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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10021.
×

Index

A

ADAM, see Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring program

Adaptive response to enforcement, 5, 157– 158, 159, 172–174

Addiction, 23, 25, 37, 141–142, 223

see also Frequency of drug use;

Treatment programs

historical response, 17, 18

neuroscience, 37, 38–42, 51, 243–244, 274

dose-response relationships, 41, 57– 60, 62, 230

price factors, 45–46, 141–142

social factors, 49, 52, 59

surveys, 81, 82–83, 85

Addiction Severity Index, 247, 248, 262

Adolescents, 47, 51, 197, 200, 302–303

see also Monitoring the Future;

School-based data and approaches

arrestees, 84, 189–190, 317

cocaine use, 199–200, 303, 318

consumption data, 79, 80, 192, 308

crime associated with drug abuse, 47, 190

dropouts, 87, 94(n.10)

employment, 309

family preventive interventions, 209–210

historical perspectives, 189–190, 302, 329, 330–332, 334–344

Juvenile Court Statistics, 316

marijuana use, 192, 199–200, 303, 318

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 98, 169, 309, 337

National Youth Survey, 309

peer influences, 38, 42, 50, 51, 52, 187, 194, 220, 223–224, 226, 227, 230, 231, 309

preventive interventions, 138, 209–210, 217, 220, 223–224, 226, 227, 230, 231

school-based, 8, 19, 137, 209, 211– 213, 219–221, 224–225, 228–229, 230, 232, 233, 234

drug testing, 33, 202–203, 233

survey response problems, 8, 30, 82, 93– 100, 321–344

Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 302, 310, 318

African Americans, 179–181, 197, 304

AIDS, 55, 59, 103–104, 105, 298, 303, 376

Alcohol abuse, 8, 23, 308, 316

adolescent arrestees, 190

crime associated with, 64, 301

Drug and Alcohol Services Information System, 91, 93, 304

genetic factors, 49

illicit drug use and, 9, 23, 34, 217, 218, 221, 233–234

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10021.
×

neurological factors, 39, 41

police crackdowns, 172–173

price factors, 142

prison inmate surveys, 92, 298, 299, 300

school-based sanctions, 201

social factors, 49

supply-reduction policy, 141(n.1), 142

survey response problems, 94(n.9), 100

treatment, 91, 93, 241, 300, 304, 305, 311, 376

Uniform Facility Dataset, 93, 304

Alcohol and Crime, 301

American Hospital Association, see Drug Abuse Warning Network

American Management Association, 198

Americans with Disabilities Act, 198

Amity program, 357

Amphetamines, 39, 100, 102, 142, 242, 303, 304

Annual Survey of Jails, 298

Anti-Drug Abuse Act, 195–196

Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program, 7–8, 24, 77, 80–81, 84–85, 101, 276, 309, 336, 338

linkage with other databases, 7, 89, 91– 92

price data, 111

sampling, 7, 88, 89, 90, 104–105, 111, 309

Arrests, 7–8, 24, 77, 80–81, 84–85, 88, 89, 141, 161, 171, 173, 174, 189, 194, 317

see also Incarceration; Probation and parole

adolescents, 84, 189–190, 317

attitude of dealers toward, 142–143, 151, 152, 155, 163–164, 165–166, 171

drug dealers, police agreements with, 169–170

historical perspectives, 3, 19

inaccurate responses to surveys, 98–99

international interdictions, 19

price data, 111–112, 165

racial/ethnic disparities, 51, 52, 162–164, 177, 179–180

replacement of arrested dealers, 145, 171, 172, 174–177

social organization of retail drug market, 165

supply-reduction policy, 139

treatment of arrestees, 261, 359

Uniform Crime Reports, 301, 341

Assessment of Two Cost-Effectiveness Studies of Cocaine Control Policy, 16

Athletes, drug testing, 202–203

Attitudes, 227, 308

see also Public opinion;

Risk perception

drug dealers, 142–143, 151, 152, 155, 163–164, 165–166, 171

sanctions, negative reactions to, 191

stigmatization, 8, 191, 197, 255, 322, 339– 346

treatment program participants, 9, 254, 255

voluntary, 242, 250, 252, 254, 256, 259, 261, 272, 302, 349, 355–362 (passim), 372, 374, 376

B

Baltimore, Maryland, 167–168

Beepers, 163–164, 173, 174

Behavioral effects of drug use, 40, 51, 55, 56, 63

see also Crime associated with drug use

Behavioral interventions, see Cognitive and behavioral interventions

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 91

Bolivia, 158, 159

Boston, Massachusetts, 285, 286, 287, 290, 291, 292

Bureau of Census, 28

Current Population Survey, 169

incarcerated persons, 297

Bureau of Economic Analysis, 129

Bureau of Justice Statistics, 6, 24, 29, 30, 31, 32, 36, 76(n.1), 92, 297–298, 299– 301, 312, 315

organization of data collection, 124, 133

Survey of Inmates in Federal Correctional Facilities, 92, 298

Survey of Inmates in Local Jails, 92, 298– 299, 316

Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 300

Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities, 92, 298, 317

Bureau of Labor Statistics, 6, 30, 128, 129, 278

drug testing, 201

price of drugs, 116, 134

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10021.
×

C

Caffeine, 41

Caseloads, 6, 27, 54, 365

Case management, 209–211

CDC, see Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Census Bureau, see Bureau of Census

Census Match Study, 96(n.13), 327

Census of Jails, 133, 298

Census of State and Federal Prisons, 298

Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 91

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 30, 31, 76(n.1), 91, 103–104, 105, 278, 302–303

Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 302, 310, 318

CEWG, see Community Epidemiology Work Group

Chicago, Illinois, 109, 113, 229, 286–287

Child abuse and neglect, 196

Child Development Project, 228

Cigarettes, see Tobacco use

Cities, see Urban areas; specific cities

Clinical trials, 9–10, 25, 35, 138, 242, 244– 263, 264, 367–372

Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Survey (DATOS), 55–56, 249

Cocaine, 17, 23, 52, 102, 193, 201, 221, 222, 242

adolescents, use by, 199–200, 303, 318

attitudes toward, 146

behavioral factors, 51

consumption data, 43, 46, 60–61, 78, 147, 152, 222, 285–288

crop eradication, 19, 156, 158

crop substitution, 19, 141, 156

frequency of use, 46, 61–62, 146, 192, 201

geographic substitution, 158–160

historical perspectives, 61, 147, 285–288

maternal use, 264

national satellite accounts, 118

neurological effects, 39, 40, 41

organization of data collection, 125

precursors to use, 9, 23, 34, 39

prevalence of use, 60–61, 180, 199–200, 318

previous committee studies, 2, 16, 22, 319–320

price factors, 43, 46, 106, 108–109, 110, 112–113, 114, 116, 117, 142, 160, 161, 164–165, 283–295, 320

impulse response analysis, 146, 147, 149–151, 153(n.6), 154, 155

System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence (STRIDE), 24, 106, 108–114, 117, 147, 153, 161, 164, 283–295, 315

racial/ethnic arrest disparities, 180

replacement of incarcerated dealers, 176–177

social factors, 51, 52, 162–164

survey response problems, 94, 99

systems research, 156, 158–160

treatment, clinical trials, 247–249, 253

treatment, general, 304, 305

methadone, 248–249

Cognitive and behavioral interventions prevention, 210, 218, 220, 224, 225, 226, 232, 234

treatment, 242, 243, 247, 248, 254

Colombia, 158, 159, 161

interdiction and price of drugs, 147, 155

national satellite accounts, 119

Comer’s School Development Process, 211

Community Epidemiology Work Group, 89, 90, 102, 105, 309

Community factors, 64, 96(n.13), 178, 194

see also Probation and parole

enforcement disparities, 179–180

police agreements with drug dealers, 169–170

preventive interventions, 19, 137, 209, 211, 229, 232

school-based, 8, 19, 137, 209, 211– 213, 219–221, 224–225, 228–229, 230, 232, 233, 234

drug testing, 33, 202–203

retail drug market, 166

social organization, 162–165, 175, 274

risk factors, 38, 47, 49, 51, 99, 167, 168, 169, 194

treatment, 248, 357–372

Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime, 261, 349, 351, 368, 369– 372, 373

