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OCR for page 193
Index
A
Adenovirus as vector for gene
transfer, 163-165
Affiliate programs, and technology
transfer, 7, 13, 113, 142
Agency for International
Development, 68
Agribusiness, research affecting, 55
Agricultural Research Institute, 69
Agricultural Research Serv ice, 11,
52, 59, 72, 77, 98, 99, 102,
112, 133
Agrobactcrium tumefacicns, Ti
plasmid from, 19, 80-81, 160,
172, 173, 176-178, 183
Agronomy, 8, 15, 48, 129
Alaromones, use of, 31
Alcohol fuel, 41-42
Alfalfa, 20, 24, 177
Allelopaths, studies of, 26
Alliances among universities,
industries, and government,
111-123, 142
and ownership of intellectual
property, 111, 139-140
American Council on Education, 91
Amino acids
contained in Brazil nuts, 25, 177
production from corynebacteria,
180
193
Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service, 63
Animals, 33-44
basic research in, 8, 48
breeding of, 33-37
cell structure in, 154
gene transfer in, 151
by cell fusion, 161-163
by DNA microinjection, 157-159
vector-mediated, 163-171
growth hormones in, 35-36
microorganisms associated with,
37-41
pregnancy tests for, 34
Antibiotics, 38, 180
Antibodies
fat destruction by, 36
gene transfer by DNA
microinjection, 158
monoclonal, ecc Monoclonal
antibodies
Applied research, 5
links with other disciplines, 51, 82
Aquaculture, 37
A~hbya go``ypii, 43
Asparagus gene transfer with Ti
plasmid, 177
AspergilluJ nidulan~, 179
OCR for page 194
194
B
Bacillm thursng~cn~is, 31, 174, 180
Backcrossing of fusion products,
162
Bacteria
diagnosis based on monoclonal
antibodies, 161
gene transfer in, 151
by direct DNA uptake, 156
by transposable elements, 174
plasmids in, 178-181
Baculoviruses as vectors in gene
transfer, 32, 170-171
Basic research, 5,48-49
applications of, 56-59,125-126
funding of, ecu Funding of
research
links with other disciplines, 52,81
recommendations for, 8
Beans, 172,177
Biochemistry, basic research in, 48
Biological Energy Research
Division of Department of
Energy, 67
Biomass energy, 41-42
Bioprocessing, 3,41-44,81-82
in food production, 42-43
in fuel production, 41-42
Biotechnology
centers at land-grant universities,
124
definition of, 3,16-17
Booroola gene, 36
Bovine papilloma virus as vector
for gene transfer, 165-166
Boyce Thompson Institute, 71
Brasaica line, cyb rid formation in,
163
Brazil nuts, protein in, 25,177
Breeding
of animals, 33-37
of plants
at land-grant universities, 124
in seed industry, 109
traditional methods compared to
molecular gene transfer in, 17,
149-150
Brome mosaic virus, 172
INDEX
C
Calcium phosphate, and DNA
uptake by cells, 155, 161, 164,
170
Career development programs, 90,
101,105
Carnegie Institution of
Washington, 71
Carrots, 157,177
Cauliflower mosaic virus, 171,
174
Cells
cultures of, 3,4,8,20-21,47,49
animal, proteins manufactured
in, 165
insect, 170
plant, 155, 160
fusion techniques, 4, g, 47, 50,
161-163, 181
in animals, 161-163
in plants, 162-163
microinjection into plants, 157,
158
Centers for research, 83-84,85,124
Cereals, 20,179
Chemicals used in agriculture, 24
Chicken transferrin gene expressed
in transgenic mice, 158
Chlorophyll a/b binding protein
gene transfer, 177
Chloroplasts, 159, 160, 163, 183
Chromosomes
maps of, 36, 46, 49, 162
microinjection of, 159, 160
Cloning
of genes, 18-lg
of plant varieties, 20, 21
Cochliobolu~ hetcrostrophw, 179
Co-dominant genes, 184
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,
71,84,100
Colibacillosis, enteric, 3, 17, 22-23,
38
