Index
A
ADAM, see Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring program
Adaptive response to enforcement, 5, 157– 158, 159, 172–174
Addiction, 23, 25, 37, 141–142, 223
see also Frequency of drug use;
Treatment programs
neuroscience, 37, 38–42, 51, 243–244, 274
dose-response relationships, 41, 57– 60, 62, 230
Addiction Severity Index, 247, 248, 262
Adolescents, 47, 51, 197, 200, 302–303
see also Monitoring the Future;
School-based data and approaches
cocaine use, 199–200, 303, 318
consumption data, 79, 80, 192, 308
crime associated with drug abuse, 47, 190
employment, 309
family preventive interventions, 209–210
historical perspectives, 189–190, 302, 329, 330–332, 334–344
Juvenile Court Statistics, 316
marijuana use, 192, 199–200, 303, 318
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 98, 169, 309, 337
National Youth Survey, 309
peer influences, 38, 42, 50, 51, 52, 187, 194, 220, 223–224, 226, 227, 230, 231, 309
preventive interventions, 138, 209–210, 217, 220, 223–224, 226, 227, 230, 231
school-based, 8, 19, 137, 209, 211– 213, 219–221, 224–225, 228–229, 230, 232, 233, 234
drug testing, 33, 202–203, 233
survey response problems, 8, 30, 82, 93– 100, 321–344
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 302, 310, 318
African Americans, 179–181, 197, 304
AIDS, 55, 59, 103–104, 105, 298, 303, 376
Alcohol abuse, 8, 23, 308, 316
adolescent arrestees, 190
crime associated with, 64, 301
Drug and Alcohol Services Information System, 91, 93, 304
genetic factors, 49
police crackdowns, 172–173
price factors, 142
prison inmate surveys, 92, 298, 299, 300
school-based sanctions, 201
social factors, 49
supply-reduction policy, 141(n.1), 142
survey response problems, 94(n.9), 100
treatment, 91, 93, 241, 300, 304, 305, 311, 376
Uniform Facility Dataset, 93, 304
Alcohol and Crime, 301
American Hospital Association, see Drug Abuse Warning Network
American Management Association, 198
Americans with Disabilities Act, 198
Amity program, 357
Amphetamines, 39, 100, 102, 142, 242, 303, 304
Annual Survey of Jails, 298
Anti-Drug Abuse Act, 195–196
Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program, 7–8, 24, 77, 80–81, 84–85, 101, 276, 309, 336, 338
linkage with other databases, 7, 89, 91– 92
price data, 111
sampling, 7, 88, 89, 90, 104–105, 111, 309
Arrests, 7–8, 24, 77, 80–81, 84–85, 88, 89, 141, 161, 171, 173, 174, 189, 194, 317
see also Incarceration; Probation and parole
attitude of dealers toward, 142–143, 151, 152, 155, 163–164, 165–166, 171
drug dealers, police agreements with, 169–170
historical perspectives, 3, 19
inaccurate responses to surveys, 98–99
international interdictions, 19
racial/ethnic disparities, 51, 52, 162–164, 177, 179–180
replacement of arrested dealers, 145, 171, 172, 174–177
social organization of retail drug market, 165
supply-reduction policy, 139
treatment of arrestees, 261, 359
Uniform Crime Reports, 301, 341
Assessment of Two Cost-Effectiveness Studies of Cocaine Control Policy, 16
Athletes, drug testing, 202–203
see also Public opinion;
Risk perception
drug dealers, 142–143, 151, 152, 155, 163–164, 165–166, 171
sanctions, negative reactions to, 191
stigmatization, 8, 191, 197, 255, 322, 339– 346
treatment program participants, 9, 254, 255
voluntary, 242, 250, 252, 254, 256, 259, 261, 272, 302, 349, 355–362 (passim), 372, 374, 376
B
Baltimore, Maryland, 167–168
Behavioral effects of drug use, 40, 51, 55, 56, 63
see also Crime associated with drug use
Behavioral interventions, see Cognitive and behavioral interventions
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 91
Boston, Massachusetts, 285, 286, 287, 290, 291, 292
Bureau of Census, 28
Current Population Survey, 169
incarcerated persons, 297
Bureau of Economic Analysis, 129
Bureau of Justice Statistics, 6, 24, 29, 30, 31, 32, 36, 76(n.1), 92, 297–298, 299– 301, 312, 315
organization of data collection, 124, 133
Survey of Inmates in Federal Correctional Facilities, 92, 298
Survey of Inmates in Local Jails, 92, 298– 299, 316
Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 300
Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities, 92, 298, 317
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 6, 30, 128, 129, 278
drug testing, 201
C
Caffeine, 41
Case management, 209–211
CDC, see Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Census Bureau, see Bureau of Census
Census Match Study, 96(n.13), 327
Census of State and Federal Prisons, 298
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 91
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 30, 31, 76(n.1), 91, 103–104, 105, 278, 302–303
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 302, 310, 318
CEWG, see Community Epidemiology Work Group
Chicago, Illinois, 109, 113, 229, 286–287
Child abuse and neglect, 196
Child Development Project, 228
Cigarettes, see Tobacco use
Cities, see Urban areas; specific cities
Clinical trials, 9–10, 25, 35, 138, 242, 244– 263, 264, 367–372
Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Survey (DATOS), 55–56, 249
Cocaine, 17, 23, 52, 102, 193, 201, 221, 222, 242
adolescents, use by, 199–200, 303, 318
attitudes toward, 146
behavioral factors, 51
consumption data, 43, 46, 60–61, 78, 147, 152, 222, 285–288
crop eradication, 19, 156, 158
crop substitution, 19, 141, 156
frequency of use, 46, 61–62, 146, 192, 201
geographic substitution, 158–160
historical perspectives, 61, 147, 285–288
maternal use, 264
national satellite accounts, 118
neurological effects, 39, 40, 41
organization of data collection, 125
precursors to use, 9, 23, 34, 39
prevalence of use, 60–61, 180, 199–200, 318
previous committee studies, 2, 16, 22, 319–320
price factors, 43, 46, 106, 108–109, 110, 112–113, 114, 116, 117, 142, 160, 161, 164–165, 283–295, 320
impulse response analysis, 146, 147, 149–151, 153(n.6), 154, 155
System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence (STRIDE), 24, 106, 108–114, 117, 147, 153, 161, 164, 283–295, 315
racial/ethnic arrest disparities, 180
replacement of incarcerated dealers, 176–177
social factors, 51, 52, 162–164
survey response problems, 94, 99
systems research, 156, 158–160
treatment, clinical trials, 247–249, 253