Complementarities, 20–21

gateway hypothesis, 9, 23, 208, 217, 218

national satellite accounts, 118

treatment and enforcement, 9–10, 15, 18, 20

Confidentiality and privacy, 8, 29, 63, 82, 100, 103–104, 169, 278

drug testing, 198

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10021.
×

Consumption data, 3, 6, 7, 15, 24, 29, 31, 53– 57, 60–61, 78, 152, 162, 276

see also Frequency of use

adolescents, 79, 80, 192, 308

alcohol, 60, 61, 78, 79

cocaine, 43, 46, 60–61, 78, 147, 152, 222, 285–288

dose-response relationship, 58–59

incarceration of drug dealers and, 170, 176

organization structure of data collection, 124, 125, 129

price of drugs and, 3–4, 42–47, 86–87, 105–106, 111, 146, 160, 167

surveys, 45, 55–56, 78, 86–87

tobacco, 78, 79

Controlled Substances Act, 17, 271

Controlling Cocaine: Supply Versus Demand Programs, 319

Coroners, see Medical examiners and coroners

Correctional institutions, see Incarceration

Cost and cost-benefit factors, 105, 153(n.7), 271, 310, 319–320, 350

see also Effect sizes; Price factors

agency coordination, 131

complementarities, 20

dose-response relationship, 59

drug control expenditures, 1, 3, 271, 272

drug courts, 375

drug dealers’ viewpoint, 142–143, 152, 165–166, 176

drug testing, 200

enforcement, 1, 3, 20, 171, 172, 188, 194, 244, 271, 274, 276, 364

impulse-response analysis, 145

national satellite accounts, 118

organization structure of data collection, 124

preventive interventions, 208, 221, 276

effect sizes, 215–216, 224–225, 230, 233–234

probation, 365

research, general, 6, 7, 16, 26–27

sanctions for drug use, 5, 33, 188, 194, 195

treatment programs, 9, 20, 153, 241, 242, 243, 244, 250, 252, 253, 255, 261, 276, 364, 365

effect sizes, 243, 250–256

health insurance, 257–258

Counseling

mentoring, 211, 224, 225

preventive interventions, 209–211, 220, 224, 225, 230, 232

treatment of abusers, 247–248, 254, 263, 300, 363, 376

Covington, Jeanette, 349–381

Crime associated with drug use, 1, 42–43, 49–50, 54, 59, 60, 63–64, 148, 178, 300, 316, 356

adolescents, 47, 190

alcohol abuse and, 64, 301

drug dealer’s perspective, 143, 165–166, 170

drug dealers, police agreements with, 169–170

funded research, 55, 56

gangs, 91, 148, 165, 166, 168

national satellite accounts, 117

Criminal justice system, 1, 26, 53, 78, 143, 315–317

see also Arrests;

Incarceration;

Police;

Probation and parole;

Sentences, incarceration

adolescents in, 47, 84, 189–190, 317

database linkages, 91

drug courts, 261–262, 349, 351, 354–355, 368, 372–377

drug use effects vs effects of illegality of use, 63–64

expenditures, 6, 271

funded data sources, 55, 296–302

historical processing facts, 3, 17–18

recidivism, 261, 262, 301, 356–358, 359, 361, 365–367, 372, 375, 377

treatment programs and, 9–10, 15, 18, 20, 261–262, 349–378

Crop eradication, 3, 19, 137

expenditures on research, 6, 27

systems research, 5, 156, 157, 159

Crop substitution, 19, 141, 156

Current Population Survey, 169

D

D.A.R.E., 9, 210, 224, 225, 234

Database access, 8, 31, 82, 83–84

confidentiality, 8, 29, 63, 82, 100, 103– 104, 169, 278

drug testing, 198

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10021.
×

organizational structure of data collection, 129, 278

Database linkage, xiii, 7, 86, 88, 89–93

DATOS, see Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Survey

DAWN, see Drug Abuse Warning Network

Demand, see Consumption data

Demand-reduction interventions, 5, 12, 15, 19–20, 25, 319

see also Deterrence;

Preventive

interventions;

Sanctions;

Treatment

defined, 187

Demographic factors, 53, 78, 87–88, 309

see also Educational attainment;

Gender factors;

Geographic factors;

Race/ethnicity;

Socioeconomic

status;

Urban areas

marital status, 364

military personnel, 19, 199–200, 308

Department of Defense

Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA), 16, 76(n.1), 145, 148–149, 319, 320

military personnel, 19, 199–200, 308

Department of Education, 211

National Center for Education Statistics, 83–84, 124, 133

Office of Educational Research and Improvement, 203

Department of Health and Human Services, 94(n.9), 131, 132–133

see also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;

National Institute on Drug Abuse;

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration

Food and Drug Administration, 256

National Center for Health Statistics, 133, 134, 308

Services Research Outcome Study, 305– 306, 313

Department of Housing and Urban Development, 132, 196

Department of Justice, 132, 261, 278

see also Bureau of Justice Statistics;

Office of National Drug Control Policy

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 274, 316, 317

Department of Labor, 6, 309

see also Bureau of Labor Statistics

Department of State, 132, 313

Deterrence, 5, 161, 188, 190, 191–194

see also Drug-testing programs;

Incarceration;

Price factors;

Sanctions

adaptive behavior and, 5, 157–158, 159, 172–174

noncriminal sanctions, 19, 187–188

systems research, 5, 157, 158, 159

Detroit, Michigan, 286, 287, 291, 292

The Development of Medications for the Treatment of Opiate and Cocaine Addictions, 22

Diseases and disorders, 53–54, 55, 59, 62, 63, 243, 310–311

see also Addiction;

Mortality;

Treatment programs

AIDS, 55, 59, 103–104, 105, 298, 303, 376

CDC surveillance, general, 105

marijuana, medical uses, 22

tuberculosis, prisoners, 298

Dispelling the Myths About Addiction, 22, 38

District of Columbia, 328

arrest rates, 189

drug dealers’ employment opportunities, 167–168

price data, 106, 108, 110, 113, 164, 165

System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence (STRIDE), 24, 106, 108–114, 117, 147, 153, 161, 164, 283–295, 315

Dopamine, 39

Dose-response relationships, 41, 57–60, 62, 230

see also Addiction

Driver’s licenses, loss of, 33, 195, 197

Dropouts, 7–8, 87, 94(n.10)

Drug abuse monitoring programs, see Monitoring systems

Drug Abuse Reporting Program, 249

Drug Abuse Resistance Education, see D.A.R.E.

Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Survey (DATOS), 55–56, 249

Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN), 7–8, 24, 77–78, 80–81, 85–86, 311

linkage, 90, 92–93

sampling, 7, 88, 89, 90

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10021.
×

Drug and Alcohol Services Information System, 91, 93, 304

Drug Control, Research Data and Evaluation Advisory Committee, 131–132

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 313

arrestees, 24, 84

organization structure of data collection, 124, 134

price data, 4, 106–107

System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence (STRIDE), 24, 106, 108–114, 117, 147, 153, 161, 164, 283–295, 315

Drug-Free Schools and Communities, 211

Drug Services Research Survey, 305–306

Drug-testing programs, 19, 27, 33, 80, 202– 203

adolescents, 33, 202–203, 233

confidentiality of results, 198

employee, 19, 27, 33, 197–199, 200–201

home kits, 233

military personnel, 19, 199–200

parolees/probationers, 297, 300, 359, 361, 362, 366, 373

school-based, 33, 202–203

survey response problems, 100

treatment programs and, 248–249, 263, 297, 300, 359, 361, 362, 366

Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) program, 84, 85, 89, 90, 101, 104–105, 336, 338

see also Arrestee Drug Abuse Warning Program

Drug Use in America: Problem in Perspective, 272

E

Economic Costs of Alcohol and Drug Abuse in the United States, 310

Economic factors, 31, 37–38, 310

see also Cost and cost-benefit factors;

Crime associated with drug use;

Employment;

Funding;

Price factors;

Retail drug markets

globalization, 152

health insurance, 257–258

impulse-response analysis, 144–146

national satellite accounts, 31, 117–119

organizational structure of data collection, 129–130, 134

replacement of incarcerated drug dealers, 174–175

supply-reduction policy, 142–143, 152

taxation, 153(n.6)

Educational attainment

drug dealers, 167, 168

drug treatment admissions, 304

prison inmates, 92, 298

school-based program participants, 211– 212

Educational interventions. 19, 25, 34, 208, 213–214, 223–224, 226, 232, 279

see also School-based data and approaches

employment training, 19, 161–162, 167–169

mass media, 152–153, 209, 226, 230, 232

Effect sizes

preventive interventions, 215–216, 224– 225, 230, 233–234

treatment, 243, 250–256

Emergency room treatment, 7, 24, 77–78, 80–81, 85–86, 88, 89

see also Drug Abuse Warning Network

An Empirical Examination of Counterdrug Interdiction Program Effectiveness, 319

Employment

see also Bureau of Labor Statistics;

Department of Labor

adolescents, 309

drug testing, 19, 27, 33, 197–199, 200–201

opportunities for users/dealers, 19, 161– 162, 167–169

parolees/probationers, 351, 359, 363, 364

sanctions for employees using drugs, 19, 33, 187, 189, 197–201

surveys, inaccurate responses, 98–99

Enforcement, xi, 3, 6, 7, 15, 26, 33, 54, 137– 138, 141, 188–195, 274–275, 301, 315–317

see also Arrests;

Criminal justice system;

Demand-reduction interventions;

Drug Enforcement Administration;

Incarceration;

Police;

Probation and parole;

Sentences, incarceration;

Supply reduction interventions;

Zero tolerance policies

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10021.
×

adaptive response to, 5, 157–158, 159, 172–174

complementarities, 9–10, 15, 18, 20

cost and cost-effectiveness, 1, 3, 20, 171, 172, 188, 194, 244, 271, 274, 276, 364

database linkages, 91

fairness of, 140, 178–181

historical perspectives, 3, 17–19, 26, 147, 151, 153

impulse-response analysis, 144–156

international interdiction, 15, 25, 32, 137

historical perspectives, 147, 151, 153

impulse-response analysis, 144–145, 147, 149

Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA), 16, 76(n.1), 145, 148–149, 319, 320

price of drugs, 105–106, 145, 147, 149, 151, 155, 156

systems research, 157

organization of data collection, 10, 26, 134, 276–277

public opinion of, 139–140

retail markets and, 169–179

drug dealers’ risk perception, 142– 143, 151, 152, 155, 163–164

price of drugs and, 4, 105–106, 107– 112, 145–156, 160, 166, 170, 171, 178

replacement of incarcerated dealers, 145, 171, 172, 174–177

risk factors, 48, 143

systems research, 156–160

treatment programs, general, 9–10, 15, 18, 20–21, 244

Epidemics, 1, 21, 52, 62, 77, 89, 101–105, 229, 273

Ethical issues

addiction research, 40(n.3)

clinical trials, 9–10, 246, 252–253, 258, 263–264

confidentiality and privacy, 8, 29, 63, 82, 100, 103–104, 169, 198, 278

fairness, 148, 178–181, 259, 356–357, 366– 367

Expertise, xiii, 6–7, 8, 83, 112, 127, 128, 129, 130, 133, 134, 140, 192, 241, 253, 263, 277

F

Family factors, 38, 42, 47, 50–51, 53, 56, 187, 194, 309, 310

alcoholism, 49

child abuse and neglect, 196

drug-testing, home kits, 233

maternal drug abuse, 310

domestic violence, 56, 59, 196

genetic, 40(n.2), 42, 47, 48–49, 50, 51–52, 233, 243

preventive interventions, 209–210, 212, 229, 232, 233

prison inmates, 92, 298

treatment, 242, 248, 370, 373

welfare, loss of, 33, 196, 197

Federal Bureau of Investigation, 301, 341

Federal Justice Statistics Program, 299

Federal Reports Act, 130

Food and Drug Administration, 256

Food Stamps, 196

Foreign countries, see International perspectives

Frequency of drug use, 3, 42, 53

see also Addiction;

Deterrence;

Prevalence

cocaine, 46, 61–62, 146, 192, 201

marijuana, 8, 192–193, 201

price factors, 45, 46, 146, 160

research funding, 55

sanctions and, 192

surveys, 78, 79, 81, 82

Funding

agency coordination, 131

behavioral effects research, general, 55

caseload analysis research, 6, 27

crime associated with drug abuse,

research, 55, 56

criminal justice system, 55, 296–302

crop substitution, 19, 141, 156

data collection and research, general, 2, 6–7, 10, 15, 26–27, 36, 54, 55–56, 277, 278–279

drug control expenditures, general, 1, 3, 271, 272

economic data, organizational factors, 129–130

enforcement, 2, 3, 6, 26, 274, 276

interagency transfer of funds, 134

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10021.
×

organization of data collection, 129–130, 131, 134, 276, 277, 278

preventive interventions, 9, 152–153, 276

treatment, 35, 93, 152, 153, 249, 276

G

Gangs, 91, 148, 165, 166, 168

Gateway hypothesis, 9, 23, 34, 208, 217, 218, 221, 233–234

Gender factors

maternal drug abuse, 310

preventive interventions, 220

survey data, 80, 84

treatment, 356, 370

welfare, loss of, 196

General Accounting Office, 84, 91, 244

Genetic factors, 40(n.2), 42, 47, 48–49, 50, 51–52, 233, 243

Geographic factors

see also Community factors;

International perspectives;

Local factors;

National surveys;

State government;

State-level factors, other;

Urban areas

distribution of drug use, 78, 81, 85, 88

price of drugs, 44, 45, 106, 147, 283–284

retail market fragmentation, 164, 165, 166, 171

sampling, 87–88, 90

social organization of retail drug markets, 162–165

Geographic substitution, 5, 32, 157, 158–160

defined, 5, 157

national satellite accounts, 118

Good Behavior Game, 228

H

Hallucinogens, 41, 78, 271, 303

survey response problems, 94

Harrison Narcotics Act, 17, 271

Health factors, see Diseases and disorders;

