Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace: Low Back and Upper Extremities

Page 473

     shoulder disorders, 253, 263, 264, 269, 274, 277, 278
     skeletal muscle, 222, 225, 226, 227, 228-229, 234, 242-243
     spinal discs, 229-230, 239, 247-250, 252, 373
     stress, general, 234, 259
     stretching, 202, 206, 207-208, 216, 227, 228
     surveillance, 243, 250
     temperature factors, 219, 221-226 (passim), 248, 253, 255-256, 258, 260-264, 280-282
     tendons, 222, 227-228, 239, 247, 250-252, 265-266, 268, 373
     time factors, 224, 225, 226, 258, 280, 281-284, 286, 373
     twisting, 55, 239, 244, 270, 271, 275-276, 278
     typing, 231, 254, 256, 257, 260, 263, 264, 268-269, 278, 280, 281
     upper extremity disorders, 7, 219, 253-286, 359-360, 363, 432, 439, 458;
     see also specific disorders and extremities supra
     vertebra, 229-230, 250, 252
     vibration, 221-226 (passim), 230, 231, 233, 254, 255-256, 258, 260-264, 268, 270-273, 274, 276, 277-278, 280, 281-283, 286
     wrist, 255, 257-258, 260, 261, 262, 263, 265-267, 268, 270, 274, 275-279, 282, 284, 360, 363
Biophysical model, 293
Biostatistics, 68, 74
Blood flow/pressure, 76, 198, 205, 210, 212, 214, 233, 269, 274, 293, 297, 299, 448
Body weight,
     see Weight factors, body
Bone, 22, 101, 251-252, 372
     see also Skeletal muscle; Vertebra cellular healing processes, 193
Bracial arteriography, 135
Bradford Hill criteria,
     causality, 20, 21, 28, 66, 72-79, 87, 108, 144
     tissue mechanobiology, 184
Brain neurobiology, 186
     pain, 25-26, 185
     psychological stress, 290, 291
Breaks,
     see Rest breaks
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), xiv, 10, 58, 64
     absenteeism, 50, 51, 52
     Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, 44-45, 49-51, 60-61
     databases, 22-23, 44-45, 46-47, 48-52, 60-61, 351-352, 366, 435-436
Bursitis, 48

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Cadaver studies, 22, 66, 184, 253, 261, 266
     spinal discs, 191, 192
     tendinosis, 197
     tissue mechanobiology, 22, 66, 184
Caffeine, 442
Canada, 30, 31, 121
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), 19, 27, 56, 79, 231, 360, 431, 434, 435-436, 440-451, 458-460
     age factors, 51, 56, 286, 360, 442, 447-448
     biomechanics, 260, 261, 265, 266-268, 286
     computer users, 45-46, 51, 340-341, 452
     cultural factors, 449
     epidemiology, 101-102, 103, 118-124, 435-436, 440-443, 451, 459-460
     incidence and prevalence, 39, 40, 41, 43, 49, 50, 51, 56, 176, 352, 435-436, 440-443, 448-449
     exercise, 267
     gender factors, 55, 56, 442, 447-448
     preventive interventions, 267, 301, 318, 439-442, 450, 459
     psychological stress, 299
     racial factors, 442, 447-448
     self-reports, 43
     service workers, 50, 435-436
Case-control studies, 22, 76-77, 79
     see also Randomized controlled trials back disorders, 97, 99-100, 238, 308, 311
     upper extremity disorders, 131, 442
Catecholamines, 290, 293, 295, 298, 299
Causality, 20, 21, 28, 66, 72-79, 87, 108, 144, 184, 352, 361-362, 446
     epidemiology, 77, 78, 79, 352, 361-362, 446

Table of Contents

Front Matter R1-R18

Executive Summary 1-14

Part I: Introduction 15-16

Introduction 17-37

Dimensions of the Problem 38-64

Methodological Issues and Approaches 65-82

Part II: Review of the Evidence 83-84

Epidemiological Evidence 85-183

Tissue Mechanobiology 184-218

Biomechanics 219-286

Occupational Stress 287-300

Interventions in the Workplace 301-329

Work Now and In the Future 330-348

Part II: Implications 349-350

Patterns of Evidence 351-363

Conclusions and Recommendations 364-369

Research Agenda 370-374

References 375-430

Appendix A: Answers to Questions Posed by Congress 431-438

Appendix B: Dissent, Robert M. Szabo 439-457

Appendix C: Panel Response to the Dissent 458-460

Appendix D: Contributors to the Report 461-464

Appendix E: Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and Staff 465-470

Index 471-492

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