methadone, 248–249
Cognitive and behavioral interventions prevention, 210, 218, 220, 224, 225, 226, 232, 234
treatment, 242, 243, 247, 248, 254
interdiction and price of drugs, 147, 155
national satellite accounts, 119
Comer’s School Development Process, 211
Community Epidemiology Work Group, 89, 90, 102, 105, 309
Community factors, 64, 96(n.13), 178, 194
see also Probation and parole
enforcement disparities, 179–180
police agreements with drug dealers, 169–170
preventive interventions, 19, 137, 209, 211, 229, 232
school-based, 8, 19, 137, 209, 211– 213, 219–221, 224–225, 228–229, 230, 232, 233, 234
retail drug market, 166
social organization, 162–165, 175, 274
risk factors, 38, 47, 49, 51, 99, 167, 168, 169, 194
Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime, 261, 349, 351, 368, 369– 372, 373
Complementarities, 20–21
gateway hypothesis, 9, 23, 208, 217, 218
national satellite accounts, 118
treatment and enforcement, 9–10, 15, 18, 20
Confidentiality and privacy, 8, 29, 63, 82, 100, 103–104, 169, 278
drug testing, 198
Consumption data, 3, 6, 7, 15, 24, 29, 31, 53– 57, 60–61, 78, 152, 162, 276
see also Frequency of use
cocaine, 43, 46, 60–61, 78, 147, 152, 222, 285–288
dose-response relationship, 58–59
incarceration of drug dealers and, 170, 176
organization structure of data collection, 124, 125, 129
price of drugs and, 3–4, 42–47, 86–87, 105–106, 111, 146, 160, 167
Controlled Substances Act, 17, 271
Controlling Cocaine: Supply Versus Demand Programs, 319
Coroners, see Medical examiners and coroners
Correctional institutions, see Incarceration
Cost and cost-benefit factors, 105, 153(n.7), 271, 310, 319–320, 350
see also Effect sizes; Price factors
agency coordination, 131
complementarities, 20
dose-response relationship, 59
drug control expenditures, 1, 3, 271, 272
drug courts, 375
drug dealers’ viewpoint, 142–143, 152, 165–166, 176
drug testing, 200
enforcement, 1, 3, 20, 171, 172, 188, 194, 244, 271, 274, 276, 364
impulse-response analysis, 145
national satellite accounts, 118
organization structure of data collection, 124
preventive interventions, 208, 221, 276
effect sizes, 215–216, 224–225, 230, 233–234
probation, 365
research, general, 6, 7, 16, 26–27
sanctions for drug use, 5, 33, 188, 194, 195
treatment programs, 9, 20, 153, 241, 242, 243, 244, 250, 252, 253, 255, 261, 276, 364, 365
health insurance, 257–258
Counseling
preventive interventions, 209–211, 220, 224, 225, 230, 232
treatment of abusers, 247–248, 254, 263, 300, 363, 376
Covington, Jeanette, 349–381
Crime associated with drug use, 1, 42–43, 49–50, 54, 59, 60, 63–64, 148, 178, 300, 316, 356
drug dealer’s perspective, 143, 165–166, 170
drug dealers, police agreements with, 169–170
national satellite accounts, 117
Criminal justice system, 1, 26, 53, 78, 143, 315–317
see also Arrests;
Incarceration;
Police;
Probation and parole;
Sentences, incarceration
adolescents in, 47, 84, 189–190, 317
database linkages, 91
drug courts, 261–262, 349, 351, 354–355, 368, 372–377
drug use effects vs effects of illegality of use, 63–64
funded data sources, 55, 296–302
historical processing facts, 3, 17–18
recidivism, 261, 262, 301, 356–358, 359, 361, 365–367, 372, 375, 377
treatment programs and, 9–10, 15, 18, 20, 261–262, 349–378
expenditures on research, 6, 27
systems research, 5, 156, 157, 159
Crop substitution, 19, 141, 156
Current Population Survey, 169
D
D.A.R.E., 9, 210, 224, 225, 234
Database access, 8, 31, 82, 83–84
confidentiality, 8, 29, 63, 82, 100, 103– 104, 169, 278
drug testing, 198
organizational structure of data collection, 129, 278
Database linkage, xiii, 7, 86, 88, 89–93
DATOS, see Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Survey
DAWN, see Drug Abuse Warning Network
Demand, see Consumption data
Demand-reduction interventions, 5, 12, 15, 19–20, 25, 319
see also Deterrence;
Preventive
interventions;
Sanctions;
Treatment
defined, 187
Demographic factors, 53, 78, 87–88, 309
see also Educational attainment;
Gender factors;
Geographic factors;
Race/ethnicity;
Socioeconomic
status;
Urban areas
marital status, 364
military personnel, 19, 199–200, 308
Department of Defense
Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA), 16, 76(n.1), 145, 148–149, 319, 320
military personnel, 19, 199–200, 308
Department of Education, 211
National Center for Education Statistics, 83–84, 124, 133
Office of Educational Research and Improvement, 203
Department of Health and Human Services, 94(n.9), 131, 132–133
see also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;
National Institute on Drug Abuse;
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration
Food and Drug Administration, 256
National Center for Health Statistics, 133, 134, 308
Services Research Outcome Study, 305– 306, 313
Department of Housing and Urban Development, 132, 196
Department of Justice, 132, 261, 278
see also Bureau of Justice Statistics;
Office of National Drug Control Policy
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 274, 316, 317
see also Bureau of Labor Statistics
Deterrence, 5, 161, 188, 190, 191–194
see also Drug-testing programs;
Incarceration;
Price factors;
Sanctions
adaptive behavior and, 5, 157–158, 159, 172–174
noncriminal sanctions, 19, 187–188
systems research, 5, 157, 158, 159
Detroit, Michigan, 286, 287, 291, 292
The Development of Medications for the Treatment of Opiate and Cocaine Addictions, 22
Diseases and disorders, 53–54, 55, 59, 62, 63, 243, 310–311
see also Addiction;
Mortality;
Treatment programs
AIDS, 55, 59, 103–104, 105, 298, 303, 376
CDC surveillance, general, 105
marijuana, medical uses, 22
tuberculosis, prisoners, 298
Dispelling the Myths About Addiction, 22, 38
District of Columbia, 328
arrest rates, 189
drug dealers’ employment opportunities, 167–168
price data, 106, 108, 110, 113, 164, 165
System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence (STRIDE), 24, 106, 108–114, 117, 147, 153, 161, 164, 283–295, 315
Dopamine, 39
Dose-response relationships, 41, 57–60, 62, 230
see also Addiction
Driver’s licenses, loss of, 33, 195, 197
Drug abuse monitoring programs, see Monitoring systems
Drug Abuse Reporting Program, 249
Drug Abuse Resistance Education, see D.A.R.E.
Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Survey (DATOS), 55–56, 249
Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN), 7–8, 24, 77–78, 80–81, 85–86, 311
Drug and Alcohol Services Information System, 91, 93, 304
Drug Control, Research Data and Evaluation Advisory Committee, 131–132
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 313
organization structure of data collection, 124, 134
System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence (STRIDE), 24, 106, 108–114, 117, 147, 153, 161, 164, 283–295, 315
Drug-Free Schools and Communities, 211
Drug Services Research Survey, 305–306
Drug-testing programs, 19, 27, 33, 80, 202– 203
confidentiality of results, 198
employee, 19, 27, 33, 197–199, 200–201
home kits, 233
military personnel, 19, 199–200
parolees/probationers, 297, 300, 359, 361, 362, 366, 373
survey response problems, 100
treatment programs and, 248–249, 263, 297, 300, 359, 361, 362, 366
Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) program, 84, 85, 89, 90, 101, 104–105, 336, 338
see also Arrestee Drug Abuse Warning Program
Drug Use in America: Problem in Perspective, 272
E
Economic Costs of Alcohol and Drug Abuse in the United States, 310
Economic factors, 31, 37–38, 310
see also Cost and cost-benefit factors;
Crime associated with drug use;
Employment;
Funding;
Price factors;
Retail drug markets
globalization, 152
health insurance, 257–258
impulse-response analysis, 144–146
national satellite accounts, 31, 117–119
organizational structure of data collection, 129–130, 134
replacement of incarcerated drug dealers, 174–175
supply-reduction policy, 142–143, 152
taxation, 153(n.6)
Educational attainment
drug treatment admissions, 304
school-based program participants, 211– 212
Educational interventions. 19, 25, 34, 208, 213–214, 223–224, 226, 232, 279
see also School-based data and approaches
employment training, 19, 161–162, 167–169
mass media, 152–153, 209, 226, 230, 232
Effect sizes
preventive interventions, 215–216, 224– 225, 230, 233–234
Emergency room treatment, 7, 24, 77–78, 80–81, 85–86, 88, 89
see also Drug Abuse Warning Network
An Empirical Examination of Counterdrug Interdiction Program Effectiveness, 319
Employment
see also Bureau of Labor Statistics;
Department of Labor
adolescents, 309
drug testing, 19, 27, 33, 197–199, 200–201
opportunities for users/dealers, 19, 161– 162, 167–169
parolees/probationers, 351, 359, 363, 364
sanctions for employees using drugs, 19, 33, 187, 189, 197–201
surveys, inaccurate responses, 98–99
Enforcement, xi, 3, 6, 7, 15, 26, 33, 54, 137– 138, 141, 188–195, 274–275, 301, 315–317
see also Arrests;
Criminal justice system;
Demand-reduction interventions;
Drug Enforcement Administration;
Incarceration;
Police;
Probation and parole;
Sentences, incarceration;
Supply reduction interventions;
Zero tolerance policies
adaptive response to, 5, 157–158, 159, 172–174
complementarities, 9–10, 15, 18, 20
cost and cost-effectiveness, 1, 3, 20, 171, 172, 188, 194, 244, 271, 274, 276, 364
database linkages, 91
historical perspectives, 3, 17–19, 26, 147, 151, 153
impulse-response analysis, 144–156
international interdiction, 15, 25, 32, 137
historical perspectives, 147, 151, 153
impulse-response analysis, 144–145, 147, 149
Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA), 16, 76(n.1), 145, 148–149, 319, 320
price of drugs, 105–106, 145, 147, 149, 151, 155, 156
systems research, 157
organization of data collection, 10, 26, 134, 276–277
public opinion of, 139–140
retail markets and, 169–179
drug dealers’ risk perception, 142– 143, 151, 152, 155, 163–164
price of drugs and, 4, 105–106, 107– 112, 145–156, 160, 166, 170, 171, 178
replacement of incarcerated dealers, 145, 171, 172, 174–177
systems research, 156–160
treatment programs, general, 9–10, 15, 18, 20–21, 244
Epidemics, 1, 21, 52, 62, 77, 89, 101–105, 229, 273
Ethical issues
addiction research, 40(n.3)
clinical trials, 9–10, 246, 252–253, 258, 263–264
confidentiality and privacy, 8, 29, 63, 82, 100, 103–104, 169, 198, 278
fairness, 148, 178–181, 259, 356–357, 366– 367
Expertise, xiii, 6–7, 8, 83, 112, 127, 128, 129, 130, 133, 134, 140, 192, 241, 253, 263, 277
F
Family factors, 38, 42, 47, 50–51, 53, 56, 187, 194, 309, 310
alcoholism, 49
child abuse and neglect, 196
drug-testing, home kits, 233
maternal drug abuse, 310
domestic violence, 56, 59, 196
genetic, 40(n.2), 42, 47, 48–49, 50, 51–52, 233, 243
preventive interventions, 209–210, 212, 229, 232, 233
welfare, loss of, 33, 196, 197
Federal Bureau of Investigation, 301, 341
Federal Justice Statistics Program, 299
Federal Reports Act, 130
Food and Drug Administration, 256
Food Stamps, 196
Foreign countries, see International perspectives
Frequency of drug use, 3, 42, 53
see also Addiction;
Deterrence;
Prevalence
cocaine, 46, 61–62, 146, 192, 201
price factors, 45, 46, 146, 160
research funding, 55
sanctions and, 192
Funding
agency coordination, 131
behavioral effects research, general, 55
caseload analysis research, 6, 27
crime associated with drug abuse,
criminal justice system, 55, 296–302
crop substitution, 19, 141, 156
data collection and research, general, 2, 6–7, 10, 15, 26–27, 36, 54, 55–56, 277, 278–279
drug control expenditures, general, 1, 3, 271, 272
economic data, organizational factors, 129–130
enforcement, 2, 3, 6, 26, 274, 276
interagency transfer of funds, 134
organization of data collection, 129–130, 131, 134, 276, 277, 278
preventive interventions, 9, 152–153, 276
treatment, 35, 93, 152, 153, 249, 276
G
Gateway hypothesis, 9, 23, 34, 208, 217, 218, 221, 233–234
Gender factors
maternal drug abuse, 310
preventive interventions, 220
welfare, loss of, 196
General Accounting Office, 84, 91, 244
Genetic factors, 40(n.2), 42, 47, 48–49, 50, 51–52, 233, 243
Geographic factors
see also Community factors;
International perspectives;
Local factors;
National surveys;
State government;
State-level factors, other;
Urban areas
distribution of drug use, 78, 81, 85, 88
price of drugs, 44, 45, 106, 147, 283–284
retail market fragmentation, 164, 165, 166, 171
