National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Food Safety Policy, Science, and Risk Assessment: Strengthening the Connection: Workshop Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10052.
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Food Safety Policy, Science, and Risk Assessment: Strengthening the Connection

Workshop Proceedings

Food Forum

Food and Nutrition Board

INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Food Safety Policy, Science, and Risk Assessment: Strengthening the Connection: Workshop Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10052.
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    NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20418

    NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

    Support for this project was provided by U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration, U.S Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Commerce National Marine Fisheries Service, Bestfoods, Frito-Lay, Inc., General Mills, Kellogg Company, Kraft Foods, Inc., Lipton, Monsanto Company, Nabisco, Inc., Nestlé USA, Proctor & Gamble, and Ross Products. The opinions or conclusions expressed herein are those of the workshop participants and do not necessarily reflect those of the funders.

    International Standard Book Number 0-309-07323-5

    This report is available for sale from the National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Box 285, Washington, DC 20055; call (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area), or visit the NAP on-line bookstore at www.nap.edu .

    For more information about the Institute of Medicine or the Food and Nutrition Board, visit the IOM home page at www.iom.edu.

    Copyright 2001 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

    Printed in the United States of America

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Food Safety Policy, Science, and Risk Assessment: Strengthening the Connection: Workshop Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10052.
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“Knowing is not enough; we must apply. Willing is not enough; we must do.”

—Goethe

Image: jpg
~ enlarge ~

INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE

Shaping the Future for Health

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Food Safety Policy, Science, and Risk Assessment: Strengthening the Connection: Workshop Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10052.
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    THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

    National Academy of Sciences

    National Academy of Engineering

    Institute of Medicine

    National Research Council

    The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

    The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

    The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

    The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Food Safety Policy, Science, and Risk Assessment: Strengthening the Connection: Workshop Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10052.
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    FOOD FORUM

    FERGUS M. CLYDESDALE (Chair), University of Massachusetts, Amherst

    LARRY R. BEUCHAT, University of Georgia, Griffin

    NANCY M. CHILDS, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

    MARSHA N. COHEN, Hastings College of the Law, University of California, San Francisco

    ROBERT DROTMAN, Frito-Lay, Inc., Plano, Texas

    WILLIAM C. FRANKE, Lipton, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey

    ARTHUR L. HECKER, Ross Products Division, Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio

    JERRY HJELLE, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri

    WILLIAM KELLY JONES, Nabisco Foods Group, East Hanover, New Jersey

    FRANKLIN M. LOEW, Becker College, Worcester, Massachusetts

    JOANNE R. LUPTON, Texas A& M University, College Station

    EILEEN MADDEN, Nestlé USA, Purchase, New York

    STEPHEN H. McNAMARA, Hyman, Phelps & McNamara, Washington, D.C.

    DIANI SANTUCCI, Bestfoods, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey

    SHERI M. SCHELLHAASS, General Mills, Minneapolis, Minnesota

    TRACIE SHEEHAN, Kellogg Company, Battle Creek, Michigan

    MARK SILBERGELD, Consumers Union, Washington, D.C.

    ROBERT E. SMITH, R.E. Smith Consultants, Inc., Newport, Vermont

    BRUCE R. STILLINGS, Food and Agriculture Consultants, Inc., Falmouth, Maine

    SUSAN SUMNER, Virginia Polytechnic Institute of Technology, Blacksburg

    RONALD TRIANI, Kraft Foods, Glenview, Illinois

    KEITH TRIEBWASSER, Procter & Gamble, Cincinnati, Ohio

    Ex-Offico Members

    E. SPENCER GARRETT, National Marine Fisheries Service, Pascagoula, Mississippi

    JOZEF KOKINI, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey

    MARC Le MAGUER, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario

    JOSEPH A. LEVITT, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C.

    DONNA V. PORTER, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

    SUSAN H. WAYLAND, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

    CATHERINE WOTEKI, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.

    Forum Staff

    SANDRA SCHLICKER, Director

    GERALDINE KENNEDO, Project Assistant

    JENNIFER OTTEN, Communications Specialist (July 1999–February 2000)

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Food Safety Policy, Science, and Risk Assessment: Strengthening the Connection: Workshop Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10052.
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Page vi

    FOOD AND NUTRITION BOARD

    CUTBERTO GARZA (Chair), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

    ALFRED H. MERRILL, Jr. (Vice Chair), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia

    ROBERT M. RUSSELL (Vice Chair), Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts

    VIRGINIA A. STALLINGS (Vice Chair), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

