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Clearing the Smoke: Assessing the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction (2001)

Chapter: B Committee Biographical Sketches

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Suggested Citation:"B Committee Biographical Sketches." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Clearing the Smoke: Assessing the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10029.
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Suggested Citation:"B Committee Biographical Sketches." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Clearing the Smoke: Assessing the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10029.
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Suggested Citation:"B Committee Biographical Sketches." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Clearing the Smoke: Assessing the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10029.
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Suggested Citation:"B Committee Biographical Sketches." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Clearing the Smoke: Assessing the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10029.
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Suggested Citation:"B Committee Biographical Sketches." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Clearing the Smoke: Assessing the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10029.
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Suggested Citation:"B Committee Biographical Sketches." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Clearing the Smoke: Assessing the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10029.
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Suggested Citation:"B Committee Biographical Sketches." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Clearing the Smoke: Assessing the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10029.
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B Committee Biographical Sketches Stuart Bondurant, M.D. (chair), is professor of medicine and dean emeritus at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine. Previ- ously, Dr. Bondurant was director of the Center for Urban Epidemiologic Studies in New York City, chairman of the Department of Medicine at Albany Medical Center Hospital, and dean of Albany Medical College. He has been an active member of professional organizations including president of the Association of American Physicians and American Col- lege of Physicians, member of the Committee on Smoking and Health for the American Medical Association, and chairman of the Association of American Medical Colleges. He has served on numerous scientific advi- sory committees including the Directors Advisory Committee of the Na- tional Institutes of Health (NIH), the Special Medical Advisory Group of the Veterans Administration, and the Scientific Advisory Board of the U.S. Air Force. As a member of the Institute of Medicine (IOM), Dr. Bondurant has served as acting president as well as vice-chair of the IOM Council. He was chair of the IOM Committee on the Safety of Silicone Breast Implants, co-chair of the Committee on Public Health, and a mem- ber of the Committee on Science, Engineering and Public Policy. Dr. Bondurant’s research interests have been in the area of cardiovascular and pulmonary medicine as well as issues concerning medical education and public health. J. Richard Crout, M.D., is president of Crout Consulting, a company that provides regulatory and drug development advice to pharmaceutical 586

APPENDIX B 587 and biotechnology companies. Dr. Crout formerly served as the director of the Bureau of Drugs at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (1973- 1982) and as vice president of medical and scientific affairs at Boehringer Mannheim Pharmaceuticals Corporation (1984-1993). Dr. Crout was an IOM scholar-in-residence in 1994 and has served on various Institute of Medicine committees including the Committee to Study Medication Development and Research at the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and as adviser to the Project on the Medical Use of Marijuana. He has published extensively in the area of clinical pharmacology and drug regulatory policy. Dr. Crout’s awards include the Distinguished Service Medal of the U.S. Public Health Service and the Oscar B. Hunter Award in Therapeutics from the American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Garret FitzGerald, M.D., is chair of the Department of Pharmacology, professor of medicine and pharmacology, and director of the Center for Experimental Therapeutics at the University of Pennsylvania. Before com- ing to the University of Pennsylvania, Dr. FitzGerald was professor and chairman of medicine and experimental therapeutics at University Col- lege in Dublin, Ireland, and professor of medicine and pharmacology and director of the Division of Clinical Pharmacology at Vanderbilt Univer- sity School of Medicine. He has received many honors and appointments for his work, including the Robinette Foundation Professor of Cardiovas- cular Medicine and appointment as chair of the Arterosclerosis, Throm- bosis, Vascular Biology Council of the American Heart Association. Dr. FitzGerald is on the editorial board of Circulation and was formerly on the board of the Journal of Biological Chemistry. His principle area of research involves isoeicosanoids as indices of oxidant stress, pharmacology of cyclooxygenase-2 and eicosanoid receptors and pathways, and develop- ment of antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory medications. Adi Gazdar, M.D., is professor of pathology and deputy director of the Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research at University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas. Prior to coming to Dallas, Dr. Gazdar worked at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) where he served as head of the Tumor Cell Biology Section and deputy head of the NCI-Navy Medical Oncology Branch. His research focuses on the molecular and genetic analysis of cancer, especially cancers of the lung, breast, and cervix, in order to further cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Dr. Gazdar manages an extensive cancer tissue specimen data bank and a collection of in vitro developed tumor cell lines. He is also developing molecular and cellular techniques for early cancer detection.