Collaborative research programs,
10, 13, 82-85
Columbia University Science and
Technology Development
Office, 130137
OCR for page 195
INDEX
Commercialization of research
results, 7, 14
Competitive Research Grants
Office Program, 81
Competitiveness of U.S. agriculture
factors affecting, 2, 54, 143-144
strategies for, 4-7, 109, 129-130
Conflicts of interest in alliances
among universities, Industries,
and government, 111, 114, 141
Consortia, 7, 13,114, 142
Consultancies, 7, 13, 113, 142
Contracts, university/industry,
195
D
Demand for scientists, 91-93
Demographic factors affecting
research, 93-95
Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Agricultural Research Service, 11,
52, 59, 72, 78, 98, 99, 102,
112, 133
competitive grants from, 97
patenting and licensing by, 133
postdoctoral programs of, 98, 99
predoctoral programs of, 98
113-il4,124-;25 regulatory programs of, 14-15
retraining programs of, 13
Cooperative Extension Service, 14,
52, 62-63, 125-126, 142
Cooperative State Research
Service, 52, 60-61, 68
Corn
DNA uptake by cells in, 157
gene expression in, 24
gene transfer in, 183
with Ti plasmid, 177
infection with geminiviru~es, 172
protection against cutworm, 180
transposable elements in, 174, 175
zein storage protein in, ~77
Cornell University Biotechnology
Program, 84, 85, 115-116, 123
Corynebacteria, use of, 180
County governments involved in
agricultural extension, 52
Cows, 33, 35
Crop production, 23-33, 55
and control of traits in plants,
24-27
research developments in, 126
Crop protection, 27, 30-33
Cross-protection of plants, 29
Crown gall disease, 80, 176
Cultured cells, ecu Cells, cultures of
Current Research Information
System, 72
Curricula development in
universities, 105
Cybrid formation, 163
Cysteine, in Brazil nuts, 25, 177
Cytoplasmic traits, transfer of, 160,
162, 163
role in innovations, 2, 3
support for research, 5, 10-11, 52,
59-63, 72, 81, 87
support for training programs, 13
Department of Commerce, 110, 132
Department of Defense, 67
Department of Energy, 59, 67
Department of Health and Human
Services, 65~6
Developmental processes, research
in, 26-27, 47-48, 50
Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 57
Dicots, 156,157, 172, 183
Disease resistance in plants, 24,
149, 162
DNA
complementary copies of RNA
virus, 172
homologous recombination of,
170, 176
microinjection into cells, 157-160
181
in animals, 157-159
in plants, 159-160
probes of, 25,28-29,162
recombinant, 3
and field testing of products,
127-130
patents for products of, 137-138
restriction fragment length
polymorphisms, 162
segment sizes in gene transfer
152-153
uptake by cells, 150, 151
OCR for page 196
196
by chemical treatments,
155-156, 161
direct, 155-157, 161, 178, 181,
183
by electroporation, 156-157, 161
in organ transformation
technique, 156
Dominant genes, 184
Drosophila mclanogastcr, 20, 150, 158,
175
Drug production by genetic
engineering, 155, 180
Drug resistance
gene transfer for, 158, 168
genes for, used as tags, 152
Dunalicila bardaunl, 43
EINDEX
Entrepreneurial companies, 114,
115
Environmental considerations, 4, g,
48,130
plant and animal responses in, 8,
27
in testing of biotechnology
products, 7,14-15,123,
126-130,143
Environmental Protection Agency,
14,59,64,143
Enzymes
in bioprocessing, 43-44
for isolation of genes, 18,151
Equity ownership in
entrepreneurial companies, 115
E~chcmchia coli, 23,150,151
Ethanol production, 42,44
Eucaryotes, 154,162,178,183
Expression vectors, and protein
manufacture by animal cells,
