have
reminclect him of the exciting years with Embclen. During
the year Schmidt was fortunate enough to work with Car! as
well as Gerty Cori, and also with a gifted young doctoral stu-
dent, Sidney Colowick.
In St. :Louis Schmidt became involvect in studies of the
enzymatic fission of glycogen by muscle phosphorylase, as
well as the enzymatic resynthesis of polysaccharicles. The
Coris tract founct that muscle adenylic acid was neeclecI for
the enzymatic action of muscle phosphorylase. Schmidt was
familiar with several purification techniques, some of which
he had used in 1928 for the fractionation of muscle adenylic
cleaminase; the cleaminase was used for the determination of
adenylic acid. (The aclenylic acid usecT for the work in the
Cori laboratory was a gift from Pawe! Ostern, the Polish re-
searcher, shortly before his death during the Nazi attack on
Polanct in 1939.) The role of muscle adenylic acid (5' AMP)
in the phosphorolytic splitting of glycogen remained a puz-
zling problem, however, because it was not consumed in the
enzyme-catalyzecl phosphorolysis.
In 1939 Walter Kiessling, one of Meyerhof's former as-
OCR for page 408
408
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
sociates who had remained in Heidelberg, briefly reported
that glucose-~-phosphate aclcled to a crucle yeast enzyme
fraction was converted to glycogen. The Coris and Schmidt
were puzzler! that their muscle enzyme fraction, which was
incubated with glucose-~-phosphate (ancl the other ingrecti-
ents needed for the phosphorylase), did not catalyze any cle-
tectable amounts of glycogen. Among Schmidt's incubates
was one that he had absentmincledly left at room tempera-
ture overnight. It was included among those being studied
for glycogen, and it was founct that only this sample gave an
incline color for the presence of polysaccharicles—and it was
blue-recI. To Schmidt and the Coris, this was exciting news
indeed, not merely because they had finally succeeded but
because of the aberrant way in which the polysaccharicle bio-
synthesis ensued. In aciclition, Car! Cori strongly suspected
that primer formation was at work as a precursor step before
the polysacchari(le biosynthesis couIcT take place, an idea that
was instrumental in the success of their later work. It was an
exciting year!
Despite these successes, Gerhard Schmidt was still in
search of a permanent scientific home, and in the spring of
1940 he founc! one at the Tufts University Medical Center.
S. J. Thannhauser, head of the Boston Dispensary of the
Tufts Medical School, asked Schmidt to set up a section on
basic biochemical research. Thannhauser hac! been a well-
known clinician in internal medicine in Freiburg, specializing
in the diagnosis and treatment of metabolic disorders. In
1939, a few months before the outbreak of World War IT, he
escaped from Germany and arrived in Boston. The director
of the university hospital medical center, Joseph Pratt, had
invite(1 several German-Jewish refugee scholars involvecl in
medical research or in internal medicine to the medical cen-
ter. Thannhauser was among them; interested in securing a
OCR for page 419
GERHARD SCHMIDT
419
ican Academy of Arts ancT Sciences, ancT the National Acad-
emy of Sciences. There have also been posthumous honors
as well. Volume 100 of Colowick and Kaplan's Methods in En-
zymology is dedicated to the memory of Gerhard Schmidt as
a scholar and artist; it inclucles a photograph of him playing
his belovecT cello anct a charming little dedication by Sidney
Colowick ancT Nathan Kaplan. In 198 I, the president of Tufts
University establishect an annual Gerharct Schmidt lecture-
ship commemorating Schmicit's long anct distinguishecT ser-
vice to the Tufts University School of Medicine. Four ctistin-
guished lectures thus far have been delivered at Tufts
University Mectical School in Boston.
IN PREPARING this biographical memoir, my thanks are due to
many friends of the late Gerhard Schmidt. At the Tufts University
Medical School, Drs. R. L. Kisliuk and H. Mautner rendered much
help. Regarding Gerhard's terminal year at the University of
Frankfurt, the late Dr. Ernest Bueding of Johns Hopkins Univer-
sity provided important information. In trying to formulate the
section on lipid research, my thanks are due to Drs. George Hau-
ser, Harvard Medical School; Norman Radin, University of Michi-
gan; and M. M. Rapport, New York State Psychiatric Institute.