588 APPENDIX B Gary Giovino, M.S., Ph.D., is senior research scientist in the Depart- ment of Cancer Prevention, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics at Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York. He was previously chief of the Epidemiology Branch (1991-1998) at the Office on Smoking and Health of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Dr. Giovino serves on multiple professional organizations that are concerned with tobacco issues, including Adviser to the American Cancer Society on Epidemiol- ogy and Surveillance Research and expert consultant on tobacco issues for the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. He is a senior editor of Tobacco Control: An International Journal and currently serves as a core group member in the Research Network on the Etiology of Nicotine De- pendence and as director of the State Tobacco Research Component of Project ImpacTeen, both funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Founda- tion. Dr. Giovino has earned numerous awards for his tobacco-related work and has published extensively in the areas of patterns, determi- nants, consequences, and control of tobacco use. Dorothy Hatsukami, Ph.D., is professor in the Department of Psy- chiatry, adjunct professor in the Department of Psychology, and adjunct professor in the Division of Epidemiology at the University of Minnesota. She is director of the Tobacco Research Use Center at the University of Minnesota. Dr. Hatsukami is former president of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco and president-elect of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence. She serves on numerous scientific advisory boards and committees on substance abuse and addiction. Dr. Hatsukami re- cently served as an adviser for the IOM Project on Medical Use of Mari- juana: Assessment of the Science Base. Her research interests include nico- tine addiction and treatment, smoking behavior, smokeless tobacco use, and gender and age differences in tobacco use. She has received much recognition for her work, including being a co-recipient of the Ove Ferno Award for contributions in the area of tobacco dependence. Rogene Henderson, Ph.D., is deputy director of the National Envi- ronmental Respiratory Center and senior biochemist and toxicologist at the Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute. Dr. Henderson also holds appointments as clinical professor of pharmacy at the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, and as adjunct professor in the Department of Vet- erinary Microbiology, Pathology, and Public Health in the School of Vet- erinary Medicine, Purdue University. She has chaired the National Re- search Council (NRC) Subcommittee on Toxicological Hazard and Risk Assessment, Subcommittee on Pulmonary Toxicology, and standing Com-

APPENDIX B 589 mittee on Toxicology for six years, and she is currently a member of the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology. She has served as a member of the advisory council of the National Institute of Environmen- tal Health Sciences and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Science Advisory Board, Environmental Health Committee. Dr. Henderson has received numerous appointments on scientific advisory committees, including her current appointment as a member of the Health Effects Institute Research Committee. Dr. Henderson has done extensive research in the areas of lung biochemistry, the pharmacokinetics of in- haled toxins and their metabolites, and biological markers of exposure. Peter Reuter, Ph.D., is professor of public policy and of criminology at the University of Maryland, where he also directs the public policy Ph.D. program. In July 1999, he became editor of the Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. Dr. Reuter previously held the position of codirector of the Drug Policy Research Center and senior economist at the RAND Corporation. His research has included an examination of the organization of illegal markets and alternative approaches to controlling drug problems. Dr. Reuter’s policy analysis of harm reduction approaches to illegal drug use has produced numerous articles on the subject and a forthcoming book: Drug War Heresies: Learning from Other Vices, Times and Places (Cambridge University Press with Robert MacCoun). He is a mem- ber of the NRC Committee on Law and Justice and served on the IOM Committee on the Federal Regulation of Methadone. David J. Riley, M.D., is professor in the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ)-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. Dr. Riley holds additional academic appointments as adjunct professor of physiol- ogy and biophysics, member of the Joint Graduate Program in Toxicol- ogy, and affiliate member of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ)-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. He has received numerous awards for his work in the field of pulmonology including the Sir William Osler Humanitarian Award from the New Jersey Thoracic Society and a Pulmonary Academic Award from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of NIH. Dr. Riley has served on many scientific advisory committees, including several for the NIH, the Review Committee of the Health Effects Institute, chairman of the Pulmonary Disease Study Section of the Tobacco-Related Research Program, Univer- sity of California at San Francisco (1993-1994), and a variety of commit- tees of the American Thoracic Society. Dr. Riley holds NIH-supported grants for his research on vascular and interstitial diseases of the lung.