165
Ecological aspects of biotechnology,
9,129-130
and regulatory procedures in fieldExtension services, 2,144
testing, 7,14-15,123,programs in Cooperative
126-130,143
Economic Research Service, 62,72
Ecosystem, 30, 48, 50
Education of public, aboutF
biotechnology, 9, 12, 13, 48,
50, 88
Educational programs, dCC ~80
Postdoctoral programs;
Predoctoral programs;
Training
demographic factors in, 93-95
federal support for, 6
and scientific training, 95-101
Efficiency of production, Cc
Productivity
Electrofusion, cellular, 161
Electroporation, DNA uptake by,
156-1~7, 161, 181
Embryo manipulation and transfer,
3,8,33,47,49,150,158
DNA microinjection in, 157-159,
183
germ line cells in, 168
Employment in biotechnology
industry, 91
Entomology, 8,15, 48,129
Extension Service, 13,52,63,
125-126,142
Faculties, university
recruitment of, 83,86
sabbaticals for, 105-106
Farming operations, research
developments in, 125-126
Fat-to-muscle ratio in animals, 36,
49,149
Federal government, Cc also
Department of Agriculture
interactions with universities and
industry, 109-121,142
partnership with state agencies,
52-53
patenting and licensing by,
131-133
regulatory procedures for field
testing, 7,14,126-130,143
support for research, 59-68,
81-82, 86,87-88,121-122
support for training programs, 92,
93,97-103,106-107
OCR for page 197
INDEX
Federal Technology Transfer Act of
1986, 7, 13, 103, 110, 115, 131,
133, 137, 140, 142
Fellowships, postdoctoral, 65, 90,
98, 99
Fermentation technology, 82
Fertility, transfer of genes for, 162
Fertilizers, use of, 23, 24
Field tests
of ice-minus strain of Pseudomonas
~yr~ngac, 28
regulatory procedures in, 7,
14-15, 123, 126-130, 143
site-safety officer in, 129
sites for, 128-129, 143
Fish, 37, 159
Food
additives produced by genetic
engineering, 155
crops for energy production, 42
nutritious varieties of, 3, 24, 90,
143, 177
production with bioprocessing,
42-43
Food and Agriculture Act of 1977,
55
Food and Drug Administration, 14,
66, 143
Foot-and-mouth disease, 3, 17, 38,
56
Foreign students in agricultural
sciences, 95
Forest Service, 52, 62, 72
Forestry research, funding for, 51
Foundations in support of science
programs, 12, 89
Frost damage prevention, 28
Fruit dies, 20, 150, 15B, 174, 175
Fruit production in plants, control
of, 26-27
Fuel production, 41-42
Funding of research, 7, 012, 51-59
annual expenditures for, 5
appropriations by Congress, 55-56
for competitive grants, 87-88
by federal agencies, 59-68, 81, 86,
87-88, 122, 131-132
grants in, arc Grants
peer review of, Cc Peer and merit
review
197
by private sector, 2, 3, 5, 11-12,
58, 7~71, 88-89, 122
and rate of return for
investments, 53-54
state support of, 12, 52-53,
68-69, 86, 88, 123
Fungi
cell structure in, 154
diagnosis based on monoclonal
antibodies, 161
direct DNA uptake by cells in,
156
diseases in insects, 33
infections of plants, protection
from, 27
plasmids in, 178-181
G
Gastroenteritis in swine, 167
Geminiviruses~as vectors for gene
transfer, 172
Genesis)
cloning of, 18-19
control sequences in, 153
copy number for, 153, 163
identification of, 4, 8, 45-46, 49
integration into host
chromosomes, 155, 157, 164,
181
isolation of, 18-19, 149, 175
mapping of, 36, 46, 49, 162
protein products of, 153
field testing of, 126-130
patents for, 57-58
structure and function of, 4, 9,
47, 49
regulated expression of, 181-182
position effects and gene
expression in plants, 171
regulation of, 4, 8, 46, 49
tagging of, 46, 152, 163
transfer methods, 3, 17-23,
140184