Medical examiners and coroners;

Mortality

Health insurance, 257–258

Heroin, 78, 221, 303

see also Opiates, general

historical perspectives, 17, 19, 23, 271

inmate reports of previous use, 242

neurological factors, 40, 41

organization of data collection, 125

price factors, 43, 46, 106, 110, 142, 149, 150, 151, 154, 161

systems research, 158

treatment of users, 242–243, 254, 305

methadone maintenance, 242–243, 247, 253–254

universal prevention programs, 218–219

Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 308

Hispanics, 179, 180

Historical perspectives, 11, 17–20, 25, 192, 234, 271–273, 274, 278–279

adolescents, 189–190, 302, 329, 330–332, 334–344

cocaine consumption, 61, 147, 285–288

drug control expenditures, 1, 3, 271, 272

heroin use, 17, 19, 23, 271

incarceration, 3, 17, 260, 297, 298

international interdiction, 147, 151, 153

price of drugs, trends, 106, 147, 149–154, 285–292

treatment, 11, 17–18, 19, 241, 245, 249, 260, 261, 274

Homeless persons, 7–8, 87, 111

Hospitalization, 7–8, 133

see also Emergency room treatment

organization of data collection, 125

Housing

Department of Housing and Urban Development, 132, 196

drug dealer eviction, 170, 174

homeless persons, 7–8, 87, 111

public housing, loss of, 33, 196, 197

I

Impulse-response analysis, 4–5, 144–156

Incarceration, 7–8, 84, 138, 170, 171, 189, 274, 296–301

see also Arrests;

Sentences, incarceration

alcohol abuse, inmate surveys, 92, 298, 299, 300

clinical trials of inmates and former inmates, 10, 35, 242, 258, 259–260, 262, 351–360

database linkage, 91–92

deterrence, 188, 194

drug testing, 297

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10021.
×

educational attainment of inmates, 92, 298

family factors, 92, 298

historical perspectives, 3, 17, 260, 297, 298

prices of drugs and rates of, 155

racial/ethnic disparities, 180–181

replacement of incarcerated dealers, 145, 171, 172, 174–177

surveys, 24, 92, 296–301, 313, 315–317

Census of Jails, 133, 298

Census of State and Federal Prisons, 298

Survey of Inmates in Federal Correctional Facilities, 92, 298

Survey of Inmates in Local Jails, 92, 298–299, 316

Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 300

Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities, 92, 298, 317

treatment programs, 10, 20, 92, 241, 242, 250, 258, 259–260, 263, 297, 298, 300, 301, 313, 316, 349–381

Inhalants, 41, 78, 79, 303

survey response problems, 94

Initiation of drug use, 3, 5, 8, 21, 38, 40, 46, 49, 52, 59, 62, 142, 303

preventive interventions, 217, 219–220, 222, 226, 233–234, 276

price factors, 46, 142, 160

sanctions and, 190, 191, 195, 197

surveys, 82, 86, 303

Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA), 16, 76(n.1), 145, 148–149, 319, 320

Institute for Social Research, 79

Insurance, see Health insurance

International perspectives

see also Department of Defense

complementarities, 20

crop eradication, 3, 5, 6, 19, 27, 137, 156, 157, 159

crop substitution, 19, 141, 156

Department of State, 132, 313

globalization, 152

interdiction, 15, 25, 32, 137

crop eradication, 3, 5, 6, 19, 27, 137, 156, 157, 159

historical perspectives, 147, 151, 153

impulse-response analysis, 144–145, 147, 149

Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA), 16, 76(n.1), 145, 148–149, 319, 320

price of drugs, 105–106, 145, 147, 149, 151, 155, 156

systems research, 157

national satellite accounts, 118, 119

sources of drugs, by country, 313

transportation of drugs, 3, 5, 32, 152, 157, 176

Internet

epidemiologic data, 102–103

inmate reports of previous drug use, 242

National Youth Anti-Drug Campaign, 226

treatment protocols, 241

Inter-university consortium for Political and Social Research, 82

J

Jail, see Incarceration

Juvenile Court Statistics, 316

Juveniles Taken Into Custody, 317

K

Key-Crest program, 357, 358–359

L

Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics, 315

Legislation, 188–189, 271

Americans with Disabilities Act, 198

Anti-Drug Abuse Act, 195–196

committee recommendations, 31

Controlled Substances Act, 17, 271

employee drug testing, 198–199

Federal Reports Act, 130

Harrison Narcotics Act, 17, 271

Paperwork Reduction Act, 130–131

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, 196

Life-skills training, 210, 224, 226–227, 230

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10021.
×

Local factors

see also Community factors;

Schol-based data and approaches;

Urban areas

arrest rates, 170

Census of Jails, 133, 298

complementarities, 20–21

enforcement data, 178, 274, 316

epidemics, 102, 104–105

prison inmates, 92

risk factors, 38, 47, 49, 51, 99, 167, 168, 169, 194

survey data linkage, 91

Survey of Inmates in Local Jails, 92, 298– 299, 316

M

Marijuana, 8, 17, 192–194, 201, 271

adolescents, use by, 199

frequency of drug use, 8, 192–193, 201

hard drug use and, 9, 23, 217, 218, 221, 234

legalization/decriminalization, 23, 192– 193

medical uses, 22

neurological factors, 39, 41

organization of data collection, 125

prevention programs, 217, 218–219, 221, 233–234

price factors, 142, 154

survey response problems, 94, 99, 100

treatment of users, 253

Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base, 22

Marital status, 364

Mass media, 152–153, 209, 226, 230, 232

Medical examiners and coroners, 78, 80, 81, 86, 125

Mentoring, 211, 224, 225

Meta-analytic studies, 35, 213, 216, 219, 223, 254, 255, 264, 265

Methadone, 349

cocaine user treatment, 248–249

heroin user treatment, 242–243, 247, 253– 254

Methodology, see Research methodology

Metropolitan areas, see Urban areas; specific cities

Miami, Florida, 108–109, 285, 286, 287

Military personnel, 19, 199–200, 308

Minority groups, see Race/ethnicity

Monitoring systems, 2, 7–8, 29–31, 77–135, 273, 275–276

see also Consumption data;

National surveys;

Purity and potency of drugs;

Surveillance systems;

Surveys

committee methodology, 24, 27–28

expenditures, 6, 27

price factors, 7, 30, 31, 75, 77, 276;

see also Drug Enforcement Administration

standards, 107, 116–117

Monitoring the Future (MTF), 7–8, 29, 30, 45, 54, 55, 62, 77, 80–84, 101, 278, 303, 308, 318

epidemics, 102

response problems, 8, 30, 93–100, 321– 326, 329–330, 332–335, 338–344

sampling, other, 7, 80, 87–88, 308

sanctions, efficacy, 192, 193

Morbidity and Morality Weekly Reports, 103

Mortality, 1, 59, 90, 103, 306, 310

see also Drug Abuse Warning Network

medical examiners and coroners, 78, 80, 81, 86, 125

suicide, 85, 303

MTF, see Monitoring the Future

N

National Center for Education Statistics, 83–84, 124, 133

National Center for Health Statistics, 133, 134, 308

National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, 192, 272, 274, 278