    LARRY R. BEUCHAT, University of Georgia, Griffin

    BENJAMIN CABALLERO, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland

    FERGUS M. CLYDESDALE, University of Massachusetts, Amherst

    ROBERT J. COUSINS, University of Florida, Gainesville

    SCOTT M. GRUNDY, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas

    SHIRIKI KUMANUIKA, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia

    LYNN PARKER, Food Research and Action Center, Washington, DC

    ROSS L. PRENTICE, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington

    A. CATHARINE ROSS, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park

    ROBERT E. SMITH, R.E. Smith Consulting, Inc., Newport, Vermont

    STEVE L. TAYLOR, University of Nebraska, Lincoln

    Staff

    ALLISON A. YATES, Director

    GAIL E. SPEARS, Administrative Assistant

    GARY WALKER, Financial Associate

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Food Safety Policy, Science, and Risk Assessment: Strengthening the Connection: Workshop Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10052.
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Page vii

Contents

1     INTRODUCTION 1
2     SCIENCE AS THE BASIS FOR FOOD SAFETY POLICY 3
    Good Science: Critical to Regulatory Decision-Making, Jane E. Henney, 3
    Statutory Authority: Differences Among Agencies, Catherine E. Woteki, 5
    Role of the Joint Institute for Food Safety Research, William F. Raub, 6
3     DEFINING INCIDENTS LEADING TO CHANGES IN FOOD SAFETY POLICY 8
    Vegetable Sprouts, Robert L. Buchanan, 8
    Meat and Poultry Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points, Thomas J. Billy, 10
    Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes, Michael P. Doyle, 11
    1996 Food Quality Protection Act, Joyce A. Nettleton, 15
4     OTHER FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOOD SAFETY POLICY 18
    International Considerations, Fritz Käferstein, 18
    Regulatory Considerations, Morris Potter, 19
    Business Considerations, Dane Bernard, 20
    Consumer Considerations, Edward Groth III, 22
    Political Considerations, Eric Juzenas, 23
5     USING SCIENCE-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT TO DEVELOP FOOD SAFETY POLICY 25
    Historical Perspective of Risk Assessment and Steps in the Process, Joseph V. Rodricks, 25
    Promise and Pitfalls of Risk Assessment, George M. Gray, 27
    Using Risk Assessment to Establish Food Safety Policy: Salmonella enteriditis, Robert L. Buchanan, 28
    Risk Communication: Defining a Tolerable Level of Risk, Susan L. Santos, 30
    Joint FAO/WHO Consultation on Risk Assessment of Microbiological Hazards in Foods, Lester M. Crawford, 31
Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Food Safety Policy, Science, and Risk Assessment: Strengthening the Connection: Workshop Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10052.
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6     OVERVIEW 33
    Where Do We Go from Here?, M. Jaye Nagle, 33
APPENDIXES
A     Workshop Agenda, 35
B     Workshop Participants, 38
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Food Safety Policy, Science, and Risk Assessment: Strengthening the Connection: Workshop Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10052.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Food Safety Policy, Science, and Risk Assessment: Strengthening the Connection: Workshop Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10052.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Food Safety Policy, Science, and Risk Assessment: Strengthening the Connection: Workshop Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10052.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Food Safety Policy, Science, and Risk Assessment: Strengthening the Connection: Workshop Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10052.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Food Safety Policy, Science, and Risk Assessment: Strengthening the Connection: Workshop Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10052.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Food Safety Policy, Science, and Risk Assessment: Strengthening the Connection: Workshop Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10052.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Food Safety Policy, Science, and Risk Assessment: Strengthening the Connection: Workshop Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10052.
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Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Food Safety Policy, Science, and Risk Assessment: Strengthening the Connection: Workshop Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10052.
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The Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) Food Forum was established in 1993 to allow science and technology leaders in the food industry, top administrators in several federal government agencies from the United States and Canada, representatives from consumer interest groups, and academicians to openly communicate in a neutral setting. The Food Forum provides a mechanism for these diverse groups to discuss food, food safety, and food technology issues and to identify possible approaches for addressing these issues by taking into consideration the often complex interactions among industry, regulatory agencies, consumers, and academia. The objective, however, is to illuminate issues, not to resolve them. Unlike study committees of the IOM, forums cannot provide advice or recommendations to any government agency or other organization. Similarly, workshop summaries or other products resulting from forum activities are precluded from reaching conclusions or recommendations but, instead, are intended to reflect the variety of opinions expressed by the participants.

On July 13-14, 1999, the forum convened a workshop on Food Safety Policy, Science, and Risk Assessment: Strengthening the Connection. The purpose of the workshop was to address many of the issues that complicate the development of microbiological food safety policy, focusing on the use of science and risk assessment in establishing policy and in determining the utilization of food safety resources. The purpose was not to find fault with past food safety regulatory activities or food safety policy decisions. Rather, the goal was to determine what actions have been taken in the past to address food safety issues, to consider what influences led to the policies that were put in place, and to explore how improvements can be made in the future.

This report is a summary of the workshop presentations. It is limited to the views and opinions of those invited to present at the workshop and reflects their concerns and areas of expertise. As such, the report does not provide a comprehensive review of the research and current status of food safety policy, science, and risk assessment. The organization of the report approximates the order of the presentations at the workshop. The identification of a speaker as an "industry representative" or a "Food and Drug Administration representative" is not intended to suggest that the individual spoke for that organization or others who work there.

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