Index
A
Cambodians, 113
Kosovars, 92
North Koreans, 74
Afghanistan, 38-41
Africa, 6
ECOMOG, 47
see also Angola;
Burundi;
Eritrea;
Ethiopia;
Liberia;
Mozambique;
Rwanda;
Sierra Leone;
Somalia;
Sudan;
Uganda;
Zaire
Age factors, 2, 12, 14-20, 30, 34, 132
Afghans, 40
Bosnia, 14
Cambodians, 17, 18, 19, 20, 102, 109-111, 112-115, 116-117, 118, 121-126, 127
camp populations, general, 14, 15-17
crude mortality rates, 30, 39, 63
gender factors and, 16, 17-20, 30, 45, 62, 63, 114, 121-123, 124-126, 127, 132
North Koreans, 18, 73, 74, 79, 84
Rwandans, 15-16, 55, 61, 62, 63
see also Children;
Elderly persons;
Life expectancy
Aid, see Humanitarian interventions
Albania, Kosovars in, see Kosovo
Alliance des Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Congo-Zaire (AFDL), 53, 57, 59
Asia, see Afghanistan; Cambodia; China; Iran; Iraq; North Korea; Pakistan; Soviet Union, dissolution of; Thailand; Vietnam
B
see also Bosnia;
Kosovo;
Macedonia
Baseline mortality
defined, 4
Birth rate, see Fertility
Bosnia, 10, 24, 25, 26, 39, 41-43
age factors, 14
crude mortality rates, 41
executions, 41
forensics, 41-42
gender factors, 41
mass graves, 41-42
medical interventions, 42-43
Burundi, 53
C
Cambodia, x, 5, 11, 25, 33, 34, 102-129
age and gender factors, 17, 18, 19, 20, 102, 109-111, 112-115, 116-117, 118, 121-126, 127
children, 104, 117, 122, 124-125
elderly persons, 104
executions, 104, 105, 108, 116, 117, 118, 125, 127
families and households, 106-108, 123, 125
famine, 104, 117, 118, 119, 124
fertility, 106, 109, 111, 119-120, 121, 124
gender factors, 17, 18, 19, 20, 102, 109-111, 112-115, 116-117, 118, 121-126, 127
medical interventions, 104, 116
retrospective mortality surveys, 107, 108, 109
sampling, 107-108
sanitation, 104
surveillance systems, 105 ;
see also“retrospective mortality surveys” supra
transportation and travel factors, 104
urban areas, 104
vital statistics, 106, 111, 117-118
war, 102, 103-106, 107, 116, 123-124, 127
Camp populations, 4, 8-9, 31-32, 54
Kosovars, 90, 91-92, 97-98, 132
stages of crisis, 11
Afghans, 38-41
Albanians Kosovars, 33-34
North Koreans in China, 34, 43-45, 69-85
Rwandans in Zaire, 33, 39, 45-47, 52-68
Census data, Cambodian crisis, 106-107
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
crude death rate, 7
Kosovo, 88
Cambodian, 104, 117, 122, 124-125
crude death rate, 7-8 (n.3)
crude mortality rate, 7-8(n.3), 14, 39, 63
gender factors, 17
Kosovar, 95
Rwandan, 46, 55, 58, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66
Sierra Leone, 48
see also Fertility
China
North Korean refugees, x, 18, 34, 39, 43-45, 69-85, 131
Coale-Demeny life tables, 15-20, 74
Complex humanitarian emergency, defined, 1, 3-5
Congo, see Zaire, Rwandans in Cost factors, 26, 108
see also Funding
Crude death rate (CDR), definitional issues, 4, 7-8
Crude mortality rate (CMR), 2, 9-10
Bosnians, 41
children, 7-8(n.3), 14, 39, 63
gender factors, 30
malnutrition, 13
Rwandans, 55-59(passim), 61, 63, 65, 66
Cultural factors, 2
recall and, 32
see also Genocide and ethnic cleansing;
Political factors;
Psychological factors
D
Death penalty, see Executions
Definitional issues, 3-5
forced migration, x
war-related deaths, 131
Diarrhea, 39, 41, 48, 55, 57, 58
see also Cholera
Disasters, see Earthquakes; Famine; Floods; Natural disasters; War and armed conflicts
Diseases and disorders, 13-14
chronic, general, 7(n.3), 24, 25, 42, 95, 96, 97, 132
combatant mortality from disease, 5
communicable, general, 4, 5, 13-14, 24, 38, 40-41, 42, 47, 55, 67, 89, 95, 96, 97, 127, 132
dehydration, 47
diarrhea, 39, 41, 48, 55, 57, 58
disabilities, 24