in animals, 34
cell culture and regeneration
techniques in, 20-21
by cell fusion, 161-163
and crop production
enhancement, 24-27
OCR for page 198
198
compared to gene isolation
strategy, 175
direct DNA uptake in, 154-157
efficiency of, 152
stable inheritance in, 149, 153,
154, 157
Ti plasmid in, 176-178
transposable elements in, 158,
174-176, 181
vector-mediated, 152-153,
163-1 74
transient expression system in,
153, 155, 157, 164, 165
General Accounting Office, 53, 77
Germ cells, foreign DNA in, 34
Germ line cells of embryos, 168
Glyphosate, resistance to, 25-26,
177
Government programs, Cc Federal
government; State government
Government-University-Indust ry
Research Roundtable, 111
Graduate education, ecc
Predoctoral programs
Grants, 51, 55, 57
by federal agencies, 87-88, 97
by industries, 12, 88, 113-114, 142
for interdisciplinary programs, 84,
103
by National Science Foundation,
11, 97
peer review for, 51, 55, 57, 99
recommendations for, 11
and technology transfer, 7, 13
for training programs, 105
Growth hormones
animal, 35-36, 57
bovine, 35
microinjection of, in fish, 37
porcine, 35
in transgenic mice, 158, 182
Growth regulators
in plants, 2027
production by corynebacteria, 180
H
Hatch Act, 60` 72, 103
Herbicides
production by corynebacteria, 180
INDEX
resistance to, 3, 16, 24, 25-26, 57
proteins involved in, 183
transfer of, 160, 163, 177, 178
Hormones
animal growth hormones, 35-36,
57, arc also Growth hormones
detection in blood with
monoclonal antibodies, 22
gene transfer by DNA
microinjection, 158
insect, 31
production by genetic
engineering, 155
Hornworm resistance, 162
Hybrid viruses as vectors for gene
transfer, 164
Hybridoma technology, 22, 161
I
Ice-minus strain of P`cudomor~as
~yrsn~ac, 28
Immunity, cellular, from vaccinia
vaccines, 167
Immunoglobulins, gene transfer by
DNA microinjection, 158
Industry, Cc Private sector
Inoculants, rhizobial, 30
Insects
control of, sec Pesticides
direct DNA uptake by cells in,
156
fruit fly, 20, 150, 158, 174, 175
gene transfer by microinjection,
158-159
infection with baculoviruses,
170-1 71
Insemination, artificial, in animal
breeding, 33
Insertion vectors, 167, 170, 176
Institute of Medicine, 91, 93
Institutions, 108-121
Institutions supporting research
programs, 012
Integration of research disciplines,
51, 81-85
Integration of transferred genes
into chromosomes, 155, 157,
165, 181
OCR for page 199
INDEX
Intellectual property, ownership of,
111, 130, 139-140
Interactions
among organisms, 4, 8-9, 50
symbiotic relationships in, 30, 47
of extension agents and research
scientists, 125-126
of universities, industry, and
government, 109-121, 142
Interdisciplinary research programs,
9-10, 13, 104-106, 121-123
grants for, 84, 103
conferences and seminars in, 84
International marketplace,
competition in, Cc
Competitiveness of U.S.
agriculture
International Rice Research
Institute, 84
Intestinal bacteria of animals,
alterations in, 40-41
Iowa State University Research
Foundation, 135, 138
Isolation of genes, 18-19, 151, 175
J
Joint Council on Food and
Agricultural Sciences, 53
Juvenile hormone analogues
affecting insects, 31
L
Lactation, transfer of genes for, 162
Land-grant universities, 2, 3, 52,
68, 123-125
collaboration with private
universities, 84, 85
integration of research in, 5, 82
training centers in plant biology,
99
Legumes
nitrogen fixation by, 27, 29-30,
179
propagation and regeneration of,
20
protein composition of, 25
Lepidopteran insects, 170-171, 180
199
Licensing, sec Patenting and
.. .