Concerning such aspects of his life as teaching and lab work with
students, I am grateful to Drs. Milton Schmidt of Boston and Peter
Cashions of the biology department of the University of New
Brunswick. The late Dr. Sidney P. Colowick of Vanderbilt Univer-
s~ry gave me particularly valuable encouragement, criticism, and
stimulation in general in my efforts to formulate the memoir. And
finally, special thanks are due Mrs. Edith Schmidt for her help and
advice, and for her generous encouragement as well.
.
OCR for page 420
420
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
ACADEMIC HISTORY
1919-1922 Student of Medicine, University of Tubingen, Ger-
many
1922-1924 Student of Medicine, University of Frankfurt, Frank-
furt am Main, Germany (State Board)
1924-1925 Intern in Medicine, Municipal Hospital, Stuttgart,
Germany
Intern in Medicine, University Hospital, Frankfurt
1925
1925-1926 Graduate Student in Medicine, University of Frank-
furt
1926 M.D. Degree Awarded (Thesis in Biochemistry; Su-
pervisor: Professor G. Embden)
1926-1929 Postgraduate Research Fellow, Department of Bio-
chemistry, University of Frankfurt
1929-1931 Assistant and Director of Biochemical Research Lab-
oratory, Department of Pathology, University of
Frankfurt
1931-1933 Instructor (Privatdozent) in Pathological Chemistry,
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Frankfurt
1933 Dismissed on April 1 by the Hitler government be-
cause of"Jewish race"
1933 Research Biochemist, Marine Biological Laborato-
ries, Naples, Italy; Department of Biochemistry,
University of Naples (April through September)
1933-1934 Research Fellow, Department of Biochemistry, Uni-
versity of Stockholm, Sweden
1934-1935 Research Fellow, Department of General Pathology,
University of Florence, Italy
1935-1937 Carnegie Foundation Research Fellowship for Dis-
placed German Scholars, Department of Chem-
istry, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Can-
ada
1937-1938 Assistant, Research Laboratory of Chemistry, Rocke-
feller Institute for Medical Research
1938 - 1940 Research Fellow, Department of Pharmacology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St.
Louis, Missouri
OCR for page 421
GERHARD SCHMIDT
421
1940-1948 Research Associate, Thannhauser Research Labora-
tory, Boston Dispensary, Tufts University School
of Medicine
1948-1955 Research Professor of Biochemistry, Department of
Biochemistry, Tufts University School of Medicine
1955 - 1972 Professor of Biochemistry, Department of Biochem-
istry, Tufts University School of Medicine
1972-1981 Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry and Research
Biochemist, Department of Biochemistry and
Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medi-
clne
OCR for page 422
422
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1928
..
Uber Kolloidchemische Veranderungen bei der Ermuding des
Warmblutermuskels. Arbeitsphysiologie, 1 (2~: 1 36-53.
Uber fermentative Desaminierung im Muskel. Z. Physiol. Chem.
179:243-69.
1929
With G. Embden. Uber Muskeladenylsaure und Hefeadenylsaure.
Z. Physiol. Chem., 181:130-39.
Lactacidogen (Review). In: The Enzymes, vol.3, Methodology, ed. Carl
Oppenheimer, p. 1189. Berlin: George Thieme.
1930
With G. Embden. Uber die Bedeutung der Adenylsaure fur die
Muskelfunktion; weitere Untersuchungen uber die Herkunft
des Muskelammoniaks. Z. Physiol. Chem., 186:205-11.
1931
With G. Embden. Berichtigung. Z. Physiol. Chem., 197:191-92.
Uber die Abbau des Guaninkerns durch die Fermente der Kan-
inchenleber. Klin. Wochenschr., 10: 165 - 67.
1932
Mikrobestimmungen von Purinsubstanzen in Gewebe, I. Mittei-
lung: Die Bestimmung des Guanins von Ernst Engel. Z. Physiol.
Chem., 108:225 -36.
Enzymic breakdown of guanylic acid by rabbit liver. Z. Physiol.
Chem., 208: 185.
1933
Mikrobestimmungen von Purinsubstanzen in Gewebe, II. Mittei-
lung Die Bestimmung des Adenins und der Oxypurine. Z.