National Corrections Reporting Program, 315

National Crime Victim Survey, 301

National Development and Research Institutes, 162–163

National Drug Accounts (proposed), 31, 117–119

National Drug Addiction Treatment Clinical Trials Network, 264

National Drug and Alcohol Treatment Unit Survey, 249

National Drug Control Strategy, 24, 53, 76(n.1), 272–273, 274, 275

employment sanctions, 197–198

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10021.
×

National Drug Intelligence Center, 91

National Health Interview Survey, 133

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 301

National Household Survey of Drug Abuse (NHSDA), 7–8, 24, 30, 54, 55–56, 77, 78–79, 80–81, 86(n.3), 101, 169, 308

drug testing, 200–201

linkage with other databases, 90, 91–92

marijuana decriminalization and use, 192–193

periodicity, 131, 308

price of drugs, 111

racial/ethnic disparities, 179–180

response problems, 93–100, 321–330, 332, 335–340, 344

sampling, 7, 80, 87–88, 90, 111, 308

National Incident Based Reporting System, 301

National Income and Product Accounts, 119

National Institute of Justice (NIJ), 5, 6, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 76(n.1), 124, 134, 195, 197, 274, 277, 278

see also Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program

National Institute of Mental Health, 309

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 310

National Institute on Drug Abuse, 5, 6, 309, 310

see also Monitoring the Future

committee recommendations, 8, 25, 30, 31, 33, 35

database access, 83–84

drug testing, 201, 203

epidemic surveillance, 102

funding, 7, 29, 273–274

organization structure of data collection, 6, 124, 134, 273–274, 277

sanctions, effectiveness, 195, 197

treatment evaluation, 241, 261, 264, 305

National Institutes of Health, 134, 241, 273

National Judicial Reporting Program, 299

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 98, 169, 309, 337

National Maternal and Infant Health Survey, 310

National Narcotics Intelligence Consumers Committee, 313

National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System, 102–103

National Prisoner Statistics program, 297– 298

National Science Foundation, 6–7, 29, 30, 31, 32, 36, 277, 278

National Survey of Adults on Probation, 299

National surveys, 24, 28, 55–56, 77–119, 133, 296–318

see also Arrestee Drug Abuse

Monitoring (ADAM) program;

Drug Abuse Warning Network;

Monitoring the Future;

National Household Survey of Drug Abuse

Census of Jails, 133, 298

Census of State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 312

Current Population Survey, 169

Hispanic Health and Nutrition Survey

National Crime Victim Survey, 301

National Drug and Alcohol Treatment Unit Survey, 249

National Health Interview Survey, 133

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 98, 169, 309, 337

National Maternal and Infant Health Survey, 310

National Survey of Adults on Probation, 299

National Youth Survey, 309

Services Research Outcome Study, 305– 306, 313

Survey of Inmates in Federal Correctional Facilities, 92, 298

Survey of Inmates in Local Jails, 92, 298– 299, 316

Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 300

Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities, 92, 298, 317

System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence (STRIDE), 24, 106, 108–114, 117, 147, 153, 161, 164, 283–295, 315

Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS), 55– 56, 93, 243(n.1), 249, 250, 304–305, 312

Uniform Facility Data Set, 93, 243, 304, 305, 311

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10021.
×

National Youth Anti-Drug Campaign, 209, 226

National Youth Survey, 309

The Netherlands, 119

Neuroscience of addiction, 37, 38–42, 51, 243–244, 274

cocaine, 39, 40, 41

dose-response relationships, 41, 57–60, 62, 230

New York City, 108–109, 162–164, 167–168, 174, 287, 288(n.2), 291, 292

NHSDA, see National Household Survey of Drug Abuse

O

Oakland, California, 174

Office of Educational Research and Improvement, 203

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 274, 316, 317

Office of Management and Budget, 130–131

Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), 1, 5, 76(n.1), 274, 296, 319

committee charge, 2, 16, 319

committee recommendations, 8, 29, 30, 31, 32

database access, 83–84

expenditures, 6, 27

historical perspectives, 18

mass media campaigns, 209, 226

National Drug Control Strategy, 53, 76(n.1), 197–198, 272–273, 274, 275

organization of data collection, 11, 124, 130, 131–132, 135

Performance Measures of Effectiveness, 53, 275

Pulse Check, 89, 90, 102, 104–105, 314

price of drugs, 149, 151, 154(n.10)

surveillance, 105

treatment evaluations, 241, 305–306

Opiates, general

see also Heroin

addictive process, 39, 40, 41

historical perspectives, 247, 271

incarceration for possession, 189

monitoring abuse, 100, 304

sanctions, 189, 193–194

treatment of abusers, 242, 243(n.1), 246, 247, 254, 304

Organizational structure of drug markets, 162–165

Organizational structure of research, 4, 124–135, 273–274, 276–279

see also Database access;

Funding

agency coordination, 130–132

linkage of databases, xiii, 7, 86, 88, 89–93

clinical trials, 10

committee charge, 2, 16

committee recommendations, 10–11, 27, 31, 32, 36, 178

enforcement, 10, 26, 134, 276–277

federal statistical agency programs, general, 2, 6, 10–11, 24, 27, 29

national satellite accounts, 31, 117–119

price of drugs, 129, 134

P

Paperwork Reduction Act, 130–131

Paraphernalia, 189, 300

Parental factors, see Family factors

Parole, see Probation and parole

Pathways of Addiction: Opportunities in Drug Abuse Research, 22, 38

Peer influences, 38, 42, 50, 51, 52, 187, 194, 309

preventive interventions, 220, 223–224, 226, 227, 230, 231

Peer review of research

committee study at hand, xii–xiv, 76(n.1)

organizational structure of data collection, 127

Pepper, John, 321–348

Performance Measures of Effectiveness, 53, 275

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, 196

Peru, 158, 159

Phoenix, Arizona, 109

Police, 1, 143, 164, 169–174, 314

see also Arrests

alcohol abuse, crackdowns, 172–173

dealers, agreements with, 169–170

funded research, 55

impulse-response analysis, 144, 172–173

price factors, 106, 108, 110, 148, 164

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10021.
×

System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence (STRIDE), 24, 106, 108–114, 117, 147, 153, 161, 164, 283–295, 315

school-based programs, 212, 233

Prevalence data, 3, 7, 52–53, 229, 273, 276, 308–309

see also Deterrence;

Frequency of drug use

cocaine, 60–61, 180, 199–200, 318

cognitive and behavioral interventions, 210, 218, 220, 224, 225, 226, 232, 234

drug testing, 199–200

drug treatment admissions, 304

epidemics, 1, 21, 52, 62, 77, 89, 101–105, 229, 273

inmates, prior drug sue, 299, 300

life-skills training, 210, 224, 226

marijuana use, 192–193, 199–200, 318

organization structure of data collection, 124

probationers, past, 299

racial/ethnic disparities, 180

sanctions and, 192

survey response problems, 8, 30, 82, 93– 100, 298, 302, 321–348, 377

adolescents, 8, 30, 82, 93–100, 321– 326, 329–344

alcohol use, 94(n.9), 100

cocaine use, 94, 99

drug testing and, 100

employees, 98–99

marijuana use, 94, 99, 100

Monitoring the Future, 8, 30, 93–100, 321–326, 329–330, 332–335, 338–344

National Household Survey of Drug Abuse, 93–100, 321–330, 332, 335– 340, 344

Preventing Drug Abuse: What Do We Know? 22

Preventive interventions, xi, 22, 25, 63, 160, 208–240

see also Drug-testing programs;

Educational interventions;

Initiation of drug use;