590 APPENDIX B Peter Shields, M.D., is professor of medicine and oncology at Georgetown University Medical Center, where he is director of the Divi- sion of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology in the Department of Oncol- ogy. Dr. Shields is associate director for population sciences at the Lombardi Cancer Center at Georgetown University. Prior to his position at Georgetown, Dr. Shields was a tenured investigator and chief of the Molecular Epidemiology Section of the Laboratory of Human Carcino- genesis in the Division of Basic Sciences at the NCI. Dr. Shields serves on the editorial board or as reviewer for a number of scientific journals in- cluding Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Journal of the American Medi- cal Association, Carcinogenesis, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Preven- tion, and others. He has been a member of various professional and scientific committees, including the Tobacco Research Implementation Group for NCI (1998). Dr. Shields was the first elected chairperson of the Molecular Epidemiology Group of the American Association of Cancer Research. His research activities involve identifying and using biomarkers of cancer risk and gene-environment interactions to enhance risk assess- ment. More specifically, he is examining the relationship between tobacco and alcohol use as environmental elements in predicting cancer risk in susceptible subgroups of the population. Robert Wallace, M.D., M.Sc. (vice-chair), is professor of epidemiology and internal medicine at the University of Iowa Colleges of Public Health and Medicine. He was formerly head of the Department of Preventive Medicine at the University of Iowa College of Medicine and director of the University of Iowa Cancer Center. He was a member of the U.S. Pre- ventive Services Task Force, Second Panel. Dr. Wallace’s research inter- ests include cancer epidemiology and prevention; the causes and preven- tion of chronic, disabling diseases among older persons; women’s health issues; and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Dr. Wallace received the Irene Ensminger Stecher Professorship in April 1999 for cancer-related research. He is currently a member of the IOM Board on Health Promo- tion and Disease Prevention. He recently served as a member of the Com- mittee on Leading Health Indicators for Healthy People 2010 and the NRC Panel on a Research Agenda and New Data for an Aging World. James T. Willerson, M.D., is President of the University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston. He is the Edward Randall III Profes- sor and chairman of the Department of Internal Medicine at the Univer- sity of Texas Medical School. Dr. Willerson serves as chief of medical services at Memorial Hermann Hospital and Lyndon B. Johnson General Hospital. He is also medical director, chief of cardiology, director of cardi- ology research, and codirector of the Cullen Cardiovascular Research

APPENDIX B 591 Laboratories at the Texas Heart Institute. He is a member of numerous professional and scientific organizations including the Council of Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association, a fellow of the American College of Cardiology, editor-in-chief of Circulation (1993-2004), and a member of the IOM. Dr. Willerson was a member of the IOM Committee to Provide Review of the Fialuridine Clinical Trials. He is the author of multiple textbooks and hundreds of articles on a wide variety of cardio- vascular issues including gene therapy, basic mechanisms involved in the development of acute coronary syndromes, and detection of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. Liaisons Kenneth E. Warner, Ph.D., is the Richard D. Remington Collegiate Professor of Public Health in the Department of Health Management and Policy at the University of Michigan School of Public Health. He is also director of the university’s Tobacco Research Network and associate di- rector of the university’s Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Schol- ars Program. Dr. Warner’s research has focused on economic and policy aspects of tobacco and health. Dr. Warner served as senior scientific edi- tor of the twenty-fifth anniversary Surgeon General’s report on smoking and health. He is on the editorial board of numerous journals and chairs the board of Tobacco Control. He serves on the Board of Directors of the American Legacy Foundation and on the Council and Membership Com- mittee of the IOM. Among his numerous professional awards, Dr. Warner has been honored twice by Delta Omega, the national public health hon- orary society, for “outstanding achievement in public health.” He received the Surgeon General’s Medallion from Dr. C. Everett Koop in 1989. Dr. Warner was named to the first class of fellows of the Association for Health Services Research in 1996; was elected to the Institute of Medicine in 1996; and received the Excellence in Research Award from the Univer- sity of Michigan School of Public Health in 1997. Richard Bonnie, LL.B., is the John S. Battle Professor of Law at the University of Virginia School of Law and director of the Institute of Law, Psychiatry and Public Policy at the University of Virginia. Dr. Bonnie’s professional expertise is in law and public policy pertaining to public health and mental health, including prevention and treatment of addic- tion and substance abuse. He has written extensively about regulation of alcohol, tobacco, and controlled substances and has served as a member of the National Advisory Council on Drug Abuse and on the Board of Directors of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence. Also, Profes- sor Bonnie has written about psychiatry and the law and the rights of

