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Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001)

Chapter: I Iron Intakes and Estimated Percentiles of the Distribution of Iron Requirements from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 19941996

« Previous: H Comparison of Vitamin A and Iron Intake and Biochemical Indicators from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994
Suggested Citation:"I Iron Intakes and Estimated Percentiles of the Distribution of Iron Requirements from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 19941996." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
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Page 697
Suggested Citation:"I Iron Intakes and Estimated Percentiles of the Distribution of Iron Requirements from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 19941996." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
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Page 698
Suggested Citation:"I Iron Intakes and Estimated Percentiles of the Distribution of Iron Requirements from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 19941996." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
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Page 699
Suggested Citation:"I Iron Intakes and Estimated Percentiles of the Distribution of Iron Requirements from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 19941996." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
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Page 700
Suggested Citation:"I Iron Intakes and Estimated Percentiles of the Distribution of Iron Requirements from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 19941996." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 701
Suggested Citation:"I Iron Intakes and Estimated Percentiles of the Distribution of Iron Requirements from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 19941996." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 702
Suggested Citation:"I Iron Intakes and Estimated Percentiles of the Distribution of Iron Requirements from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 19941996." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
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Page 703

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I Iron Intakes and Estimated Percentiles of the Distribution of Iron Requirements from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996 TABLE I-1 Iron Content of Foods Consumed by Infants 7 to 12 Months of Age, CSFII (1994–1996) Iron Estimate Weighted Content of Iron Mean (mg/ Absorption Amount Absorbed Absorption Foods 100 kcal) (%) of Irona (mg) (%)b Human breast milkc 0.04 50 0.18 0.09 0.65 Meat and poultry 1.2 20 0.36 0.07 0.52 Fruits 0.4 5 0.27 0.13 0.10 Vegetables 1.2 5 0.56 0.03 0.20 Cerealsd 8.75 6 12.1 0.73 5.24 Noodles 0.6 5 0.38 0.02 0.14 Total 13.85 1.07 6.85 a Based on a total daily energy intake of 845 kcal (Fomon SJ, Anderson TA. 1974. Infant Nutrition, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. Pp. 104–111). b Calculation based on the proportion of iron in each of the six food groups. c Assumes an intake of 670 ml/day. d Refers to iron-fortified infant cereals containing 35 mg iron/100 g of dry cereal. 697

698 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE I-2 Contribution of Iron from the 14 Food Groups for Children Aged 1 to 3 and 4 to 8 Years, CSFII (1994–1996) Iron Content Amount of Iron Amount of Iron Food Group (mg/100 kcal)a (mg), 1–3 yb (mg), 4–8 yc Meat 1.19 1.57 2.17 Fruits 0.36 0.23 0.25 Vegetables 1.22 1.14 1.87 Cereals 2.65 8.64 11.98 Vegetables plus meat 0.7 0.17 0.18 Grain plus meat 0.78 1.12 1.53 Cheese 0.15 0.04 0.05 Eggs 0.9 0.22 0.19 Ice cream, yogurt, etc. 0.13 0.06 0.01 Fats, candy 0.05 0.03 0.05 Milk 0.08 0.18 0.15 Formula 1.8 0.18 0.00 Juices 0.44 0.34 0.22 Other beverages 0.11 0.07 0.12 Total 14.27 18.77 a Source: Whitney EN, Rolfes SR. 1996. Understanding Nutrition, 7th ed. St. Paul: West Publishing; Pennington JAT. 1998. Bowes and Church’s Food Values of Portions Commonly Used, 17th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott. b The CSFII database provides total food energy (average of 2 days) and the proportion of energy from each of 14 food groups. The iron content of each food was determined from appropriate references (expressed as iron content per 100 kcal), thus the iron content of each food was calculated. The results are based on a total daily energy intake of 1,345 kcal (n = 1,868) as reported in CSFII. c Calculated as shown above. Based on a total daily energy intake of 1,665 kcal (n = 1,711) as reported in CSFII. According to the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the median intake of iron by infants is 15.5 mg/day; the iron mainly comes from fortified formulas and cereals, with smaller amounts from vegetables, pureed meats and poultry. It is estimated that the absorption of iron from fortified cereals is in the range of 6 percent, from breast milk 50 percent, and from meat, 20 percent.