Physiol. Chem., 219~5/6~: 191-206.
OCR for page 423
GERHARD SCHMIDT
1934
423
Preparation and composition of a dipeptide phosphoric acid ob-
tained by enzymatic hydrolysis of casein. Z. Physiol. Chem.,
223:86.
On the binding of the purine bases in the non-fertilized sea urchin
egg. Z. Physiol. Chem., 223:81.
With H. von Euler. Purine content and the normal and patholog-
ical growth of tissues. Z. Physiol. Chem., 223:215.
With H. von Euler. Nucleoproteins of fish testicles. Z. Physiol.
Chem., 225:92.
With I. Rydh-Ehrensvaard. Influence of carotenes on guanase con-
tent of rat spleen. Z. Physiol. Chem., 227:177.
1935
With F. Pontimalli. Partition of the P-fractions in blood plasma of
chickens with Rous sarcoma. Biochem. Z., 282:62-73.
1936
Chemical differences between protein-linked and free nucleic
acids. Science, 83:15.
Action of enzymes on proteins with prosthetic groups: Action of
nucleophosphatase on thymus nucleohistone. Enzymologia,
1: 135-41.
1937
Growth-stimulating effect of egg white and its importance for em-
bryonic development. Enzymologia, 4:40-48.
1938
With P. A. Levene. Effect of nucleophosphatase on "native" and
"depolymerized" thymonucleic acid. Science, 88:172-73.
With P. A. Levene. Ribonucleodepolymerase (the Jones-Dubos en-
zyme). I. Biol. Chem., 126:423 - 34.
1939
With E. G. Pickets and P. A. Levene. Enzymic depolymerization of
deoxyribonucleic acids of different degrees of polymerization.
I. Biol. Chem., 127:251-59.
OCR for page 424
424
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
With C. F. Cori and G. T. Cori. Synthesis of a polysaccharide from
glucose-l-phosphate in muscle extract. Science, 89:464.
With G. T. Cori and C. F. Cori. Role of glucose-l-phosphate in the
formation of blood sugar and synthesis of glycogen in the liver.
I. Biol. Chem., 129:629-39.
1943
With S. I. Thannhauser. Intestinal phosphatase. }. Biol. Chem.,
149:369.
1945
With B. Hershman and S. I. Thannhauser. Isolation of (alpha)-
glycerylphosphorylcholine from incubated beef pancreas and
its significance for the intermediary metabolism of lecithin. I.
Biol. Chem., 161:523.
With S. Proger, D. Decaneas, and B. Wadler. Effect of anoxia and
injected cyctochrome C. on the easily hydrolyzable phosphorus
in rat organs. I. Biol. Chem., 160: 233.
With S. I. Thannhauser. A method for the determination of des-
oxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid and phosphoprotein phos-
phorus in tissues. I. Biol. Chem., 161:83.
1946
With I. Benotti, B. H. Swartz, and S. I. Thannhauser. Partition of
phospholipide mixtures into monoaminophosphatides and
sphingomyelin. I. Biol. Chem., 165:505-11.
With L. I. Hecht and S. I. Thannhauser. Enzymic formation and
accumulation of metaphosphate in baker's yeast under certain
nutritional conditions. i. Biol. Chem., 166:775-76.
With S. i. Thannhauser. Lipids and lipidoses (Review). Physiol.
Rev., 26:275.
1947
With R. Cubiles and S. {. Thannhauser. Action of prostate phos-
phatase on yeast ribonucleic acid. Cold Spring Harbor Symp.
Quant. Biol., 12: 161.
With R. Cubiles, B. H. Swartz, and S. I. Thannhauser. Action of
ribonucleinase on yeast ribonucleic acid. I. Biol. Chem.,
170:759-60.
OCR for page 425
GERHARD SCHMIDT
425
1948
With L. I. Hecht and S. i. Thannhauser. Behavior of the nucleic
acids during the early development of the sea urchin egg (Ar-
bacia). J. Gen. Physiol., 31:203.
With S. J. Thannhauser. The chemistry of the lipids (Review).
Annul Rev. Biochem., 12:233.
With I. Fischmann, H. A. Chamberlain, and R. Cubiles. Determi-
nation of acid phosphatase in various normal and pathological
specimens of prostate gland. i. Urol., 59: 194.