Sanctions

cognitive and behavioral interventions, 210, 218, 220, 224, 225, 226, 232, 234

combinations of programs, 9

committee recommendations, 7, 8–9, 25, 34, 227, 234

cost factors, 208, 221, 276

effect sizes, 215–216, 224–225, 230, 233–234

counseling, 209–211, 220, 224, 225, 230, 232

family involvement, 209–210, 212, 229, 232, 233

funding, 9, 152–153, 276

historical perspectives, 19, 274

mass media, 152–153, 209

marijuana use, 217, 218–219, 221, 233– 234

mentoring, 211, 224, 225

neuroscience and, 39

recreational, 211

sanctions and, 190–195

see also Deterrence

school-based, 8, 19, 137, 209, 211–213, 219–221, 224–225, 228–229, 230, 232, 233, 234

drug testing, 33, 202–203

universal prevention, general, 217–221;

see also “mass media” supra

Price factors, 3–4, 5–6, 7, 24, 30, 31, 32, 37, 42–47, 86–87, 105–117, 350

see also Price factors

addiction, 45–46, 141–142

alcohol, 142

arrest data, 111–112, 165

Bureau of Labor Statistics, 116, 134

cocaine, 43, 46, 106, 108–109, 110, 112– 113, 114, 116, 117, 142, 160, 161, 164–165, 283–295, 320

impulse response analysis, 146, 147, 149–151, 153(n.6), 154, 155

System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence (STRIDE), 24, 106, 108–114, 117, 147, 153, 161, 164, 283–295, 315

consumption data and, 3–4, 42–47, 86–87, 105–106, 111, 146, 160, 167

drug dealer viewpoint, 143

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 4, 106–107

System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence (STRIDE), 24, 106, 108–114, 117, 147, 153, 161, 164, 283–295, 315

enforcement efforts and, 4, 105–106, 107– 112, 145–156, 160, 166, 170, 171, 178

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10021.
×

frequency of drug use, 45, 46, 146, 160

heroin, 43, 46, 106, 110, 142, 149, 150, 151, 154, 161

historical perspectives, 106, 147, 149– 154, 285–292

impulse-response analysis, 4–5, 145, 146–156

incarceration rates and, 155

initiation of drug use and, 46, 142, 160

international interdiction and, 105–106, 145, 147, 149, 151, 155, 156

marijuana, 142, 154

monitoring systems, general, 7, 30, 31, 75, 77, 276;

see also “Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)” supra

standards, 107, 116–117

national satellite accounts, 118

Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), 149, 151, 154(n.10)

police, 106, 108, 110, 148, 164;

see also System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence

organizational structure of data collection, 129, 134

research methodology, general, 105–117, 145–146, 283–295

sampling, surveys, 4, 32, 139, 143, 145– 156, 160, 162, 164–167, 169

sanctions, general, 44–45

enforcement efforts, 4, 105–106, 107– 112, 145–156, 160, 166, 170, 171, 178

incarceration rates, 155

supply-reduction policy, 4, 32, 139, 143, 145–156, 160, 162, 164–167, 169

time factors, 114–116, 117, 145, 146, 147, 284

tobacco, 45(n.7), 142

urban areas, 44, 45, 106, 108–109, 113– 116, 164–166

System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence (STRIDE), 24, 106, 108–114, 117, 147, 153, 161, 164, 283–295, 315

Prison, see Incarceration;

Sentences, incarceration

Privacy, see Confidentiality and privacy

Private sector

drug testing, 19, 27, 33, 197–199, 200–201

employee sanctions for drug use, 19, 33, 187, 189, 197–201

prisoners, clinical trials, 10

professional athletes, 202(n.4)

Probation and parole, 297, 299, 300

drug testing during, 297, 300, 359, 361, 362, 366, 373

employment during, 351, 359, 363, 364

treatment during, 242, 256, 259, 260–261, 262–263, 299, 349, 350–351, 353, 354–358, 361, 362, 364–373, 374– 376, 378

Project PATHE, 211

Project STAR, 209

Psychological factors, 38, 42, 48, 49–50, 55, 56

behavioral effects of drug use, 40, 51, 55, 56, 63

cognitive and behavioral interventions

prevention, 210, 218, 220, 224, 225, 226, 232, 234

treatment, 242, 243, 247, 248, 254

dose-response relationship, 58

Public assistance, see Welfare

Public housing, loss of, 33

Public opinion, 3, 15, 57, 139–140, 187–188, 190–191

complementarities, 20

preventive interventions, 208

stigmatization, 8, 191, 197, 255, 322, 339– 346

Pulse Check, 89, 90, 102, 104–105, 314

Purity and potency, 40, 59, 63, 151, 160, 161, 163, 164, 169, 289, 293, 296, 321

monitoring, 77, 86–87, 106, 108, 110–113

(passim), 116

R

Race/ethnicity, 49, 163, 197, 308

African Americans, 179–181, 197, 304

arrest rates, 51, 52, 162–164, 177, 179–180

drug treatment admissions, 304

fairness of enforcement, 179–181

incarcerated persons, 297–298, 363

welfare, loss of, 196

RAND, 16, 118, 156, 244, 319–320

Recidivism, 261, 262, 301, 356–358, 361, 365– 367, 372, 375, 377

Recreational interventions, 211

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10021.
×

Research methodology, 37, 296–318

see also Clinical trials;

Cost and cst-effectiveness factors;

Database access;

Organizational structure of research;

Sampling;

Statistical analyses;

Surveys

confidentiality and privacy, 8, 29, 63, 82, 100, 103–104, 169, 278

consumption data, 86

determinants and consequences of drug use, 37–64

expertise, xiii, 6–7, 8, 83, 112, 127, 128, 129, 130, 133, 134, 140, 192, 241, 253, 263, 277

impulse-response analysis, 4–5, 144–156

incarcerated persons, 296–302

meta-analysis, 35, 213, 216, 219, 223, 254, 255, 264, 265

peer review, xii–xiv, 76(n.1), 127

preventive interventions, evaluation, 213–215, 221, 226, 231, 234

price of drugs, 105–117, 145–146, 283–295

systems research, 4, 5, 7, 77, 156–160, 351

treatment interventions, evaluation, 244, 262–265, 351–378;

see also Clinical trials

Retail drug markets, 4, 44, 108–109, 274

see also Price factors

beepers, 163–164, 173, 174

drug dealer perception of risk, 142–143

enforcement, 169–179

drug dealers’ risk perception, 142– 143, 151, 152, 155, 163–164

price of drugs and, 4, 105–106, 107– 112, 145–156, 160, 166, 170, 171, 178

replacement of incarcerated dealers, 145, 171, 172, 174–177

purity and potency of drugs, 40, 59, 63, 151, 160, 161, 163, 164, 169, 289, 293, 296, 321

monitoring, 77, 86–87, 106, 108, 110– 113 (passim), 116

supply-reduction policy, 139, 142–143, 152, 160–179

Risk factors, 30, 38–52, 62–63, 78, 79, 80–81, 82, 83

see also Demographic factors;

Family factors;

Genetic factors;

Neuroscience of addiction;