1lcensmg
Lilies, gene transfer with Ti
plasmid, 177
Linkage institutions, 109-121
Lolium m?dtiforum, 156
Lysine production by
bioprocessing, 43
M
Mapping of genes, 36, 46, 49, 162
Markers linked to genes, 46, 152,
163
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology Biotechnology
Process Engineering Center,
85
Mastitis in animals, 39
McIntire-Stennis funds for forestry
research, 60
McKnight Foundation, 12, 84, 89,
103
Merit review, ace Peer and merit
review
Methane production, 42
Methionine
in Brazil nuts, 25, 177
production for animal feed, 43
Mice, tran~genic, 158, 182
Michigan Biotechnology Institute,
83, 117-118
Microbiology, and regulation of
field testing, 15, 129
Microinjection
of DNA into cells, 157-160, 181
of pollen or embryos, 183
of transposable elements, 175
Microorganisms
associated with animals, 37-41
associated with plants, 27-30
gene transfer in, 151
Milk, production, 33, 35
Minichromosomes, 153, 156
Mitochondria, 160, 163, 183
Molecular biology, 17-23, 56
basic research in, 8, 48
gene transfer methods in, 149-184
and regulation of field testing, 15,
129
OCR for page 200
200
Monoclonal antibodies, 3, 21-23
creation by cell fusion, 161
diagnostic uses of, 22, 23, 38, 161
in pregnancy tests for animals, 34
therapeutic uses of, 22-23, 37-38,
161
Monocots, 156, 157, 160, 172, 177,
183
Monsanto Company, 114, 180
Muscle-to-fat ratio in animals, 36,
49, 149
N
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, 59, 67-68, 102
National Agricultural Research,
Extension and Teaching Act
of 1977, 55
National Association of State
Universities and Land-Grant
Colleges, 53, 56, 75, 77, 92
National Biological Impact
Assessment Program, 128-129
National Bureau of Standards, 102,
112
National Institute of General
Medical Sciences, 65
National Institutes of Health, 57,
59, 65, 99, 112, 128
training system of, 101-102, 103
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, 102
National Research Council, 102
National Research Service Awards,
101-102
National Science Board, 96
National Science Foundation, 57,
59, 64~5, 81, 85
career development programs of,
101
grants from, 11, 97
postdoctoral programs of, 100,
103
predoctoral programs of, 100, 103
summer courses of, 100
National strategy for biotechnology,
development of, 3-7
National Technical Information
Service, 132-133
INDEX
Nematodes, 161, 174
New Jersey Center for Advanced
Biotechnology and Medicine,
119
Nif genes, 30
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, 27, 29-30,
179
Nod genes, 30
North Carolina Biotechnology
Center, 118
Nuclei of cells, 154, 160, 162
o
Office of Management and Budget,
53
Office of Naval Research, 67
Office of Science and Technology
Policy, 53
Office of Technology Assessment,
53, 91, 130
Oil crops, genetic engineering of, 25
Oilseed rape
DNA uptake by protoplasts from,
156
propagation and regeneration of,
20
Ti plasmid vectors for, 177
Omnivac, 39
P-element vector for gene transfer,
158, 175
Papilloma virus, bovine, as vector
for gene transfer, 165-166
Parasites, vaccines against, 167
Parasitism, molecular, and viral
disease control, 173
Patent Act, P.L. 96-517,124
Patenting and licensing, 57-58,
130-141,142
assistance from technical
development offices, 114-115
biotechnology inventions in,
138-139
by federal government, 131-135
recent proposals for, 110
revenues from, 137-138
royalties from, 141
OCR for page 201
INDEX
and technology transfer, 7,14
by universities, 135-137
Pathogens
crop losses from, 27
diagnosis based on monoclonal
antibodies, 161
insect, 32
interaction with hosts, 48-49