social organization of retail drug markets, 162–165
Geographic substitution, 5, 32, 157, 158–160
national satellite accounts, 118
Good Behavior Game, 228
H
Hallucinogens, 41, 78, 271, 303
survey response problems, 94
Harrison Narcotics Act, 17, 271
Health factors, see Diseases and disorders;
Medical examiners and coroners;
Mortality
Health insurance, 257–258
see also Opiates, general
historical perspectives, 17, 19, 23, 271
inmate reports of previous use, 242
organization of data collection, 125
price factors, 43, 46, 106, 110, 142, 149, 150, 151, 154, 161
systems research, 158
treatment of users, 242–243, 254, 305
methadone maintenance, 242–243, 247, 253–254
universal prevention programs, 218–219
Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 308
Historical perspectives, 11, 17–20, 25, 192, 234, 271–273, 274, 278–279
adolescents, 189–190, 302, 329, 330–332, 334–344
cocaine consumption, 61, 147, 285–288
drug control expenditures, 1, 3, 271, 272
incarceration, 3, 17, 260, 297, 298
international interdiction, 147, 151, 153
price of drugs, trends, 106, 147, 149–154, 285–292
treatment, 11, 17–18, 19, 241, 245, 249, 260, 261, 274
Homeless persons, 7–8, 87, 111
see also Emergency room treatment
organization of data collection, 125
Housing
Department of Housing and Urban Development, 132, 196
drug dealer eviction, 170, 174
homeless persons, 7–8, 87, 111
public housing, loss of, 33, 196, 197
I
Impulse-response analysis, 4–5, 144–156
Incarceration, 7–8, 84, 138, 170, 171, 189, 274, 296–301
see also Arrests;
Sentences, incarceration
alcohol abuse, inmate surveys, 92, 298, 299, 300
clinical trials of inmates and former inmates, 10, 35, 242, 258, 259–260, 262, 351–360
database linkage, 91–92
drug testing, 297
educational attainment of inmates, 92, 298
historical perspectives, 3, 17, 260, 297, 298
prices of drugs and rates of, 155
racial/ethnic disparities, 180–181
replacement of incarcerated dealers, 145, 171, 172, 174–177
surveys, 24, 92, 296–301, 313, 315–317
Census of State and Federal Prisons, 298
Survey of Inmates in Federal Correctional Facilities, 92, 298
Survey of Inmates in Local Jails, 92, 298–299, 316
Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 300
Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities, 92, 298, 317
treatment programs, 10, 20, 92, 241, 242, 250, 258, 259–260, 263, 297, 298, 300, 301, 313, 316, 349–381
survey response problems, 94
Initiation of drug use, 3, 5, 8, 21, 38, 40, 46, 49, 52, 59, 62, 142, 303
preventive interventions, 217, 219–220, 222, 226, 233–234, 276
sanctions and, 190, 191, 195, 197
Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA), 16, 76(n.1), 145, 148–149, 319, 320
Institute for Social Research, 79
Insurance, see Health insurance
International perspectives
see also Department of Defense
complementarities, 20
crop eradication, 3, 5, 6, 19, 27, 137, 156, 157, 159
crop substitution, 19, 141, 156
globalization, 152
crop eradication, 3, 5, 6, 19, 27, 137, 156, 157, 159
historical perspectives, 147, 151, 153
impulse-response analysis, 144–145, 147, 149
Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA), 16, 76(n.1), 145, 148–149, 319, 320
price of drugs, 105–106, 145, 147, 149, 151, 155, 156
systems research, 157
national satellite accounts, 118, 119
sources of drugs, by country, 313
transportation of drugs, 3, 5, 32, 152, 157, 176
Internet
epidemiologic data, 102–103
inmate reports of previous drug use, 242
National Youth Anti-Drug Campaign, 226
treatment protocols, 241
Inter-university consortium for Political and Social Research, 82
J
Jail, see Incarceration
Juvenile Court Statistics, 316
Juveniles Taken Into Custody, 317
K
Key-Crest program, 357, 358–359
L
Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics, 315
Americans with Disabilities Act, 198
Anti-Drug Abuse Act, 195–196
committee recommendations, 31
Controlled Substances Act, 17, 271
employee drug testing, 198–199
Federal Reports Act, 130
Harrison Narcotics Act, 17, 271
Paperwork Reduction Act, 130–131
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, 196
Local factors
see also Community factors;
Schol-based data and approaches;
Urban areas
arrest rates, 170
complementarities, 20–21
enforcement data, 178, 274, 316
prison inmates, 92
risk factors, 38, 47, 49, 51, 99, 167, 168, 169, 194
survey data linkage, 91
Survey of Inmates in Local Jails, 92, 298– 299, 316
M
Marijuana, 8, 17, 192–194, 201, 271
adolescents, use by, 199
frequency of drug use, 8, 192–193, 201
hard drug use and, 9, 23, 217, 218, 221, 234
legalization/decriminalization, 23, 192– 193
medical uses, 22
organization of data collection, 125
prevention programs, 217, 218–219, 221, 233–234
survey response problems, 94, 99, 100
treatment of users, 253
Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base, 22
Marital status, 364
Mass media, 152–153, 209, 226, 230, 232
Medical examiners and coroners, 78, 80, 81, 86, 125
Meta-analytic studies, 35, 213, 216, 219, 223, 254, 255, 264, 265
Methadone, 349
cocaine user treatment, 248–249
heroin user treatment, 242–243, 247, 253– 254
Methodology, see Research methodology
Metropolitan areas, see Urban areas; specific cities
Miami, Florida, 108–109, 285, 286, 287
Military personnel, 19, 199–200, 308
Minority groups, see Race/ethnicity
Monitoring systems, 2, 7–8, 29–31, 77–135, 273, 275–276
see also Consumption data;
National surveys;
Purity and potency of drugs;
Surveillance systems;
Surveys
committee methodology, 24, 27–28
price factors, 7, 30, 31, 75, 77, 276;
see also Drug Enforcement Administration
Monitoring the Future (MTF), 7–8, 29, 30, 45, 54, 55, 62, 77, 80–84, 101, 278, 303, 308, 318
epidemics, 102
response problems, 8, 30, 93–100, 321– 326, 329–330, 332–335, 338–344
sampling, other, 7, 80, 87–88, 308
Morbidity and Morality Weekly Reports, 103
Mortality, 1, 59, 90, 103, 306, 310
see also Drug Abuse Warning Network
medical examiners and coroners, 78, 80, 81, 86, 125
MTF, see Monitoring the Future
N
National Center for Education Statistics, 83–84, 124, 133