592 APPENDIX B mental health patients, and serves as an adviser to the American Psychiat- ric Association’s Council on Psychiatry and Law. He is a member of the Institute of Medicine and serves on the Board on Neuroscience and Be- havioral Health. Professor Bonnie has served as chair of the IOM Com- mittee on Opportunities in Drug Abuse Research and Committee on In- jury Prevention and Control, and as a member of the Committee on Prevention of Nicotine Dependence in Children and Adolescents. He is currently a member of the NRC Committee on Data and Research for Policy on Illegal Drugs. Institute of Medicine Staff Kathleen R. Stratton, Ph.D. (senior program officer), received a B.A. in natural sciences from Johns Hopkins University. She received her Ph.D. in neurotoxicology from the University of Maryland at Baltimore. After completing postdoctoral fellowships in neuropharmacology at the Uni- versity of Maryland School of Medicine and in neurophysiology of second-messenger systems at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, she joined the IOM staff in 1990. Dr. Stratton has worked in the IOM Divisions of Health Sciences Policy, Biobehavioral Medicine and Mental Disorders, and Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, as well as the NRC Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology. She has worked on projects in environmental risk assessment, neurotoxicology, the organization of research and service programs in the Public Health Service, vaccine safety, fetal alcohol syndrome, and vaccine development. She directed the Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention from 1997 until 1999. Padma Shetty, M.D. (program officer), finished her B.A. in Psychol- ogy at Northwestern University and her M.D. at the Ohio State University College of Medicine in 1998. After completing an internship in Internal Medicine, she joined the IOM staff for the Committee to Assess the Sci- ence Base of Tobacco Harm Reduction in 1999. Ann W. St. Claire is senior project assistant for the IOM Committee to Assess the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction. Ms. St. Claire joined the IOM Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention in 1999 and has worked on the IOM study, Reducing the Burden of Injury (1999). Ms. St. Claire graduated from Mount Holyoke College in 1999 with a degree in politics and a certificate in the culture, health and science program.

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Despite overwhelming evidence of tobacco's harmful effects and pressure from anti-smoking advocates, current surveys show that about one-quarter of all adults in the United States are smokers. This audience is the target for a wave of tobacco products and pharmaceuticals that claim to preserve tobacco pleasure while reducing its toxic effects.

Clearing the Smoke addresses the problems in evaluating whether such products actually do reduce the health risks of tobacco use. Within the context of regulating such products, the committee explores key questions:

  • Does the use of such products decrease exposure to harmful substances in tobacco?
  • Is decreased exposure associated with decreased harm to health?
  • Are there surrogate indicators of harm that could be measured quickly enough for regulation of these products?
  • What are the public health implications?

This book looks at the types of products that could reduce harm and reviews the available evidence for their impact on various forms of cancer and other major ailments. It also recommends approaches to governing these products and tracking their public health effects.

With an attitude of healthy skepticism, Clearing the Smoke will be important to health policy makers, public health officials, medical practitioners, manufacturers and marketers of "reduced-harm" tobacco products, and anyone trying to sort through product claims.

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