1949
With L. I. Hecht and S. }. Thannhauser. Effect of potassium ions
on the absorption of orthophosphate and the formation of
metaphosphate by baker's yeast. i. Biol. Chem., 178:733-42.
With B. Ottenstein and S. I. Thannhauser. Pathogenesis of Gauch-
er's disease. Blood, 3:1250.
1950
Nucleic acids, purines and pyrimidines (Review). Annul Rev. Bio-
chem., 19:149.
1951
Biochemistry of inorganic pyrophosphates and metaphosphates.
In: Proceedings of a Symposium on Phosphorus Metabolism, vol. 1,
ed. W. McElroy and B. Glass, pp. 443-75. Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University.
With R. Cubiles and S. J. Thannhauser. Nature of the products
formed by the action of crystalline ribonuclease on yeast ribo-
nucleic acid. J. Cell Comp. Physiol., 38(suppl. 11:61.
With R. Buciles, N. Zoellner, L. I. Hecht, N. Strickler, K. Seraydar-
ian, M. Seraydarian, and S. I. Thannhauser. Action of ribonu-
clease. J. Biol. Chem., 192:7 15 -26.
With S. J. Thannhauser and N. F. Boncoddo. Procedure for the
isolation of crystallized acetal phospholipides from brain. }.
Biol. Chem., 188:417.
With S. I. Thannhauser and N. F. Boncoddo. The C-structure of
the acetal phospholipides of brain. J. Biol. Chem., 188:423.
OCR for page 426
426
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1952
With L. I. Hecht, P. Fallot, L. M. Greenbaum, and S. I. Thannhau-
ser. Amounts of glycerylphosphorylcholine in mammalian tis-
sues. I. Biol. Chem., 197:601-9.
1953
With M. Bessman and S. i. Thannhauser. Hydrolysis of L-~-glyc-
erylphosphorylethanolamine. J. Biol. Chem., 203:849.
1955
With L. M. Greenbaum, P. Fallot, A. C. Walker, and S. i. Thann-
hauser. Amounts of glycerylphosphorylesters in tissues. }. Biol.
Chem., 212:869.
With M. Liss and S. i. Thannhauser. Guanine, the principal nitro-
genous constituent of the excrements of certain spiders.
Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 16:533.
With R. Cubiles. Occurrence of the carnosine-anserine fraction in
skeletal muscle and its absence in heart. Arch. Biochem. Bio-
phys., 58:227.
With S. I. Thannhauser and I. Fellig. Structure of the cerebroside
sulfuric acid ester of beef brain. I. Biol. Chem., 215:211.
Acid prostatic phosphomonoesterase (Review). In: Methods in En-
zymology, vol. 2, ed. S. P. Colowick and N. O. Kaplan, pp. 523-
30. New York: Academic Press.
Nucleases and enzymes attacking nucleic acid components (Re-
view). In: The Nucleic Acids, vol. 1, ed. E. Chargaff and J. N.
Davidson, p. 555. New York: Academic Press.
1956
With M. J. Bessman, M. D. Hickey, and S. J. Thannhauser. Con-
centrations of some constituents of egg yolk in its soluble phase.
]. Biol. Chem., 223:1027.
With H. M. Davidson. In vitro incorporation of labeled phosphate
into phosphoproteins by lactating mammary gland. Biochim.
Biophys. Acta, 19: 116.
With K. Seraydarian, L. M. Greenbaum, M. D. Hickey, and S. J.
Thannhauser. Effect of certain nutritional conditions on the
formation of purines and ribonucleic acid in baker's yeast.
Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 20:135.
OCR for page 427
GERHARD SCHMIDT
1957
427
In: Methods in Enzymology, vol. 3, ed. S. P. Colowick and N. O. Kap-
lan: Preparation of phosphopyruvic acid, pp. 223-28; Prepa-
ration of O- (L- (alpha)-glyceryl) phosphorylcholine, phos-
phorylcholine, O- (L- (alpha)-glyceryl) phosphorylethanolamine
and phosphorylethanolamine, pp. 346-58; Determination of
nucleic acids by phosphorus analysis, pp. 671-79; Preparation
of ribonucleic acid from yeast and animal tissues, pp. 687-91;
Chemical and enzymatic methods for the identification and
structural elucidation of nucleic acids and nucleotides, pp. 747-
75; and Colorimetric and enzymatic methods for the determi-
nation of some purines and pyrimidines, pp. 775-81. New
York: Academic Press.