National Center for Health Statistics, 133, 134, 308
National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, 192, 272, 274, 278
National Corrections Reporting Program, 315
National Crime Victim Survey, 301
National Development and Research Institutes, 162–163
National Drug Accounts (proposed), 31, 117–119
National Drug Addiction Treatment Clinical Trials Network, 264
National Drug and Alcohol Treatment Unit Survey, 249
National Drug Control Strategy, 24, 53, 76(n.1), 272–273, 274, 275
employment sanctions, 197–198
National Drug Intelligence Center, 91
National Health Interview Survey, 133
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 301
National Household Survey of Drug Abuse (NHSDA), 7–8, 24, 30, 54, 55–56, 77, 78–79, 80–81, 86(n.3), 101, 169, 308
drug testing, 200–201
linkage with other databases, 90, 91–92
marijuana decriminalization and use, 192–193
price of drugs, 111
racial/ethnic disparities, 179–180
response problems, 93–100, 321–330, 332, 335–340, 344
sampling, 7, 80, 87–88, 90, 111, 308
National Incident Based Reporting System, 301
National Income and Product Accounts, 119
National Institute of Justice (NIJ), 5, 6, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 76(n.1), 124, 134, 195, 197, 274, 277, 278
see also Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program
National Institute of Mental Health, 309
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 310
National Institute on Drug Abuse, 5, 6, 309, 310
see also Monitoring the Future
committee recommendations, 8, 25, 30, 31, 33, 35
database access, 83–84
epidemic surveillance, 102
organization structure of data collection, 6, 124, 134, 273–274, 277
sanctions, effectiveness, 195, 197
treatment evaluation, 241, 261, 264, 305
National Institutes of Health, 134, 241, 273
National Judicial Reporting Program, 299
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 98, 169, 309, 337
National Maternal and Infant Health Survey, 310
National Narcotics Intelligence Consumers Committee, 313
National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System, 102–103
National Prisoner Statistics program, 297– 298
National Science Foundation, 6–7, 29, 30, 31, 32, 36, 277, 278
National Survey of Adults on Probation, 299
National surveys, 24, 28, 55–56, 77–119, 133, 296–318
see also Arrestee Drug Abuse
Monitoring (ADAM) program;
Drug Abuse Warning Network;
Monitoring the Future;
National Household Survey of Drug Abuse
Census of State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 312
Current Population Survey, 169
Hispanic Health and Nutrition Survey
National Crime Victim Survey, 301
National Drug and Alcohol Treatment Unit Survey, 249
National Health Interview Survey, 133
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 98, 169, 309, 337
National Maternal and Infant Health Survey, 310
National Survey of Adults on Probation, 299
National Youth Survey, 309
Services Research Outcome Study, 305– 306, 313
Survey of Inmates in Federal Correctional Facilities, 92, 298
Survey of Inmates in Local Jails, 92, 298– 299, 316
Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 300
Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities, 92, 298, 317
System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence (STRIDE), 24, 106, 108–114, 117, 147, 153, 161, 164, 283–295, 315
Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS), 55– 56, 93, 243(n.1), 249, 250, 304–305, 312
National Youth Anti-Drug Campaign, 209, 226
National Youth Survey, 309
The Netherlands, 119
Neuroscience of addiction, 37, 38–42, 51, 243–244, 274
dose-response relationships, 41, 57–60, 62, 230
New York City, 108–109, 162–164, 167–168, 174, 287, 288(n.2), 291, 292
NHSDA, see National Household Survey of Drug Abuse
O
Oakland, California, 174
Office of Educational Research and Improvement, 203
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 274, 316, 317
Office of Management and Budget, 130–131
Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), 1, 5, 76(n.1), 274, 296, 319
committee recommendations, 8, 29, 30, 31, 32
database access, 83–84
historical perspectives, 18
mass media campaigns, 209, 226
National Drug Control Strategy, 53, 76(n.1), 197–198, 272–273, 274, 275
organization of data collection, 11, 124, 130, 131–132, 135
Performance Measures of Effectiveness, 53, 275
Pulse Check, 89, 90, 102, 104–105, 314
price of drugs, 149, 151, 154(n.10)
surveillance, 105
treatment evaluations, 241, 305–306
Opiates, general
see also Heroin
historical perspectives, 247, 271
incarceration for possession, 189
treatment of abusers, 242, 243(n.1), 246, 247, 254, 304
Organizational structure of drug markets, 162–165
Organizational structure of research, 4, 124–135, 273–274, 276–279
see also Database access;
Funding
agency coordination, 130–132
linkage of databases, xiii, 7, 86, 88, 89–93
clinical trials, 10
committee recommendations, 10–11, 27, 31, 32, 36, 178
enforcement, 10, 26, 134, 276–277
federal statistical agency programs, general, 2, 6, 10–11, 24, 27, 29
national satellite accounts, 31, 117–119
P
Paperwork Reduction Act, 130–131
Parental factors, see Family factors
Parole, see Probation and parole
Pathways of Addiction: Opportunities in Drug Abuse Research, 22, 38
Peer influences, 38, 42, 50, 51, 52, 187, 194, 309
preventive interventions, 220, 223–224, 226, 227, 230, 231
Peer review of research
committee study at hand, xii–xiv, 76(n.1)
organizational structure of data collection, 127
Pepper, John, 321–348
Performance Measures of Effectiveness, 53, 275
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, 196
Phoenix, Arizona, 109
Police, 1, 143, 164, 169–174, 314
see also Arrests
alcohol abuse, crackdowns, 172–173
dealers, agreements with, 169–170
funded research, 55
System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence (STRIDE), 24, 106, 108–114, 117, 147, 153, 161, 164, 283–295, 315
school-based programs, 212, 233
Prevalence data, 3, 7, 52–53, 229, 273, 276, 308–309
see also Deterrence;
Frequency of drug use
cocaine, 60–61, 180, 199–200, 318
