NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approvedby the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose membersare drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences,the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosenfor their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
This is a report of work supported by Contract DAAD19-00-C-0009 between the U.S. Army and the National Academy of Sciences. Any opinions,findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publicationare those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the viewof the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
National Academy of Sciences
National Academy of Engineering
Institute of Medicine
National Research Council
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguishedscholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicatedto the furtherance of science and technology and to their use forthe general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted toit by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requiresit to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters.Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academyof Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers.It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of itsmembers, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibilityfor advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineeringalso sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs,encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievementsof engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academyof Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to securethe services of eminent members of appropriate professions in theexamination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public.The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the NationalAcademy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviserto the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identifyissues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shineis president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associatethe broad community of science and technology with the Academy'spurposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government.Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by theAcademy, the Council has become the principal operating agency ofboth the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy ofEngineering in providing services to the government, the public,and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administeredjointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. BruceM. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman,respectively, of the National Research Council.
COMMITTEE ON REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF THE ARMY CHEMICAL STOCKPILE DISPOSAL PROGRAM
PETER B. LEDERMAN, chair,
New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark (as of 8/1/00)
DAVID S. KOSSON, chair,
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (until 7/31/00)
CHARLES I. McGINNIS, vice chair, consultant,
Charlottesville, Virginia (as of 8/1/00)
DAVID H. ARCHER,
Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
PIERO M. ARMENANTE,
New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark
DENNIS C. BLEY,
Buttonwood Consulting, Inc., Oakton, Virginia (until 7/31/00)
JERRY L.R. CHANDLER,
George Mason University, McLean, Virginia
JOHN J. COSTOLNICK,
Exxon Chemical Company (retired), Houston, Texas (as of 8/1/00)
FRANK P. CRIMI,
Lockheed Martin (retired), Saratoga, California
J. ROBERT GIBSON,
DuPont Life Sciences, Wilmington, Delaware
MICHAEL R. GREENBERG,
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick
DEBORAH L. GRUBBE,
DuPont Company, Wilmington, Delaware (as of 8/1/00)
DAVID A. HOECKE,
Enercon Systems, Inc., Elyria, Ohio (as of 8/1/00)
DAVID H. JOHNSON,
EQE International, Inc., Irvine, California (as of 8/1/00)
KATHRYN E. KELLY,
Delta Toxicology, Crystal Bay, Nevada (until 7/31/00)
CHARLES E. KOLB,
Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (vice chair until 7/31/00)
GARY L. LAGE,
Toxilogics, Inc., Titusville, New Jersey (as of 8/1/00)
JAMES F. MATHIS,
Exxon Corporation (retired), Houston, Texas
FREDERICK G. POHLAND,
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (as of 8/1/00)
ROBERT B. PUYEAR, consultant,
Chesterfield, Missouri (as of 8/1/00)
CHARLES F. REINHARDT,
DuPont Company (retired), Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania
KENNETH F. REINSCHMIDT, consultant,
Littleton, Massachusetts (as of 8/1/00)
W. LEIGH SHORT,
URS Greiner Woodward-Clyde (retired), Mount Pleasant, South Carolina
ARNOLD F. STANCELL,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (until 7/31/00)
JEFFREY I. STEINFELD,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (as of 8/1/00)
CHADWICK A. TOLMAN,
National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virginia
WILLIAM TUMAS,
Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
Board on Army Science and Technology Liaison
RICHARD A. CONWAY,
Union Carbide Corporation (retired), Charleston, West Virginia
Staff
DONALD L. SIEBENALER, Study Director
HARRISON T. PANNELLA, Program Officer
DANIEL E. J. TALMAGE, JR., Senior Project Assistant
BOARD ON ARMY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
WILLIAM H. FORSTER, chair,
Northrop Grumman Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland
THOMAS L. MCNAUGHER, vice chair,
RAND Corporation, Washington, D.C. (until 12/31/99)
RICHARD A. CONWAY,
Union Carbide Corporation (retired), Charleston, West Virginia
GILBERT F. DECKER,
Walt Disney Imagineering, Glendale, California
LAWRENCE J. DELANEY,
Delaney Group, Potomac, Maryland (until 12/31/99)
PATRICK F. FLYNN,
Cummins Engine Company, Columbus, Indiana
EDWARD J. HAUG,
University of Iowa, Iowa City
ROBERT J. HEASTON,
Guidance and Control Information Analysis Center (retired), Naperville, Illinois
ELVIN R. HEIBERG, III,
Heiberg Associates, Inc., Mason Neck, Virginia (until 2/29/00)
GERALD J. IAFRATE,
University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
DONALD R. KEITH, consultant,
Alexandria, Virginia
KATHRYN V. LOGAN,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
JOHN E. MILLER,
Oracle Corporation, Reston, Virginia
JOHN H. MOXLEY, III,
Korn/Ferry International, Los Angeles, California
STEWART D. PERSONICK,
Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
MILLARD F. ROSE,
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama
GEORGE T. SINGLEY, III,
Hicks and Associates, McLean, Virginia
CLARENCE G. THORNTON,
Army Research Laboratories (retired), Colts Neck, New Jersey
JOHN D. VENABLES,
Venables and Associates, Towson, Maryland
JOSEPH J. VERVIER,
ENSCO, Inc., Melbourne, Florida
ALLEN C. WARD,
Ward Synthesis, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan
Staff
BRUCE A. BRAUN, Director
MICHAEL A. CLARKE, Associate Director
CHRIS JONES, Financial Associate
WILLIAM E. CAMPBELL, Administrative Coordinator
REBECCA M. LUCCHESE, Senior Project Assistant
DEANNA P. SPARGER, Senior Project Assistant
Acknowledgments
This report has been reviewed by individuals chosen for their diverseperspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with proceduresapproved by the National Research Council's Report Review Committee.The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and criticalcomments that will assist the authors and the NRC in making the publishedreport as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutionalstandards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the studycharge. The contents of the review comments and draft manuscriptremain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberativeprocess. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participationin the review of this report:
Eugene C. Ashby, Georgia Institute of Technology
Jan Beyea, Consulting in the Public Interest
Caron Chess, Rutgers University
James L. Creighton, Creighton & Creighton, Inc.
Elisabeth M. Drake, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Ann Fisher, The Pennsylvania State University
Alvin H. Mushkatel, Arizona State University
Douglas G. Pinkham, Public Affairs Council
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructivecomments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusionsor recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the reportbefore its release. The review of this report was overseen by NeilJ. Smelser, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences.He was appointed by the NRC's Report Review Committee, who was responsiblefor making certain that an independent examination of this reportwas carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and thatall review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility forthe final content of this report rests entirely with the authoringcommittee and the institution.