APPENDIX I 699 TABLE I-3 Estimated Percentiles of the Distribution of Iron Requirements (mg/d) in Young Children and Adolescent and Adult Males, CSFII (1994–1996) Estimated Young Children, Both Sexesa Male Adolescents and Adults Percentiles of Requirements 0.5–1 yb 1–3 yc 4–8 yc 9–13 yc 14–18 yc Adultc 2.5 3.01 1.01 1.33 3.91 5.06 3.98 5 3.63 1.24 1.64 4.23 5.42 4.29 10 4.35 1.54 2.05 4.59 5.85 4.64 20 5.23 1.96 2.63 5.03 6.43 5.09 30 5.87 2.32 3.13 5.36 6.89 5.44 40 6.39 2.66 3.62 5.64 7.29 5.74 50d 6.90 3.01 4.11 5.89 7.69 6.03 60 7.41 3.39 4.65 6.15 8.08 6.32 70 7.93 3.82 5.27 6.43 8.51 6.65 80 8.57 4.39 6.08 6.76 9.03 7.04 90 9.44 5.26 7.31 7.21 9.74 7.69 95 10.15 6.06 8.45 7.58 10.32 8.06 97.5e 10.78 6.81 9.52 7.91 10.83 8.49 a Based on pooled estimates of requirement components (see Table 9-6); presented Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) based on the higher estimates obtained for males. b Based on 10 percent bioavailability. c Based on 18 percent bioavailability. d Fiftieth percentile = EAR. e Ninety-seven and one-half percentile = RDA.

TABLE I-4 Estimated Percentiles of the Distribution of Iron Requirements (mg/d) for Female 700 Adolescents and Adults, CSFII (1994–1996) Group Oral Oral Estimated Contraceptive Mixed Contraceptive Mixed Percentile of User,a Adolescent Menstruating User,a Adult Post Requirement 9–13 y 14–18 y Adolescent Population b Adult Adult Populationb Menopause 2.5 3.24 4.63 4.11 4.49 4.42 3.63 4.18 2.73 5 3.60 5.06 4.49 4.92 4.88 4.00 4.63 3.04 10 4.04 5.61 4.97 5.45 5.45 4.45 5.19 3.43 20 4.59 6.31 5.57 6.14 6.22 5.06 5.94 3.93 30 4.98 6.87 6.05 6.69 6.87 5.52 6.55 4.30 40 5.33 7.39 6.48 7.21 7.46 5.94 7.13 4.64 50c 5.66 7.91 6.89 7.71 8.07 6.35 7.73 4.97 60 6.00 8.43 7.34 8.25 8.76 6.79 8.39 5.30 70 6.36 9.15 7.84 8.92 9.63 7.27 9.21 5.68 80 6.78 10.03 8.47 9.77 10.82 7.91 10.36 6.14 90 7.38 11.54 9.47 11.21 13.05 8.91 12.49 6.80 95 7.88 13.08 10.42 12.74 15.49 9.90 14.85 7.36 97.5d 8.34 14.80 11.44 14.39 18.23 10.94 17.51 7.88 a Based on 60 percent reduction in menstrual blood loss. b Mixed population assumes 17 percent oral contraceptive users, 83 percent nonusers, all menstruating. c Fiftieth percentile = Estimated Average Requirement. d Ninety-seven and one-half percentile = Recommended Dietary Allowance.