cognitive and behavioral interventions, 210, 218, 220, 224, 225, 226, 232, 234
drug testing, 199–200
drug treatment admissions, 304
epidemics, 1, 21, 52, 62, 77, 89, 101–105, 229, 273
inmates, prior drug sue, 299, 300
life-skills training, 210, 224, 226
marijuana use, 192–193, 199–200, 318
organization structure of data collection, 124
probationers, past, 299
racial/ethnic disparities, 180
sanctions and, 192
survey response problems, 8, 30, 82, 93– 100, 298, 302, 321–348, 377
adolescents, 8, 30, 82, 93–100, 321– 326, 329–344
drug testing and, 100
employees, 98–99
Monitoring the Future, 8, 30, 93–100, 321–326, 329–330, 332–335, 338–344
National Household Survey of Drug Abuse, 93–100, 321–330, 332, 335– 340, 344
Preventing Drug Abuse: What Do We Know? 22
Preventive interventions, xi, 22, 25, 63, 160, 208–240
see also Drug-testing programs;
Educational interventions;
Initiation of drug use;
Sanctions
cognitive and behavioral interventions, 210, 218, 220, 224, 225, 226, 232, 234
combinations of programs, 9
committee recommendations, 7, 8–9, 25, 34, 227, 234
effect sizes, 215–216, 224–225, 230, 233–234
counseling, 209–211, 220, 224, 225, 230, 232
family involvement, 209–210, 212, 229, 232, 233
historical perspectives, 19, 274
marijuana use, 217, 218–219, 221, 233– 234
neuroscience and, 39
recreational, 211
sanctions and, 190–195
see also Deterrence
school-based, 8, 19, 137, 209, 211–213, 219–221, 224–225, 228–229, 230, 232, 233, 234
universal prevention, general, 217–221;
see also “mass media” supra
Price factors, 3–4, 5–6, 7, 24, 30, 31, 32, 37, 42–47, 86–87, 105–117, 350
see also Price factors
alcohol, 142
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 116, 134
cocaine, 43, 46, 106, 108–109, 110, 112– 113, 114, 116, 117, 142, 160, 161, 164–165, 283–295, 320
impulse response analysis, 146, 147, 149–151, 153(n.6), 154, 155
System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence (STRIDE), 24, 106, 108–114, 117, 147, 153, 161, 164, 283–295, 315
consumption data and, 3–4, 42–47, 86–87, 105–106, 111, 146, 160, 167
drug dealer viewpoint, 143
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 4, 106–107
System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence (STRIDE), 24, 106, 108–114, 117, 147, 153, 161, 164, 283–295, 315
enforcement efforts and, 4, 105–106, 107– 112, 145–156, 160, 166, 170, 171, 178
frequency of drug use, 45, 46, 146, 160
heroin, 43, 46, 106, 110, 142, 149, 150, 151, 154, 161
historical perspectives, 106, 147, 149– 154, 285–292
impulse-response analysis, 4–5, 145, 146–156
incarceration rates and, 155
initiation of drug use and, 46, 142, 160
international interdiction and, 105–106, 145, 147, 149, 151, 155, 156
monitoring systems, general, 7, 30, 31, 75, 77, 276;
see also “Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)” supra
national satellite accounts, 118
Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), 149, 151, 154(n.10)
police, 106, 108, 110, 148, 164;
see also System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence
organizational structure of data collection, 129, 134
research methodology, general, 105–117, 145–146, 283–295
sampling, surveys, 4, 32, 139, 143, 145– 156, 160, 162, 164–167, 169
sanctions, general, 44–45
enforcement efforts, 4, 105–106, 107– 112, 145–156, 160, 166, 170, 171, 178
incarceration rates, 155
supply-reduction policy, 4, 32, 139, 143, 145–156, 160, 162, 164–167, 169
time factors, 114–116, 117, 145, 146, 147, 284
urban areas, 44, 45, 106, 108–109, 113– 116, 164–166
System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence (STRIDE), 24, 106, 108–114, 117, 147, 153, 161, 164, 283–295, 315
Prison, see Incarceration;
Sentences, incarceration
Privacy, see Confidentiality and privacy
Private sector
drug testing, 19, 27, 33, 197–199, 200–201
employee sanctions for drug use, 19, 33, 187, 189, 197–201
prisoners, clinical trials, 10
professional athletes, 202(n.4)
Probation and parole, 297, 299, 300
drug testing during, 297, 300, 359, 361, 362, 366, 373
employment during, 351, 359, 363, 364
treatment during, 242, 256, 259, 260–261, 262–263, 299, 349, 350–351, 353, 354–358, 361, 362, 364–373, 374– 376, 378
Project PATHE, 211
Project STAR, 209
Psychological factors, 38, 42, 48, 49–50, 55, 56
behavioral effects of drug use, 40, 51, 55, 56, 63
cognitive and behavioral interventions
prevention, 210, 218, 220, 224, 225, 226, 232, 234
treatment, 242, 243, 247, 248, 254
dose-response relationship, 58
Public assistance, see Welfare
Public housing, loss of, 33
Public opinion, 3, 15, 57, 139–140, 187–188, 190–191
complementarities, 20
preventive interventions, 208
stigmatization, 8, 191, 197, 255, 322, 339– 346
Pulse Check, 89, 90, 102, 104–105, 314
Purity and potency, 40, 59, 63, 151, 160, 161, 163, 164, 169, 289, 293, 296, 321
monitoring, 77, 86–87, 106, 108, 110–113
(passim), 116
R
Race/ethnicity, 49, 163, 197, 308
African Americans, 179–181, 197, 304
arrest rates, 51, 52, 162–164, 177, 179–180
drug treatment admissions, 304
fairness of enforcement, 179–181
incarcerated persons, 297–298, 363
welfare, loss of, 196
RAND, 16, 118, 156, 244, 319–320
Recidivism, 261, 262, 301, 356–358, 361, 365– 367, 372, 375, 377
Recreational interventions, 211
Research methodology, 37, 296–318
see also Clinical trials;
Cost and cst-effectiveness factors;
Database access;
Organizational structure of research;
Sampling;
Statistical analyses;
Surveys
confidentiality and privacy, 8, 29, 63, 82, 100, 103–104, 169, 278
consumption data, 86
determinants and consequences of drug use, 37–64
expertise, xiii, 6–7, 8, 83, 112, 127, 128, 129, 130, 133, 134, 140, 192, 241, 253, 263, 277
impulse-response analysis, 4–5, 144–156
incarcerated persons, 296–302
meta-analysis, 35, 213, 216, 219, 223, 254, 255, 264, 265
peer review, xii–xiv, 76(n.1), 127
preventive interventions, evaluation, 213–215, 221, 226, 231, 234
price of drugs, 105–117, 145–146, 283–295
systems research, 4, 5, 7, 77, 156–160, 351
treatment interventions, evaluation, 244, 262–265, 351–378;
see also Clinical trials
Retail drug markets, 4, 44, 108–109, 274