interaction with plants, 48
resistance with Ri plasmid vector,
178
Peer and merit review, 10, 75-76,
87,143-144
of allocation of research funds, 5
of grants, 51,55,57,99
of training programs, 6
Pepper plants, RNA satellites
placed in, 173
Personnel required for
biotechnology, 91-95
and scientist-years devoted to
research, 73-75
temporary exchanges of, 102
training programs for, Cc
Training
Pesticides, 23,30-33
baculoviruses as, 170-171
problems with, 30,55
production by corynebacteria, 180
resistance to, Ri plasmid vector
in, 178
transfer of bacterial toxin genes
for, 31-32, 180
Petunias, 156,177
Phaseolin storage protein gene
transfer, 177
Pheromones, use of, 31, 170
Photosynthesis, proteins in, 183
Physiology of plants, basic research
in, 48
Pigs, sec Swine
Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.,
84
Pittsburgh Plate Glass/Scripps
Clinic, 116-117,123
Plant Gene Expression Center,
120-121
Plant Variety Protection Act of
1970,57
Plants, Cc also Crop production
201
cell structure in, 154
disease resistance in, 24,149,162
funding for biology research in, 99
gene transfer in, 151
by cell fusion, 162-163
by DNA microinjection, 159-160
interdisciplinary research program
for, 12
microorganisms associated with,
27-30
regeneration techniques, 3,4,8,
20-21,47,49,150,155
Ti plasmid in, 176,177
resistance to herbicides, sec
Herbicides, resistance to
viruses as vectors for gene
transfer, 171-174
Plasmids, 19, 152,181
bacterial, 178-181
fungal, 178-181
Ri plasmid, 178
Ti plasmid, 19, 80-81,159,160,
172,173,176-178,183
Pollen grains, 160,183
Polyethylene glycol
in cell fusion studies, 161
and DNA uptake by plant cells,
156
Polygenic traits, 34,160,162
Polyhedrin gene in baculovirus, 170
Position effects, and gene
expression in plants, 173-174
Postdoctoral personnel, 94-95
demographic trends in, 93
federal support for, 107
fellowships for, 65, 90, 98, 99
foreigners as, 95
opportunities for, 92
Postdoctoral programs
at National Institutes of Health,
101-102
at National Science Foundation,
100, 103
Potatoes, 24,162
Predoctoral programs
federal support for, 92, 93, 107
at National Institutes of Health,
101-102
at National Science Foundation,
100, 103
OCR for page 202
202
at U.S. Department of
Agriculture, 98
Pregnancy tests in animals, 34
Presidential Young Investigator
Awards, 65, 101
Private sector
affiliates in universities, 113, 142
collaboration with public sector,
6-7, 13, 58-59, 85
contracts with universities, 124
interactions with universities and
government, 109-123, 143
role in retraining scientists, 97
support for research, 2, 3, 5, 12,
58, 70-71, 88-89, 122
support for training programs,
103
Procaryotes, 154, 178
Productivity
cell culture techniques affecting,
21
in fish farming, 37
graduate education affecting, 93
programs needed for efficiency in,
2, 89
research affecting, 54, 143
technology transfer affecting, 109
Promoters of foreign gene
expression, 170, 171, 172
Pronucleus, DNA microinjection
into, 157, 158
Proteins
manufacture in cultured animal
cells, 165
as products of genes, 153
single-cell, as food source, 43
storage, genetic engineering of,
25, 177
Protoplasm, plant regeneration
from, 20, 156, 157, 162-163
Provirus in vector-mediated gene
transfer, 169
P`cudomon~
p~orcecene, 31-32, 174, 180
syringac, ice-minus, 27
Pseudorabies, vaccines against, 3,
17, 39
Public health, and regulation of
field testing, 15, 128-130
INDEX
Public sector collaboration with
private sector, 6-7, 13, 58, 85,
JCC ~JO Federal government
Purdue University Research
Foundation, 135
R
Rabbits, transgenic, 158