APPENDIX I 701 TABLE I-5 Probabilities of Inadequate Iron Intakesa and Associated Ranges of Usual Intake for Infants and Children 1 through 8 Years, CSFII (1994–1996) Associated Range of Usual Intakes (mg/d) Probability of Inadequacy Infants 8–12 mo Children 1–3 y Children 4–8 y 1.0b < 3.01 < 1.0 < 1.33 0.96 3.02–3.63 1.1–1.24 1.34–1.64 0.93 3.64–4.35 1.25–1.54 1.65–2.05 0.85 4.36–5.23 1.55–1.96 2.07–2.63 0.75 5.24–5.87 1.97–2.32 2.64–3.13 0.65 5.88–6.39 2.33–2.66 3.14–3.62 0.55 6.40–6.90 2.67–3.01 3.63–4.11 0.45 6.91–7.41 3.02–3.39 4.12–4.64 0.35 7.42–7.93 3.40–3.82 4.65–5.27 0.25 7.94–8.57 3.83–4.38 5.28–6.08 0.15 8.58–9.44 4.39–5.25 6.09–7.31 0.08 9.45–10.17 5.26–6.06 7.32–8.45 0.04 10.18–10.78 6.07–6.81 8.46–9.52 0b > 10.78 > 6.81 > 9.52 a Probability of inadequate intake = probability that requirement is greater than the usual intake. Derived from Table I-3. b For population assessment purposes, a probability of 1 has been assigned to all usual intakes falling below the two and one-half percentile of requirement and a probability of 0 has been assigned to all usual intakes falling above the ninety-seven and one-half percentile of requirement. This enables the assessment of population risk where pre- cise estimates are impractical and effectively without impact.

TABLE I-6 Probabilities of Inadequate Iron Intakesa (mg/d) and Associated Ranges of Usual Intake 702 in Adolescent Males and in Girls Using or Not Using Oral Contraceptives (OC), CSFII (1994–1996) 9–13 y 14–18 y Female Probability of Inadequacy Male Female Male Non-OC Users OC Usersb Mixed Populationc 1.0 d < 3.91 < 3.24 < 5.06 < 4.63 < 4.11 < 4.49 0.96 3.91–4.23 3.24–3.60 5.06–5.42 4.64–5.06 4.11–4.49 4.49–4.92 0.93 4.24–4.59 3.61–4.04 5.43–5.85 5.07–5.61 4.50–4.97 4.93–5.45 0.85 4.60–5.03 4.05–4.59 5.86–6.43 5.62–6.31 4.98–5.57 5.46–6.14 0.75 5.04–5.36 4.60–4.98 6.44–6.89 6.32–6.87 5.58–6.05 6.15–6.69 0.65 5.37–5.64 4.99–5.33 6.90–7.29 6.88–7.39 6.06–6.48 6.70–7.21 0.55 5.65–5.89 5.34–5.66 7.80–7.69 7.40–7.91 6.49–6.89 7.22–7.71 0.45 5.90–6.15 5.67–6.00 7.70–8.08 7.92–8.48 6.90–7.34 7.72–8.25 0.35 6.16–6.43 6.01–6.36 8.09–8.51 8.49–9.15 7.35–7.84 8.26–8.92 0.25 6.44–6.76 6.37–6.78 8.52–9.03 9.16–10.03 7.85–8.47 8.93–9.77 0.15 6.77–7.21 6.79–7.38 9.04–9.74 10.04–11.54 8.48–9.47 9.78–11.21 0.08 7.22–7.58 7.39–7.88 9.75–10.32 11.55–13.08 9.48–10.42 11.22–12.74 0.04 7.59–7.91 7.89–8.34 10.33–10.83 13.09–14.80 10.43–11.44 12.75–14.39 0d > 7.91 > 8.34 > 10.83 > 14.80 > 11.44 > 14.39 a Probability of inadequate intake = probability that requirement is greater than the usual intake. May be used in simple computer programs to evaluate adjusted distributions of usual intakes. See Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, for method of adjusting observed intake distributions. Not to be applied in the assessment of individuals. Derived from Tables I-3 and I-4. b Assumes 60 percent reduction in menstrual iron loss. c Mixed population represents 17 percent oral contraceptive users and 83 percent nonoral contraceptive users (Abma JC, Chandra A, Mosher WD, Peterson LS, Piccinino LJ. 1997. Fertility, family planning, and women’s health: New data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Vital Health Stat 23:1–114). d For population assessment purposes, a probability of 1 has been assigned to all usual intakes falling below the two and one-half percentile of requirement and a probability of 0 has been assigned to all usual intakes falling above the ninety-seven and one-half percentile of requirement. This enables the assessment of population risk where precise estimates are impractical and effectively without impact.