see also Price factors
drug dealer perception of risk, 142–143
enforcement, 169–179
drug dealers’ risk perception, 142– 143, 151, 152, 155, 163–164
price of drugs and, 4, 105–106, 107– 112, 145–156, 160, 166, 170, 171, 178
replacement of incarcerated dealers, 145, 171, 172, 174–177
purity and potency of drugs, 40, 59, 63, 151, 160, 161, 163, 164, 169, 289, 293, 296, 321
monitoring, 77, 86–87, 106, 108, 110– 113 (passim), 116
supply-reduction policy, 139, 142–143, 152, 160–179
Risk factors, 30, 38–52, 62–63, 78, 79, 80–81, 82, 83
see also Demographic factors;
Family factors;
Genetic factors;
Neuroscience of addiction;
Peer influences
community-related, 38, 47, 49, 51, 99, 167, 168, 169, 194
genetic, 40(n.2), 42, 47, 48–49, 50, 51–52, 233, 243
individual and social, 47–52
preventive interventions, 219–221, 228, 233
subpopulations at highest risk, 7–8, 19, 220–221, 228, 233
Risk perception, 50, 62, 78, 79, 82
addicts, 142
educational interventions, 208, 223
gateway hypothesis, 218
sanctions and, 191
drug dealers, 142–143, 151, 152, 155, 163–164, 165–166, 171
S
adolescents, 95–100, 302, 321–344
Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program, 7, 88, 89, 90, 104–105, 111, 309
clinical trials, 249, 250, 251, 252
Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN), 7, 88, 89, 90
event surveys, 7, 24, 80, 85, 88–89, 304
Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS), 55–56, 93, 243(n.1), 249, 250, 304– 305, 312
inaccurate responses/nonresponse, 8, 30, 82, 93–100, 298, 302, 321–348, 377
adolescents, 8, 30, 82, 93–100, 321– 326, 329–344
drug testing and, 100
employees, 98–99
Monitoring the Future, 8, 30, 93–100, 321–326, 329–330, 332–335, 338–344
National Household Survey of Drug Abuse, 93–100, 321–330, 332, 335– 340, 344
labor supply, 167
National Household Survey of Drug Abuse, 7, 80, 87–88, 90, 111, 308
population probability, 7, 80, 87–88
preventive intervention evaluations, 214
price of drugs, 110, 111, 112, 113, 153(n.7), 284–288
probationers, 299
treatment evaluations, 249, 250, 251, 252, 261, 305–306
Sanctions, 25, 33, 38, 137, 140, 187–207
see also Deterrence;
Incarceration;
Sentences, incarceration
adolescents, 189–190
cost and cost-effectiveness, 5, 33, 188, 194, 195, 188, 194
driver’s licenses, loss of, 33, 195, 197
employees using drugs, 19, 33, 187, 189, 197–201
housing,
public housing, loss of, 33, 196, 197
initiation of drug use and, 190, 191, 195, 197
noncriminal, 19, 33, 137, 187–188, 189, 195–203
price and, 44–45
risk perception, 191
drug dealers, 142–143, 151, 152, 155, 163–164, 165–166, 171
social factors, general, 38, 187–188, 190– 191, 193–197
voting rights, loss of, 197
welfare benefits, loss of, 33, 196, 197
San Diego, California, 290, 291
Satellite accounts, 31, 117–119
School-based data and approaches, 302
alcohol abuse, 201
family preventive interventions, 209
organization of data collection, 125
prevention programs, 8, 19, 137, 209, 211–213, 219–221, 224–225, 228– 229, 230, 232, 233, 234
surveys, 79, 83–84, 97–98, 329;
see also Monitoring the Future
tobacco use, 201
zero tolerance policies, 201–202, 212
School Development Program, 228, 229
Seattle Social Development Project, 212
Sensitization model, 39
Sentences, incarceration, 92, 138, 170, 189, 259, 297–298
see also Probation and parole
length, 177, 180, 189, 259, 296, 299, 370, 375
Services Research Outcome Study, 305–306, 313
Simulation of Adaptive Response model, 156
SMART program, 174
Smoking, see Marijuana;
Tobacco use
Social factors, 1, 17, 23, 33, 140–141, 172, 226–227
see also Community factors;
Family factors;
Peer influences;
Pubic opinion
dose-response relationship, 59
life-skills training, 210, 224, 226–227, 230
retail drug market, 162–165, 175, 274
risk factors, general, 37, 47–52, 53, 56, 59, 62, 218, 334–335, 363
sanctions, 38, 187–188, 190–191, 193–197
stigmatization, 8, 191, 197, 255, 322, 339– 346
Socioeconomic status, 113, 152, 309, 316, 363, 377
see also Educational attainment
employment opportunities for users/ dealers, 19, 161–162, 167–169
homeless persons, 7–8, 87, 111
Special Action Office for Drug Abuse Prevention, 261, 271–272
Standards
see also Ethical issues
ethical standards, 9–10, 246, 252–253, 258, 263–264
dose-response analysis, 57
organizational structure of data collection, 125–129, 131, 134, 278
Performance Measures of Effectiveness, 53, 275
research general, 25
see also “clinical trials” supra
State Court Processing Statistics, 299
State government, 188–189, 215–216, 271
anti-drug legislation, 17
employee drug testing, 198–199
notifiable disease laws, 103, 105
survey data linkage, 91, 92, 93
State-level factors, other
adolescents, 302
arrest rates, 170
court data, 299
drug treatment admissions data, 304, 305
incarcerated persons, 92, 297, 298, 300, 301, 312, 314, 315, 317
Census of State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 312
Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 300
Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities, 92, 298, 317
marijuana decriminalization and use, 192, 193
national satellite accounts, 118
Statistical analyses
effect sizes,
preventive interventions, 215–216, 224–225, 230, 233–234
federal agency programs, general, 2, 6, 10–11, 24, 27, 29, 30
see also Organizational structure of data collection
preventive intervention evaluations, 214–215, 219, 230
satellite accounts, 31, 117–119
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration (SAMSHA), 30, 31, 76(n.1), 78, 89, 304
see also Drug Abuse Warning Network;
National Household Survey of Drug Abuse
Drug and Alcohol Services Information System, 91, 93, 304
organization of data collection, 124, 134, 274
Services Research Outcome Study, 305– 306, 313
survey response problems, 100
Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS), 55– 56, 93, 243(n.1), 249, 250, 304–305, 312
Uniform Facility Data Set, 93, 243, 304, 305, 311
Supply-reduction interventions, 4, 18–19, 25, 32, 138, 139–186, 319
see also Crop eradication;
Crop substitution;
Enforcement;
Price factors
defined, 187