malnutrition, 4, 7(n.3), 13, 14, 24, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, 61, 74, 81-83, 117, 132 ;
see also Famine
meningitis, 55
mental health trauma, 5, 24, 27-28, 34, 35, 131 ;
see also Psychological factors
pertussis, 47
respiratory infections, 39, 47, 48, 61, 95
Rwandans, 47, 54-55, 57, 58, 61, 67
Sierra Leone, 48
typhoid, 41
see also Medical interventions;
Vaccinations
Drought, 70
see also Famine
E
Eastern Europe, 6
see also Bosnia;
Kosovo;
Macedonia
Economic factors, 3, 13, 14, 23, 26
see also Cost factors;
Funding;
Humanitarian interventions
Education, see Professional training
Educational attainment
see also Literacy
Elderly persons, 14, 15, 16, 131, 132
Cambodians, 104
Equations, see Mathematical models
Eritrea, age factors, camps populations, 14
age factors, camps populations, 14
Ethnic cleansing, see Genocide and ethnic cleansing
Europe
political factors, 22
see also Balkans;
Bosnia;
Kosovo;
Macedonia;
Soviet Union,
dissolution of
Excess mortality, 20-21, 28, 30, 38, 130
Bosnians, 42
Sierra Leone, 48
Executions
Bosnians, 41
Cambodians, 104, 105, 108, 116, 117, 118, 125, 127
Rwandans, 46
F
Families and households, 2, 132
Afghans, 38
food entitlements and reports of deaths by, 31
Cambodians, 104, 117, 118, 119, 124
North Koreans, 43-45, 70, 77, 81-83
see also Food and nutrition;
Malnutrition
Females, see Gender factors
Cambodians, 106, 109, 111, 119-120, 121, 124
see also Reproductive health
Food and nutrition, 8-9, 13, 20
aid, 31, 43, 58, 70, 77, 78, 79, 84
Cambodians, 104, 117, 118, 119, 124
family reports of deaths and aid entitlements, 31
feeding center registers, 66
gender factors, 81-83
insecurity, 2, 31, 38, 40, 45, 82 ;
see“malnutrition” infra
Kosovars, 132
malnutrition, 4, 7(n.3), 13, 14, 24, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, 61, 74, 81-83, 117, 132 ;
see also Famine
North Koreans, 34, 43, 44, 45, 70, 72, 74, 77, 78-79, 81-84
see also Famine;
World Food Program
Forced migration, definitional issues, x, 1, 3-5
Forces Armées Rwandaises, 47
Forensics, Bosnia, 41-42
FYROM, see Macedonia
G
Gender factors, 2, 12, 30, 34, 132
Afghanistan, 40
age factors and, 16, 17-20, 30, 45, 62, 63, 114, 121-123, 124-126, 127, 132
Bosnia, 41
Cambodians, 17, 18, 19, 20, 102, 109-111, 112-115, 116-117, 118, 121-126, 127
children, 17
crude mortality rates, 30
Kosovo, 95-97
North Koreans, 45, 69, 73, 80-83
nutritional status, 81-83
rape, 24
reproductive health, 27-28, 34, 35 ;
see also Fertility
Genocide and ethnic cleansing, 1, 5, 26, 130, 131, 133
Cambodians, 104
see also Bosnia;
Kosovo;
Rwanda
Geographic factors
country boundaries, adjustment, 7
see also Internally displaced persons;
Rural areas;
Transportation and travel;
Urban areas
complex humanitarian emergency defined, 1
North Korea, 44, 69, 70, 77, 78, 79
refugee/internally displaced persons, counted as, 6
Rwandans in Zaire, 60
see also War and armed conflicts
Guinea, 47
H
Health care, see Medical interventions
Households, see Families and households
Humanitarian interventions, 2, 3, 9, 20-21, 130, 133, 134
evaluation techniques, general, 34
food aid, 31, 43, 58, 70, 77, 78, 79, 84
internally displaced persons, 9, 23, 24, 49
international organizations, aid levels, 7
military targeting of workers, 26, 52
morbidity as guide to, 24-25
Sierra Leone, 49
typologies of complex emergencies, 4
U.S. bilateral aid levels, 7
see also Camp populations;
International organizations;
Logistics;
Nongovernmental organizations;
specific organizations
I
ICRC, see Red Cross
Immunizations, see Vaccinations
Indirect estimation techniques, 3, 34, 71-72, 119-124
Information systems, 27-33
see also Statistical methodology;
Surveillance systems
Insects, 21
see also Malaria
