Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc

FIGURE 14-1 Conceptual framework—uses of Dietary Reference Intakes.

^a Food plus supplements.

and RNIs alone to appropriately using all of the DRIs will require time and effort by health professionals and others.

Appropriate uses of each of the new DRIs are described briefly in this chapter and in more detail in two reports on the applications of the DRIs in assessment (IOM, 2000) and planning. Also included in this chapter are specific applications to the nutrients discussed in this report. Details on how the DRIs are set with reference to specific life stage and gender groups and the primary criterion that defines adequacy for each of these nutrients are given in Chapters 4 through 13.

ASSESSING NUTRIENT INTAKES OF INDIVIDUALS

Using the Recommended Dietary Allowance and the Estimated Average Requirement for Individuals

The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) were not designed to be used alone in assessing the adequacy of the diet of a specific individual because there is variability in the requirement estimate. The

Table of Contents

Front Matter R1-R24

Summary 1-28

1 Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes 29-43

2 Overview and Methods 44-59

3 A Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels 60-81

4 Vitamin A 82-161

5 Vitamin K 162-196

6 Chromium 197-223

7 Copper 224-257

8 Iodine 258-289

9 Iron 290-393

10 Manganese 394-419

11 Molybdenum 420-441

12 Zinc 442-501

13 Arsenic, Boron, Nickel, Silicon, and Vanadium 502-553

14 Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes 554-579

15 A Research Agenda 580-586

Appendix A Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intake 587-590

Appendix B Acknowledgments 591-593

Appendix C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 594-643

Appendix D Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994-1996 644-653

Appendix E Dietary Intake Data from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Total Diet Study, 1991-1997 654-673

Appendix F Canadian Dietary Intake Data, 1990 674-679

Appendix G Biochemical Indicators for Iron, Vitamin A, and Iodine from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 680-691

Appendix H Comparison of Vitamin A and Iron Intake and Biochemical Indicators from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 692-696

Appendix I Iron Intakes and Estimated Percentile of the Distribution of Iron Requirements from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994-1996 697-703

Appendix J Glossary and Acronyms 704-708

Appendix K Conversion of Units 709-709

Appendix L Options for Dealing with Uncertainties 710-714

Appendix M Biographical Sketches of Panel and Subcommittee Members 715-728

Index 729-769

Summary Table, Dietary Reference Intakes: Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Vitamins 770-771

Summary Table, Dietary Reference Intakes: Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Elements 772-773

ASSESSING NUTRIENT INTAKES OF INDIVIDUALS

Using the Recommended Dietary Allowance and the Estimated Average Requirement for Individuals