Peer influences

cocaine use, 9, 23, 34, 39

community-related, 38, 47, 49, 51, 99, 167, 168, 169, 194

familial, 38, 42, 47, 310

genetic, 40(n.2), 42, 47, 48–49, 50, 51–52, 233, 243

individual and social, 47–52

neurological, 37, 38–42, 52

preventive interventions, 219–221, 228, 233

subpopulations at highest risk, 7–8, 19, 220–221, 228, 233

Risk perception, 50, 62, 78, 79, 82

addicts, 142

educational interventions, 208, 223

gateway hypothesis, 218

sanctions and, 191

drug dealers, 142–143, 151, 152, 155, 163–164, 165–166, 171

S

Sampling, 80, 87–93, 301, 303

adolescents, 95–100, 302, 321–344

Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program, 7, 88, 89, 90, 104–105, 111, 309

clinical trials, 249, 250, 251, 252

Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN), 7, 88, 89, 90

event surveys, 7, 24, 80, 85, 88–89, 304

Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS), 55–56, 93, 243(n.1), 249, 250, 304– 305, 312

inaccurate responses/nonresponse, 8, 30, 82, 93–100, 298, 302, 321–348, 377

adolescents, 8, 30, 82, 93–100, 321– 326, 329–344

alcohol use, 94(n.9), 100

cocaine use, 94, 99

drug testing and, 100

employees, 98–99

marijuana use, 94, 99, 100

Monitoring the Future, 8, 30, 93–100, 321–326, 329–330, 332–335, 338–344

National Household Survey of Drug Abuse, 93–100, 321–330, 332, 335– 340, 344

tobacco use, 94(n.10), 100

incarcerated persons/parolees, 298, 299, 367, 368

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10021.
×

labor supply, 167

National Household Survey of Drug Abuse, 7, 80, 87–88, 90, 111, 308

population probability, 7, 80, 87–88

preventive intervention evaluations, 214

price of drugs, 110, 111, 112, 113, 153(n.7), 284–288

probationers, 299

treatment evaluations, 249, 250, 251, 252, 261, 305–306

Sanctions, 25, 33, 38, 137, 140, 187–207

see also Deterrence;

Incarceration;

Sentences, incarceration

adolescents, 189–190

cost and cost-effectiveness, 5, 33, 188, 194, 195, 188, 194

driver’s licenses, loss of, 33, 195, 197

employees using drugs, 19, 33, 187, 189, 197–201

housing,

dug dealer eviction, 170, 174

public housing, loss of, 33, 196, 197

initiation of drug use and, 190, 191, 195, 197

noncriminal, 19, 33, 137, 187–188, 189, 195–203

price and, 44–45

risk perception, 191

drug dealers, 142–143, 151, 152, 155, 163–164, 165–166, 171

social factors, general, 38, 187–188, 190– 191, 193–197

voting rights, loss of, 197

welfare benefits, loss of, 33, 196, 197

San Diego, California, 290, 291

Satellite accounts, 31, 117–119

School-based data and approaches, 302

alcohol abuse, 201

dropouts, 7–8, 87, 94(n.10)

family preventive interventions, 209

organization of data collection, 125

prevention programs, 8, 19, 137, 209, 211–213, 219–221, 224–225, 228– 229, 230, 232, 233, 234

drug testing, 33, 202–203

sanctions, 201–203, 232

surveys, 79, 83–84, 97–98, 329;

see also Monitoring the Future

tobacco use, 201

zero tolerance policies, 201–202, 212

School Development Program, 228, 229

Seattle Social Development Project, 212

Sensitization model, 39

Sentences, incarceration, 92, 138, 170, 189, 259, 297–298

see also Probation and parole

length, 177, 180, 189, 259, 296, 299, 370, 375

Services Research Outcome Study, 305–306, 313

Simulation of Adaptive Response model, 156

SMART program, 174

Smoking, see Marijuana;

Tobacco use

Social factors, 1, 17, 23, 33, 140–141, 172, 226–227

see also Community factors;

Family factors;

Peer influences;

Pubic opinion

addiction, 49, 52, 59

dose-response relationship, 59

life-skills training, 210, 224, 226–227, 230

retail drug market, 162–165, 175, 274

risk factors, general, 37, 47–52, 53, 56, 59, 62, 218, 334–335, 363

sanctions, 38, 187–188, 190–191, 193–197

stigmatization, 8, 191, 197, 255, 322, 339– 346

Socioeconomic status, 113, 152, 309, 316, 363, 377

see also Educational attainment

employment opportunities for users/ dealers, 19, 161–162, 167–169

homeless persons, 7–8, 87, 111

Special Action Office for Drug Abuse Prevention, 261, 271–272

Standards

see also Ethical issues

clinical trials, 25, 258

ethical standards, 9–10, 246, 252–253, 258, 263–264

dose-response analysis, 57

organizational structure of data collection, 125–129, 131, 134, 278

Performance Measures of Effectiveness, 53, 275

price data, 107, 116–117

research general, 25

treatment, 241, 245;

see also “clinical trials” supra

State Court Processing Statistics, 299

State government, 188–189, 215–216, 271

anti-drug legislation, 17

employee drug testing, 198–199

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10021.
×

enforcement data, 178, 274

notifiable disease laws, 103, 105

survey data linkage, 91, 92, 93

State-level factors, other

adolescents, 302

arrest rates, 170

court data, 299

drug treatment admissions data, 304, 305

epidemic data, 103, 105

incarcerated persons, 92, 297, 298, 300, 301, 312, 314, 315, 317

Census of State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 312

Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 300

Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities, 92, 298, 317

marijuana decriminalization and use, 192, 193

national satellite accounts, 118

Statistical analyses

effect sizes,

preventive interventions, 215–216, 224–225, 230, 233–234

treatment, 243, 250–256

federal agency programs, general, 2, 6, 10–11, 24, 27, 29, 30

see also Organizational structure of data collection

preventive intervention evaluations, 214–215, 219, 230

price factors, 43–44, 112–117

satellite accounts, 31, 117–119

Stayin’ Out, 355, 357

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration (SAMSHA), 30, 31, 76(n.1), 78, 89, 304

see also Drug Abuse Warning Network;

National Household Survey of Drug Abuse

database linkage, 91, 93

Drug and Alcohol Services Information System, 91, 93, 304

organization of data collection, 124, 134, 274

Services Research Outcome Study, 305– 306, 313

survey response problems, 100

Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS), 55– 56, 93, 243(n.1), 249, 250, 304–305, 312

Uniform Facility Data Set, 93, 243, 304, 305, 311

Suicide, 85, 303

Supply-reduction interventions, 4, 18–19, 25, 32, 138, 139–186, 319

see also Crop eradication;

Crop substitution;

Enforcement;

Price factors

defined, 187

deterrent effects, 5

economics of, general, 142–143, 152

impulse-response analysis, 5, 144–156

price of drugs, 4, 32, 139, 143, 145–156, 160, 162, 164–167, 169

systems research, 5, 156–160

Surveillance systems, 30, 90, 100–105, 279

see also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

defined, 101

Survey of Inmates in Federal Correctional Facilities, 92, 298

Survey of Inmates in Local Jails, 92, 298– 299, 316

Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 300

Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities, 92, 298, 317

Surveys, 77–119, 296–318

see also National surveys;