With B. Ottenstein, W. A. Spencer, C. Hackethal, and S. I. Thann-
hauser. Quantitative partition of acetal phospholipides and free
lipide aldehydes. Symposium on Chemistry and Metabolism of
Phospholipides. Fed. Proc., 16:816.
With M. I. Bessman and S. I. Thannhauser. Enzymatic hydrolysis
of cephalin in rat intestinal mucosa. Biochim. Biophys. Acta,
23:127.
1959
Nucleoproteins and cancer (Review). In: Physiopathology of Cancer,
2d ea., ed. F. Homburger, p. 707. New York: P. B. Hoeber.
With B. Ottenstein, W. A. Spencer, K. Keck, R. Blietz, I. Papas, D.
Porter, M. L. Levin, and S. i. Thannhauser. The partition of
tissue phospholipides by phosphorus analysis. AMA Am. J. Dis.
Child., 97:691.
1961
With L. Fingerman and S. I. Thannhauser. Incorporation of la-
beled orthophosphate into the phosphatidyl compounds, plas-
malogens, and sphingomyelins of brain, skeletal muscle and
heart of the intact rat. (Proceedings of the Deuel Conference
on Lipidoses and Hyperlipemic Conditions, San Diego, Califor-
nia, 1960.) Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 9:124.
With H. Weicker, I. A. Dain, and S. I. Thannhauser. Chromato-
graphic fractionation of gangliosides. Conference on Sphingo-
lipidoses, New York.
OCR for page 428
428
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1962
With H. Weicker, I. A. Dain, and S. I. Thannhauser. Chemical com-
position and physical properties of gangliosidic components
isolated by adsorption chromatography on silica gel columns.
In: Cerebral Sphingolipidoses, pp. 289-99. New York: Academic
Press.
1963
With G. Barisch, M.-C. Laumont, T. Herman, and M. Liss. Acid
phosphatase of bakers' yeast: An enzyme of the external cell
surface. Biochemistry, 2:126-31.
1965
With G. Barisch, T. Kitagawa, K. Fujisawa, i. Knolle, l. Joseph, P.
DeMarco, M. Liss, and R. Haschemeyer. Isolation of a phos-
phoprotein of high phosphorus content from the eggs of brown
brook trout. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 18:60.
1966
With E. I. Hogan, A. Kjeta-Fyda, T. Tanaka, J. Joseph, N. I. Feld-
man, R. A. Collins, and R. W. Keenan. Determination of the
lipid bases in the lipids of spinal cord, optic nerve, and sciatic
nerve of some species. In: Inborn Errors of Sphingolipid Metabo-
l~sm, ed. S. M. Aronson, pp. 325-59. Elmsford, N.Y.: Pergamon
Press.
1968
With K. Okabe and R. W. Keenan. Phytosphingosine groups as
quantitatively significant components of the mucosa of the small
intestines. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 31:137.
R. W. Keenan and K. Okabe (from the Thannhauser Research Lab-
oratory, Tufts University School of Medicine, Director: G.
Schmidt). Metabolic degradation of tritiated dihydrosphingo-
sine in the liver of the intact rat. Biochemistry, 7:2696.
1970
With E. L. Hogan and K. C. Joseph. Composition of cerebral lipids
in murine sudanophilic leucodystrophy. J. Neurochem., 17:75-
83.
OCR for page 429
GERHARD SCHMIDT
429
1972
With P. I. Cashions, S. Suzuki, }. P. Joseph, P. DeMarco, and M. E.
Cohen. The action of pancreas deoxyribonuclease I (deoxyri-
bonucleate oligonucleotidohydrolase, EC-number 3.1.4.5.) on
calf thymus nucleohistone. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 149:513-
27.
1975
With M. E. Cohen and P. DeMarco. The action of staphylococcal
nuclease (EC-number 3.1.4.7.) on thynucleohistone and on
some nucleoprotamines. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 6:185-94.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
biographical memoirs
