Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc

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Table of Contents
Front Matter R1-R24
Summary 1-28
1 Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes 29-43
2 Overview and Methods 44-59
3 A Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels 60-81
4 Vitamin A 82-161
5 Vitamin K 162-196
6 Chromium 197-223
7 Copper 224-257
8 Iodine 258-289
9 Iron 290-393
10 Manganese 394-419
11 Molybdenum 420-441
12 Zinc 442-501
13 Arsenic, Boron, Nickel, Silicon, and Vanadium 502-553
14 Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes 554-579
15 A Research Agenda 580-586
Appendix A Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intake 587-590
Appendix B Acknowledgments 591-593
Appendix C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 594-643
Appendix D Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994-1996 644-653
Appendix E Dietary Intake Data from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Total Diet Study, 1991-1997 654-673
Appendix F Canadian Dietary Intake Data, 1990 674-679
Appendix G Biochemical Indicators for Iron, Vitamin A, and Iodine from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 680-691
Appendix H Comparison of Vitamin A and Iron Intake and Biochemical Indicators from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 692-696
Appendix I Iron Intakes and Estimated Percentile of the Distribution of Iron Requirements from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994-1996 697-703
Appendix J Glossary and Acronyms 704-708
Appendix K Conversion of Units 709-709
Appendix L Options for Dealing with Uncertainties 710-714
Appendix M Biographical Sketches of Panel and Subcommittee Members 715-728
Index 729-769
Summary Table, Dietary Reference Intakes: Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Vitamins 770-771
Summary Table, Dietary Reference Intakes: Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Elements 772-773

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Box S-2 Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes for Healthy Individuals and Groups

Type of Use	For the Individual^a	For a Group^b
Assessment	EAR: use to examine the probability that usual intake is inadequate.	EAR: use to estimate the prevalence of inadequate intakes within a group.
	RDA: usual intake at or above this level has a low probability of inadequacy.	RDA: do not use to assess intakes of groups.
	AI^c: usual intake at or above this level has a low probability of inadequacy.	AI^c: mean usual intake at or above this level implies a low prevalence of inadequate intakes.
	UL: usual intake above this level may place an individual at risk of adverse effects from excessive nutrient intake.	UL: use to estimate the percentage of the population at potential risk of adverse effects from excess nutrient intake.
Planning	RDA: aim for this intake.	EAR: use to plan an intake distribution with a low prevalence of inadequate intakes.
	AI^c: aim for this intake.	AI^c: use to plan mean intakes.
	UL: use as a guide to limit intake; chronic intake of higher amounts may increase the potential risk of adverse effects.	UL: use to plan intake distributions with a low prevalence of intakes potentially at risk of adverse effects.
RDA = Recommended Dietary Allowance EAR = Estimated Average Requirement AI = Adequate Intake UL = Tolerable Upper Level ^a Evaluation of true status requires clinical, biochemical, and anthropometric data. ^b Requires statistically valid approximation of distribution of usual intakes. ^c For the nutrients in this report, AIs are set for infants for all nutrients, and for other age groups for vitamin K, chromium, and manganese. The AI may be used as a guide for infants as it reflects the average intake from human milk.

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