Sampling addiction, 81, 82–83, 85

confidentiality and privacy, 8, 29, 63, 82, 100, 103–104, 169, 278

consumption data, 45, 55–56, 78, 86–87

frequency of use, 78, 79, 81, 82

inaccurate responses/nonresponse, 8, 30, 82, 93–100, 298, 302, 321–348, 377

adolescents, 8, 30, 82, 93–100, 321– 326, 329–344

alcohol use, 94(n.9), 100

cocaine use, 94, 99

drug testing and, 100

employees, 98–99

marijuana use, 94, 99, 100

Monitoring the Future, 8, 30, 93–100, 321–326, 329–330, 332–335, 338–344

National Household Survey of Drug Abuse, 93–100, 321–330, 332, 335– 340, 344

tobacco, 94(n.10), 100

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10021.
×

initiation of drug use, 82, 86, 303

linkage of, xiii, 86, 88, 89–93

organizational structure of data collection, 128

racial/ethnic disparities, 179–181

school-based sanctions, 201–202

System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence (STRIDE), 24, 106, 108– 114, 117, 147, 153, 161, 164, 283– 295, 315

Systems research, 4, 5, 7, 77, 156–160, 351

T

Taxation, 153(n.6)

TEDS, see Treatment Episodes Data Set

Testing, see Drug-testing programs

Time factors

see also Historical perspectives

adaptive response to enforcement, 5

arrestees, 84, 299

buying drugs, time costs, 153(n.7)

duration of drug use, 217–218, 318, 370

impulse-response analysis, 144

incarceration, follow-up, 361–362, 369

incarceration, sentence length, 177, 180, 189, 259, 296, 299, 375

organization of data collection, 125

preventive interventions, 217–218, 228, 229–230, 231, 232, 234

price of drugs, 114–116, 117, 145, 146, 147, 284

recidivism, 356–358

surveillance, 100, 101

surveys, 85, 131, 308–317, 325, 338–341

Tobacco use, 8, 23

consumption data, 78, 79

illicit drug use and, 9, 23, 34, 217, 218, 221, 233, 234

neurological factors, 39, 41

price factors, 45(n.7), 142

school-based sanctions, 201

survey response problems, 94(n.10), 100

TOPS, see Treatment Outcome Prospective Study

Transportation of drugs, 3, 152, 176

research recommendations, 5, 32, 157

systems research, 5, 157

Treating Drug Problems, 22

Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime, 261, 349, 351, 368, 369–372, 373

Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS), 55–56, 93, 243(n.1), 249, 250, 304–305, 312

Treatment Improvement Protocols, 241

Treatment Outcome Prospective Study (TOPS), 249, 261, 369

Treatment programs, xi, 6, 63, 137, 160, 241–270, 304–306, 311–314

see also Clinical trials;

Emergency room treatment;

Hospitalization;

Residential treatment centers

alcohol abuse, 91, 93, 241, 300, 304, 305, 311, 376

arrestees, 261, 359

attitudes of participants, 9, 254, 255

voluntary, 242, 250, 252, 254, 256, 259, 261, 272, 302, 349, 355–362 (passim), 372, 374, 376

case management, 209–211

coercive, 9, 19, 20, 241, 242, 250, 252, 254, 259, 261–262, 263, 368, 349– 378

cognitive and behavioral interventions, 242, 243, 247, 248, 254

committee recommendations, 7, 9–10, 35, 249, 263

community-based, 248, 357–372

Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime, 261, 349, 351, 368, 369– 372 , 373

see also Probation and parole

complementarities, 9–10, 15, 18, 20

counseling, 247–248, 254, 263, 300, 363, 376

cost and cost effectiveness, 9, 20, 153, 241, 242, 243, 244, 250, 252, 253, 255, 261, 276, 364, 365

effect sizes, 243, 250–256

health insurance, 257–258

criminal justice system, general, 9–10, 15, 18, 20, 261–262, 349–378

database linkage, 92–93

Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Survey (DATOS), 55–56, 249

Drug and Alcohol Services Information System, 91, 93, 304

drug testing and, 248–249, 263, 297, 300, 359, 361, 362, 366

educational attainment of participants, 304

family involvement, 242, 248, 370, 373

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10021.
×

funding, 35, 93, 152, 153, 249, 276

gender factors, 356, 370

heroin users, 242–243, 254, 305

methadone maintenance, 242–243, 247, 253–254

historical perspectives, 11, 17–18, 19, 241, 245, 249, 260, 261, 274

incarcerated persons, 10, 20, 92, 241, 242, 250, 258, 259–260, 263, 297, 298, 300, 301, 313, 316, 349–381

marijuana users, 253

methadone, 349

cocaine user treatment, 248–249

heroin user treatment, 242–243, 247, 253–254

multimodal, 19

National Institute on Drug Abuse, evaluations, 241, 261, 264, 305

neuroscience and, 39

Office of National Drug Control Policy, 241, 305–306

opiate users, general, 242, 243(n.1), 246, 247, 254, 304

organization of data collection, 125

probationers, 242, 256, 259, 260–261, 262–263, 299, 349, 350–351, 353, 354–358, 361, 362, 364–373, 374– 376, 378

racial/ethnic factors, admissions data, 304

Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS), 55– 56, 93, 243(n.1), 249, 250, 304–305

Uniform Facility Data Set, 93, 243, 304, 305

U

Under the Influence? Drugs and the American Work Force, 22

Uniform Crime Reports, 301, 341

Uniform Facility Data Set, 93, 243, 304, 305, 311

Urban areas

see also specific cities

drug dealers, police agreements with, 169–170

drug dealers’ employment opportunities, 167–169

enforcement, 90, 169–179

price of drugs, 44, 45, 106, 108–109, 113– 116, 164–166

System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence (STRIDE), 24, 106, 108–114, 117, 147, 153, 161, 164, 283–295, 315

retail drug market, social organization, 162–165

retail drug market fragmentation, 164, 165, 166

surveys, 90, 103;

see also Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program

Urine testing, see Drug-testing programs

V

Vaccines

analogs for drugs, 233

clinical trials, 245–246

Violence, 1, 63–64, 170, 172, 178

see also Crime associated with drug use

child abuse and neglect, 196

database linkages, 91

dealers, police agreements with, 169–170

domestic, 56, 59, 196

inmate surveys, 92, 298, 300

Voting rights, loss of, 197

W

Washington, D.C., see District of Columbia

Welfare benefits, loss of, 33, 196, 197

White House Special Action Office for Drug Abuse Prevention, 261, 271–272

World Wide Web, see Internet

Worldwide Survey of Health Related Behaviors, 200, 308

Y

Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 302, 310, 318

Z

Zero tolerance policies, 8, 188, 199, 200, 233

see also Drug-testing programs

school-based sanctions, 201–202, 212

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10021.
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How should the war on drugs be fought? Everyone seems to agree that the United States ought to use a combination of several different approaches to combat the destructive effects of illegal drug use. Yet there is a remarkable paucity of data and research information that policy makers require if they are to create a useful, realistic policy package-details about drug use, drug market economics, and perhaps most importantly the impact of drug enforcement activities.

Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs recommends ways to close these gaps in our understanding-by obtaining the necessary data on drug prices and consumption (quantity in addition to frequency); upgrading federal management of drug statistics; and improving our evaluation of prevention, interdiction, enforcement, and treatment efforts.

The committee reviews what we do and do not know about illegal drugs and how data are assembled and used by federal agencies. The book explores the data and research information needed to support strong drug policy analysis, describes the best methods to use, explains how to avoid misleading conclusions, and outlines strategies for increasing access to data. Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs also discusses how researchers can incorporate randomization into studies of drug treatment and how state and local agencies can compare alternative approaches to drug enforcement.

Charting a course toward a better-informed illegal drugs policy, this book will be important to federal and state policy makers, regulators, researchers, program administrators, enforcement officials, journalists, and advocates concerned about illegal drug use.

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