Rabies, 38, 40, 167
Rat genes expressed in transgenic
mice, 158
Recessive genes, 184
Recombinant DNA Advisory
Committee, 128
Recommendations for national
strategies in biotechnology,
7-14, 48-50
for funding, 86-89
for field testing, 14-15, 143
for technology transfer, 13-14,
142-143
for training programs, 12-13,
106-107
Regeneration of plants, Cc Plants,
regeneration techniques
Regulated gene expression,
problems in, 181-182
Regulatory procedures
in field testing, 7, 14-15, 123,
126-130, 143
and technology transfer, 7, 14
Regulatory sequences of genes
promoting high-level foreign
gene expression, 170, 171
Report of the White House Science
Council Panel on the Health
of U.S. Colleges and
Universities, 93
Research, 4-5, 8, arc ale o Basic
research
applications and
commercialization of, 6-7
criticisms of, 55
decentralization in, 54
demographic factors affecting,
93-95
funding of, ecc Funding of
research
OCR for page 203
INDEX
personnel in, 8dC Personnel
required for biotechnology
Research centers, 83-84, 85, 124
Research Corporation, 125, 135
Research parks, 7, 13, 114, 142
Resistance in plants
to disease, 24, 149, 162
to herbicides, Cc Herbicides,
resistance to
Restriction enzymes, use of, 18-19
Retraining programs, 13, 84, 87,
90, 97, 105-106, 107
Retroviruses as vectors for gene
transfer, 167-169, 174
Rhizobium strains for nitrogen
fixation, 27, 29-30, 179
Ri plasmid, 178
Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate
carboxylase, gene transfer for,
177
Rice, 12, 178, 183
Ripening of fruits, control of, 26-27
RNA viruses as vectors in gene
transfer, 172-174
Rockefeller Foundation, 12, 84, 89
Royalties from patenting and
licensing, 141
Rye, DNA microinjection in, 160
S
Sabbaticals
for faculty, 105-106
for government scientists, 84, 85,
86
Salmoncila typhim~rium, gene
derived from, 26
Salt tolerance in plants, 183
Satellites, viral, 173
Scientists, ecc Personnel required
for biotechnology
Scours, 3, 17, 22-23, 38
Scripps Department of Molecular
Biology, 116-117, 123
Seed industry, breeding programs
of, 109
Seeds, gene transfer for, 177, 183
Seminars and conferences,
interdisciplinary, 83
Sheep, 36, 150, 158
203
Shuttle vectors, 154, 165-166
Simian virus 40 as vector for gene
transfer, 163-165
Small Business Innovation
Development Act of 1982, 110
Snapdragons, transposable
elements in, 174, 175
Somaclonal variants of plants, 21
Soybeans
gene expression in, 24
gene transfer in, 150
nitrogen fixation by, 27, 29
propagation and regeneration of,
20
protein composition of, 25
Ti plasmid vectors for, 177
transposable elements in, 174, 175
Stable inheritance of transferred
genes, 149-150, 153, 154, 155,
157
State Agricultural Experiment
Stations, 14, 51, 60, 68-69, 72,
77, 113, 142
State Cooperative Extension
Services, 13, 52, 62-63,
125-126, 142
State government
funding of university laboratories,
97
support of agricultural research,
11 52-53 68-69, 86, 88, 123
Sterility
female, in tran~genic mice, 182
male, cytoplasmic, transfer of,
160, 163
Stevenson-Wydler Technology
Innovation Act of 1980, 110,
131, 133
Stomatitis, vesicular, in animals,
38, 40, 167
Suspension cultures for gene
transfer in plants, 160
Swine
gene maps for, 162
growth hormone in, 35
transgenic, 158
vaccine against pseudorabies, 39
Symbiotic relationship between
microorganisms and host
plants, 30, 47
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204
T
Tagging of genes, 46,152,163
Technical development offices,
114-115
Technology transfer, 5,6, 7,14,
108-144
in alliances related to agriculture,
115-121