Internally displaced persons (IDPs), 2, 4, 26, 35
Bosnia, 41
crude mortality/death rates, 10
geopolitical factors, 23
international organizations, aid, 9, 23, 24, 49
nongovernmental organizations, 23, 49
Rwanda, 52
trends, 5-6
United Nations, 24
International organizations, 9, 21, 26, 132, 133, 134
budgets for relief, 7
internally displaced persons, 9, 23, 24, 49
North Koreans, 84
refugee/internally displaced persons, counted as, 6
Rwandans, 57
standards for assistance, 27, 34, 52
see also Nongovernmental organizations;
specific organizations
Interventions, see Camp populations; Humanitarian interventions; Medical interventions; Sanitation; Vaccinations
Iraq, 25
K
Kampuchea, see Cambodia
Korea, North, see North Korea
Kosovo, x, 24, 33, 86-101, 131, 132, 133, 134
camp populations, 90, 91-92, 97-98, 132
children, 95
crude mortality rates, 92-95, 98-99, 100
families and households, 90, 91-92, 97, 98
gender factors, 95-97
medical interventions, 89, 97, 99-100
nongovernmental organizations, 87-88, 89, 90
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 86, 90, 91
retrospective mortality surveys, 68, 88, 90, 92, 98, 99, 100
sanitation, 132
surveillance systems, 87-90, 97-100 ;
see also“retrospective mortality surveys” supra
transportation and travel factors, 86, 132
L
Afghanistan war, 40
Life expectancy, 8(n.3), 14-15
Cambodians, 124-125 (n.13)
North Koreans, 73
Literacy, 4
North Koreans, 70
Kosovo, 88
Rwandans, 60
stages of crises, 10
M
Macedonia (FYROM), Kosovars in, 33, 86, 88, 89-100, 132, 133
Rwandans, 61
Males, see Gender factors
Malnutrition, 4, 7(n.3), 13, 14, 24, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, 61, 74, 81-83, 117, 132
see also Famine
Marital status
Mass graves
Bosnia, 41-42
Mass media, Afghans, 40
Mathematical models, ix, 109-112, 115, 116
Medical interventions, x, 14, 20, 21, 28-29, 130
Afghanistan, 38
Bosnia, 42-43
Médicins Sans Frontières (MSF), 39, 41, 46
morbidity and, 24-25
Physicians for Human Rights, 42
reproductive health, 27-28, 34, 35 ;
see also Fertility
see also Diseases and disorders;
Surveillance systems;
Vaccinations
Médicins Sans Frontières (MSF), 39, 41, 46
Men, see Gender factors
Meningitis, 55
Mental health trauma, 5, 24, 27-28, 34, 35, 131
see also Psychological factors
Methodology, see Case studies; Definitional issues; Indirect estimation techniques; Logistics; Mathematical models; Recall; Sampling; Statistical methodology; Surveillance systems
Middle East, 6
Mines, see Landmines
Mortality, see Baseline mortality; Crude death rate; Crude mortality rate; Excess mortality; Retrospective mortality surveys
Mozambique, 8
MSF, see Médicins Sans Frontières (MSF)
N
NATO, see North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Natural disasters, x, 5, 83, 130, 131
defined, 3-4
drought, 70
see also Famine
Nongovernmental organizations, 23, 25, 26
Afghanistan war, 40
Bosnia, 41
North Korea, 71
Sphere Project, 27
standards for assistance, 27, 34
see also International organizations;
specific organizations
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),
North Korea, x, 34, 39, 43-45, 69-85, 131
age factors, 18, 73, 74, 79, 84
crude mortality rates, 44, 73-74
economic collapse, 69-70, 76-77, 79
educational attainment, 70, 79
families and households, 34, 71-84
food and nutrition, 34, 43, 44, 45, 70, 72, 74, 77, 78-79, 81-84
gender factors, 45, 69, 73, 80-83
geographic factors, 44, 45, 76-77
United Nations, 45, 69, 70, 75, 84
urban areas, 76-77
Nutrition, see Food and nutrition
P
Pakistan, Afghans in, 38
Pertussis, 47
Pests, see Insects
Political factors, 6, 12, 21(n.7), 22-24, 83, 133
Cambodia, 102-129
North Koreans, 77
