Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc

Reference	Study Group	Stage of Lactation	Milk Concentration (μg/L)	Estimated Copper Intake of Infants (μg/d)^a
Butte et al., 1987	45 women	1 mo		270
		2 mo		230
		3 mo		210
		4 mo		200
Casey et al., 1989	22 women	7 d	620	480
Casey et al., 1989	22 women	5 mo	220	170
Anderson, 1992	7 women	Up to 5 mo	310	240
Anderson, 1993	6 women, 20–30 y		110–380
Biego et al., 1998	17 milk samples	Mature milk	250	190
Rossipal and Krachler, 1998	46 women	1–3 d	570	440
		42–60 d	230	180
		97–293 d	150	90
NOTE: Maternal intakes were reported in only two studies: in Vaughan et al. (1979), mean intakes (mg/day) were 3.64, 1.90, 2.37, 6.80, and 2.50 at 4–6, 7–9, 10–12, 13–18, and 19–31 months; in Vuori et al. (1980), mean intakes (mg/day) were 1.88 at 6–8 weeks and 1.73 at 17–22 weeks. ^a Copper intake based on reported data or concentration (μg/L) × 0.78 L/day for 0–6 months postpartum and concentration (μg/L) × 0.6 L/day for 7–12 months postpartum.

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the median copper intake from weaning food for children aged 7 through 12 months is 100 μg/day (n = 45). The average copper concentration in human milk declines over time, and between 7 and 12 months postpartum the concentration is 200 μg/L or less (Table 7-1). Based on an average volume of 0.6 L/day of human milk that is secreted, the copper intake from human milk is 120 μg/day (0.6 × 200). Therefore the total intake of copper from human milk and complementary foods is 220 μg/day (120 + 100). For a 9 kg infant (reference weight 7 through 12 months, Chapter 2), this would be 24 μg/ kg/day (220 μg/kg ÷ 9 kg).

If the AI were extrapolated from the AI for younger infants by using the calculation in chapter 2, the average intake would be 241 μg/day.

Table of Contents

Front Matter R1-R24

Summary 1-28

1 Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes 29-43

2 Overview and Methods 44-59

3 A Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels 60-81

4 Vitamin A 82-161

5 Vitamin K 162-196

6 Chromium 197-223

7 Copper 224-257

8 Iodine 258-289

9 Iron 290-393

10 Manganese 394-419

11 Molybdenum 420-441

12 Zinc 442-501

13 Arsenic, Boron, Nickel, Silicon, and Vanadium 502-553

14 Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes 554-579

15 A Research Agenda 580-586

Appendix A Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intake 587-590

Appendix B Acknowledgments 591-593

Appendix C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 594-643

Appendix D Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994-1996 644-653

Appendix E Dietary Intake Data from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Total Diet Study, 1991-1997 654-673

Appendix F Canadian Dietary Intake Data, 1990 674-679

Appendix G Biochemical Indicators for Iron, Vitamin A, and Iodine from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 680-691

Appendix H Comparison of Vitamin A and Iron Intake and Biochemical Indicators from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 692-696

Appendix I Iron Intakes and Estimated Percentile of the Distribution of Iron Requirements from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994-1996 697-703

Appendix J Glossary and Acronyms 704-708

Appendix K Conversion of Units 709-709

Appendix L Options for Dealing with Uncertainties 710-714

Appendix M Biographical Sketches of Panel and Subcommittee Members 715-728

Index 729-769

Summary Table, Dietary Reference Intakes: Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Vitamins 770-771

Summary Table, Dietary Reference Intakes: Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Elements 772-773