in consortia and research parks,
114
in consultancies, 112-113
economic incentives for, 108-109
in education and training
programs, 113
in entrepreneurial companies, 115
in grants and contracts, 113-114
and interactions of universities,
industry, and government,
109-123, 142
patenting and licensing in,
130-142,142-143
recommendations for, 13-14,
142-143
in technical development offices,
114-115
Temperatures
and cold-tolerant gene in fish, 37,
159
and ice-minus bacteria in plants,
28
Thymidine kinase gene in vaccinia
virus, inactivation of, 166-167
Ti plasmid from Agrobactcr~um
tumefacicn~, 19, 80-81, 160,
172, 173, 176-178, 183
Tobacco, 20, 25, 156, 157, 172, 177
mosaic virus, 29, 162, 173
Tomatoes, 20, 25, 171, 177
Toxin genes, insecticidal, 31-32,
180
Training, 6, 90~107
in affiliate programs, 6, 13, 113,
142
and career development, 105
curricula development for, 105
federal support for, 92-93,
10~107
grants for, 105
INDE)f
and interdisciplinary cooperation,
104-106
National Institutes of Health
program for, 101-102, 103
National Science Foundation
programs for, 100-101
private support of, 103
recommendations for, 11, 106-107
and retraining programs, 13, 84,
86, 90, 97, 106, 107
and scientific education, 95-100
types of programs for, 97
USDA programs for, 98
Traits, biological
in plants, control of, 24-27
polygenic, 34, 160, 162
produced by traditional breeding
or by molecular gene transfer,
17, 149-150
single-gene, 162
Transgenic animals, 158, 182
Transgenic plants, 29
Transient gene expression, 153,
155, 157, 164, 165
Transposable elements for gene
transfer, 159, 174-176, 180
Triazine resistance, transfer of, 163
lkiticum monococcum, 156
Turkey retrovirus as vector in gene
transfer, 169
Turnips, 171, 177
Tuskegee Institute, 52, 69
U
Undergraduate education,
fundamentals in, 97
Universities
contracts with industry, 124
faculty recruitment in, 83, 86
funding of basic research in, 7
interaction with industry and
government, 10~123, 142
interdisciplinary cooperation in,
010, 13, 105-106
land-grant, sec Land-grant
universities
patenting and licensing by,
135-137
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INDEX
private, collaboration with
land-grant universities, 84, 85
retraining programs in, 13
support by private sector, 12, 88
support by state governments, 11
University of California
Biotechnology Research and
Education Program, 120
USDA, Cc Department of
Agriculture
V
Vaccines
for animal diseases, 3, 17, 22-23,
38-40
based on monoclonal antibodies,
161
vaccinia, use of, 39-40, 167
Vaccinia virus, 39-40, 166-167
Vegetative propagation, 20
Vectors for gene transfer, 19-20,
150,152-153,156, 163-174,
181
animal viruses in, 163-171
helper virus in, 169, 173
insertion, 167,170, 176
P-element, 1S8, 175
plant viruses in, 171-174
plasmids in, Cc Plasmids
provirus in, 169
shuttle, 154, 165-166
transposable elements, 174-176,
181
for insects, 159
for plants, 159
Veterinary medicine schools,
research in, 72, 78
Viruses
control with RNA satellites, 173
diagnosis based on monoclonal
antibodies, 161
plant, detection with DNA
probes, 28-29
satellites of, 173
vaccines against, 3,17,22-23,
38-40
as vectors for gene transfer, 20,
150, 152,163-174,181
205
Vitamins, microbial production of,
43
W
Waste disposal, bacteria in, 179
Waste products, use of, 42,43,44
Weed control agents, 25-26,27,179
Wheat, 156,172,178,183
Wisconsin Alumni Research
Foundation, 135-136,139
y
Yeast, 25,154,156,174,178
z
Zein storage protein gene transfer,
177
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
dna microinjection