TABLE I-7 Probabilities of Inadequate Iron Intakesa (mg/d) and Associated Ranges of Usual Intake in Adult Men and Women Using and Not Using Oral Contraceptives (OC), CSFII (1994–1996) Menstruating Women Probability of Postmenopausal Inadequacy Adult Men Non-OC Users OC Usersb Mixed Populationc Women 1.0 d < 3.98 < 4.42 < 3.63 < 4.18 < 2.73 0.96 3.98–4.29 4.42–4.88 3.63–4.00 4.18–4.63 2.73–3.04 0.93 4.30–4.64 4.89–5.45 4.01–4.45 4.64–5.19 3.05–3.43 0.85 4.65–5.09 5.46–6.22 4.46–5.06 5.20–5.94 3.44–3.93 0.75 5.10–5.44 6.23–6.87 5.07–5.52 5.95–6.55 3.94–4.30 0.65 5.45–5.74 6.88–7.46 5.53–5.94 6.56–7.13 4.31–4.64 0.55 5.75–6.03 7.47–8.07 5.95–6.35 7.14–7.73 4.65–4.97 0.45 6.04–6.32 8.08–8.76 6.36–6.79 7.74–8.39 4.98–5.30 0.35 6.33–6.65 8.77–9.63 6.80–7.27 8.40–9.21 5.31–5.68 0.25 6.66–7.04 9.64–10.82 7.28–7.91 9.22–10.36 5.69–6.14 0.15 7.05–7.69 10.83–13.05 7.92–8.91 10.37–12.49 6.15–6.80 0.08 7.70–8.06 13.06–15.49 8.92–9.90 12.50–14.85 6.81–7.36 0.04 8.07–8.49 15.50–18.23 9.91–10.94 14.86–17.51 7.37–7.88 0d > 8.49 > 18.23 > 10.94 > 17.51 > 7.88 a Probability of inadequate intake = probability that requirement is greater than the usual intake. May be used in simple computer programs to evaluate adjusted distributions of usual intakes. See Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, for method of adjusting observed intake distributions. Not to be applied in the assessment of individuals. Derived from Tables I-3 and I-4. b Assumes 60 percent reduction in menstrual iron loss. c Mixed population represents 17 percent oral contraceptive users and 83 percent nonoral contraceptive users (Abma JC, Chandra A, Mosher WD, Peterson LS, Piccinino LJ. 1997. Fertility, family planning, and women’s health: New data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Vital Health Stat 23:1–114). d For population assessment purposes, a probability of 1 has been assigned to all usual intakes falling below the two and one-half percentile of requirement and a probability of 0 has been assigned to all usual intakes falling above the ninety-seven and one-half percentile of requirement. This enables the assessment of population risk where precise estimates are impractical and effectively without impact. 703

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Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc Get This Book
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This volume is the newest release in the authoritative series issued by the National Academy of Sciences on dietary reference intakes (DRIs). This series provides recommended intakes, such as Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), for use in planning nutritionally adequate diets for individuals based on age and gender. In addition, a new reference intake, the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), has also been established to assist an individual in knowing how much is "too much" of a nutrient.

Based on the Institute of Medicine's review of the scientific literature regarding dietary micronutrients, recommendations have been formulated regarding vitamins A and K, iron, iodine, chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, and other potentially beneficial trace elements such as boron to determine the roles, if any, they play in health. The book also:

  • Reviews selected components of food that may influence the bioavailability of these compounds.
  • Develops estimates of dietary intake of these compounds that are compatible with good nutrition throughout the life span and that may decrease risk of chronic disease where data indicate they play a role.
  • Determines Tolerable Upper Intake levels for each nutrient reviewed where adequate scientific data are available in specific population subgroups.
  • Identifies research needed to improve knowledge of the role of these micronutrients in human health.

This book will be important to professionals in nutrition research and education.

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