deterrent effects, 5
economics of, general, 142–143, 152
impulse-response analysis, 5, 144–156
price of drugs, 4, 32, 139, 143, 145–156, 160, 162, 164–167, 169
Surveillance systems, 30, 90, 100–105, 279
see also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
defined, 101
Survey of Inmates in Federal Correctional Facilities, 92, 298
Survey of Inmates in Local Jails, 92, 298– 299, 316
Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 300
Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities, 92, 298, 317
see also National surveys;
Sampling addiction, 81, 82–83, 85
confidentiality and privacy, 8, 29, 63, 82, 100, 103–104, 169, 278
consumption data, 45, 55–56, 78, 86–87
frequency of use, 78, 79, 81, 82
inaccurate responses/nonresponse, 8, 30, 82, 93–100, 298, 302, 321–348, 377
adolescents, 8, 30, 82, 93–100, 321– 326, 329–344
drug testing and, 100
employees, 98–99
Monitoring the Future, 8, 30, 93–100, 321–326, 329–330, 332–335, 338–344
National Household Survey of Drug Abuse, 93–100, 321–330, 332, 335– 340, 344
initiation of drug use, 82, 86, 303
linkage of, xiii, 86, 88, 89–93
organizational structure of data collection, 128
racial/ethnic disparities, 179–181
school-based sanctions, 201–202
System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence (STRIDE), 24, 106, 108– 114, 117, 147, 153, 161, 164, 283– 295, 315
Systems research, 4, 5, 7, 77, 156–160, 351
T
Taxation, 153(n.6)
TEDS, see Treatment Episodes Data Set
Testing, see Drug-testing programs
Time factors
see also Historical perspectives
adaptive response to enforcement, 5
buying drugs, time costs, 153(n.7)
duration of drug use, 217–218, 318, 370
impulse-response analysis, 144
incarceration, follow-up, 361–362, 369
incarceration, sentence length, 177, 180, 189, 259, 296, 299, 375
organization of data collection, 125
preventive interventions, 217–218, 228, 229–230, 231, 232, 234
price of drugs, 114–116, 117, 145, 146, 147, 284
recidivism, 356–358
surveys, 85, 131, 308–317, 325, 338–341
illicit drug use and, 9, 23, 34, 217, 218, 221, 233, 234
school-based sanctions, 201
survey response problems, 94(n.10), 100
TOPS, see Treatment Outcome Prospective Study
Transportation of drugs, 3, 152, 176
research recommendations, 5, 32, 157
Treating Drug Problems, 22
Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime, 261, 349, 351, 368, 369–372, 373
Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS), 55–56, 93, 243(n.1), 249, 250, 304–305, 312
Treatment Improvement Protocols, 241
Treatment Outcome Prospective Study (TOPS), 249, 261, 369
Treatment programs, xi, 6, 63, 137, 160, 241–270, 304–306, 311–314
see also Clinical trials;
Emergency room treatment;
Hospitalization;
Residential treatment centers
alcohol abuse, 91, 93, 241, 300, 304, 305, 311, 376
attitudes of participants, 9, 254, 255
voluntary, 242, 250, 252, 254, 256, 259, 261, 272, 302, 349, 355–362 (passim), 372, 374, 376
case management, 209–211
coercive, 9, 19, 20, 241, 242, 250, 252, 254, 259, 261–262, 263, 368, 349– 378
cognitive and behavioral interventions, 242, 243, 247, 248, 254
committee recommendations, 7, 9–10, 35, 249, 263
Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime, 261, 349, 351, 368, 369– 372 , 373
see also Probation and parole
complementarities, 9–10, 15, 18, 20
counseling, 247–248, 254, 263, 300, 363, 376
cost and cost effectiveness, 9, 20, 153, 241, 242, 243, 244, 250, 252, 253, 255, 261, 276, 364, 365
health insurance, 257–258
criminal justice system, general, 9–10, 15, 18, 20, 261–262, 349–378
database linkage, 92–93
Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Survey (DATOS), 55–56, 249
Drug and Alcohol Services Information System, 91, 93, 304
drug testing and, 248–249, 263, 297, 300, 359, 361, 362, 366
educational attainment of participants, 304
funding, 35, 93, 152, 153, 249, 276
heroin users, 242–243, 254, 305
methadone maintenance, 242–243, 247, 253–254
historical perspectives, 11, 17–18, 19, 241, 245, 249, 260, 261, 274
incarcerated persons, 10, 20, 92, 241, 242, 250, 258, 259–260, 263, 297, 298, 300, 301, 313, 316, 349–381
marijuana users, 253
methadone, 349
cocaine user treatment, 248–249
heroin user treatment, 242–243, 247, 253–254
multimodal, 19
National Institute on Drug Abuse, evaluations, 241, 261, 264, 305
neuroscience and, 39
Office of National Drug Control Policy, 241, 305–306
opiate users, general, 242, 243(n.1), 246, 247, 254, 304
organization of data collection, 125
probationers, 242, 256, 259, 260–261, 262–263, 299, 349, 350–351, 353, 354–358, 361, 362, 364–373, 374– 376, 378
racial/ethnic factors, admissions data, 304
Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS), 55– 56, 93, 243(n.1), 249, 250, 304–305
Uniform Facility Data Set, 93, 243, 304, 305
U
Under the Influence? Drugs and the American Work Force, 22
Uniform Crime Reports, 301, 341
Uniform Facility Data Set, 93, 243, 304, 305, 311
Urban areas
see also specific cities
drug dealers, police agreements with, 169–170
drug dealers’ employment opportunities, 167–169
price of drugs, 44, 45, 106, 108–109, 113– 116, 164–166
System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence (STRIDE), 24, 106, 108–114, 117, 147, 153, 161, 164, 283–295, 315
retail drug market, social organization, 162–165
retail drug market fragmentation, 164, 165, 166
see also Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program
Urine testing, see Drug-testing programs
V
Vaccines
analogs for drugs, 233
clinical trials, 245–246
Violence, 1, 63–64, 170, 172, 178
see also Crime associated with drug use
child abuse and neglect, 196
database linkages, 91
dealers, police agreements with, 169–170
Voting rights, loss of, 197
W
Washington, D.C., see District of Columbia
Welfare benefits, loss of, 33, 196, 197
White House Special Action Office for Drug Abuse Prevention, 261, 271–272
World Wide Web, see Internet
Worldwide Survey of Health Related Behaviors, 200, 308
Y
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 302, 310, 318
Z
Zero tolerance policies, 8, 188, 199, 200, 233
see also Drug-testing programs