stages of crisis, 12
see also Genocide and ethnic cleansing;
Government role;
War and armed conflicts
Professional training, surveillance systems, 21
Protein energy malnutrition, 13
Psychological factors, 2, 27-28, 34, 131
dignity issues, 25
family reports of deaths, 31
see also Cultural factors;
Mental health trauma
Q
Quality control, see Standards
R
Rape, 24
Recall, 32-33
Rwandans, 66-67
Red Cross (ICRC), 23
Afghans, 41
Bosnians, 41
Kosovars, 98
Rwandans, 46
standards for assistance, 27
Refugees, see Forced migration; individual countries
Reproductive health, 27-28, 34, 35
see also Fertility
Respiratory infections, 39, 47, 48, 61, 95
Retrospective mortality surveys
Kosovars, 68, 88, 90, 92, 98, 99, 100
Rwandans, 33, 53, 55, 60-61, 66-68
Rural areas
famine, 4-5
North Koreans, 76-77
Rwanda, x, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 26, 29, 33, 39, 45-47, 52-68
age factors, 15-16, 55, 61, 62, 63
children, 46, 55, 58, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66
crude mortality rates, 55-59 (passim), 61, 63, 65, 66
disease, 47, 54-55, 57, 58, 61, 67
executions, 46
families and households, 55, 60-61, 67
retrospective mortality surveys, 33, 53, 55, 60-61, 66-68
surveillance systems, 33, 53, 54-55, 57, 58, 60, 66;
see also“retrospective mortality surveys” supra
vaccinations, 54-55
S
Sampling, 31-32
Cambodians, 107-108
Cambodians, 104
Kodovars, 132
see also Water supply
Sex differences, see Gender factors
Somalia, 10, 12, 13, 14, 25, 49
Southeast Asia, see Cambodia; North Korea; Thailand; Vietnam
Soviet Union, dissolution of, 22
North Korea and, 43
Sphere Project, 27
Standards
data collection protocols, 28-29
reporting procedures, 31
Statistical methodology, ix, 28-33, 34, 130-135
data collection protocols, 28-29
indirect estimation techniques, 3, 34, 71-72, 119-124
vital statistics, ix, 106, 111, 117-118
see also Crude death rate;
Crude mortality rate;
Mathematical models;
Retrospective mortality surveys;
Sampling;
Surveillance systems
Surveillance systems, 21, 28-33
Cambodians, 105
professional training, 21
Rwandans in Zaire, 33, 53, 54-55, 57, 58, 60, 66
see also Information systems;
Retrospective mortality surveys
T
Thailand, Cambodian refugees in, 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 105, 119, 121, 123
Time factors
Cambodians, 109-112
duration of crisis, 2, 13, 130
recall, 32-33, 66-67, 71-75, 82
stages of crisis, 10-12, 30, 65, 94
Training, see Professional training
Transportation and travel, 20, 131
Cambodians, 104
stages of crisis, 10-12
Typhoid, 41
U
Uganda, 53
United Nations, 23, 24, 25, 26
Bosnia, 42
Cambodians, 106
North Koreans, 45, 69, 70, 75, 84
Rwandans, 57
Urban areas, 5
Cambodians, 104
North Koreans, 76-77
V
Vaccinations, 4, 8(n.3), 13, 14, 20, 30
Rwandans, 54-55
Vietnam, Cambodian crisis, 103, 104, 105-106, 121, 126
Violence, 14, 20, 30, 113-114, 124-125, 126
rape, 24
see also Executions;
War and armed conflicts
Vital statistics, ix, 106, 111, 117-118
W
Cambodians, 102, 103-106, 107, 116, 123-124, 127
combatant mortality, 5, 116, 127
complex humanitarian emergency defined, 1
exclusion zones, 43
field hospitals, 43
genocide and ethnic cleansing, 1, 5, 26, 104, 130, 131, 133 ;
see also Bosnia;
Kosovo;
Rwanda
rape as a weapon, 24
see also Balkans;
Bosnia;
Kosovo;
Landmines;
Rwanda
Water supply
Bosnians, 43
Kosovars, 132
see also Sanitation
Weather
drought, 70
Whooping cough, see Pertussis
Women, see Gender factors
World Food Program, 7
World Vision, North Koreans, 44-45, 70
Y
Yugoslavia, see Bosnia; Kosovo; Macedonia
Z
Zaire, Rwandan refugees in, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15-16, 17, 26, 29, 33, 46, 52-68