day (Jones et al., 1991; Suttie et al., 1988). Healthy individuals with phylloquinone intakes approaching 80 μg/day have been investigated and have shown no signs of a deficiency, a finding that suggests this level of intake is probably adequate for the majority of the adult population (Bach et al., 1996; Ferland et al., 1993; Suttie et al., 1988). Reported vitamin K intakes are slightly lower for women than men (Booth et al., 1996b; Appendix Table C-10).

Reported phylloquinone intakes of older adults have generally been higher than those of younger individuals, a finding explained by their higher intakes of vegetables (Booth et al., 1996b). Older subjects have been found to be more resistant to vitamin K deficiency than younger adults (Ferland et al., 1993).

The AI is based on median intake data from NHANES III (Appendix Table C-10). Because dietary intake assessment methods tend to underestimate the actual daily intake of foods, the highest intake value reported for the four adult age groups was used to set the AI for each gender; numbers are rounded up to the nearest 5 μg.

Data pertaining to vitamin K status of pregnant women are limited but suggest that status is not different from that of nonpregnant women, that is, lack of signs of clinical deficiency and comparable circulating vitamin K concentrations (Mandelbrot et al., 1988; von Kries et al., 1992). Furthermore, there are no data on the vitamin K content of fetal tissue for estimating additional needs during pregnancy. Therefore, median vitamin K intake was used for setting the

Front Matter (R1-R24)

Summary (1-28)

1 Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes (29-43)

2 Overview and Methods (44-59)

3 A Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (60-81)

4 Vitamin A (82-161)

5 Vitamin K (162-196)

6 Chromium (197-223)

7 Copper (224-257)

8 Iodine (258-289)

9 Iron (290-393)

10 Manganese (394-419)

11 Molybdenum (420-441)

12 Zinc (442-501)

13 Arsenic, Boron, Nickel, Silicon, and Vanadium (502-553)

14 Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes (554-579)

15 A Research Agenda (580-586)

Appendix A Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intake (587-590)

Appendix B Acknowledgments (591-593)

Appendix C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 (594-643)

Appendix D Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994-1996 (644-653)

Appendix E Dietary Intake Data from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Total Diet Study, 1991-1997 (654-673)

Appendix F Canadian Dietary Intake Data, 1990 (674-679)

Appendix G Biochemical Indicators for Iron, Vitamin A, and Iodine from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 (680-691)

Appendix H Comparison of Vitamin A and Iron Intake and Biochemical Indicators from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 (692-696)

Appendix I Iron Intakes and Estimated Percentile of the Distribution of Iron Requirements from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994-1996 (697-703)

Appendix J Glossary and Acronyms (704-708)

Appendix K Conversion of Units (709-709)

Appendix L Options for Dealing with Uncertainties (710-714)

Appendix M Biographical Sketches of Panel and Subcommittee Members (715-728)

Index (729-769)

Summary Table, Dietary Reference Intakes: Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Vitamins (770-771)

Summary Table, Dietary Reference Intakes: Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Elements (772-773)