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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Disposal of Neutralent Wastes: Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10091.
×

REVIEW OF THE ARMY NON-STOCKPILE CHEMICAL MATERIEL DISPOSAL PROGRAM

Disposal of Neutralent Wastes

COMMITTEE ON REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF THE ARMY NON-STOCKPILE CHEMICAL MATERIEL DISPOSAL PROGRAM

BOARD ON ARMY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DIVISION ON ENGINEERING AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Disposal of Neutralent Wastes: Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10091.
×

National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20418

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.

This is a report of work supported by Contract DAAG55-98-C-0046 between the U.S. Army and the National Academy of Sciences. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number: 0-309-07287-5

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2001087475

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Copyright 2001 by the National Academy of Sciences All rights reserved.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Disposal of Neutralent Wastes: Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10091.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

National Academy of Sciences

National Academy of Engineering

Institute of Medicine

National Research Council

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Disposal of Neutralent Wastes: Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10091.
×
This page in the original is blank.
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Disposal of Neutralent Wastes: Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10091.
×

COMMITTEE ON REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF THE ARMY NON-STOCKPILE CHEMICAL MATERIEL DISPOSAL PROGRAM

JOHN B. CARBERRY, chair,

E.I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware

JOHN C. ALLEN,

Battelle Memorial Institute, Washington, D.C.

RICHARD J. AYEN,

Waste Management, Inc. (retired), Wakefield, Rhode Island

ROBERT A. BEAUDET,

University of Southern California, Los Angeles

LISA M. BENDIXEN,

Arthur D. Little, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts

JOAN B. BERKOWITZ,

Farkas Berkowitz and Company, Washington, D.C.

JUDITH A. BRADBURY,

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washington, D.C.

MARTIN C. EDELSON,

Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa

SIDNEY J. GREEN,

TerraTek, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah

PAUL F. KAVANAUGH, consultant,

Fairfax, Virginia

DOUGLAS M. MEDVILLE,

MITRE (retired), Reston, Virginia

WINIFRED G. PALMER,

Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland

JAMES P. PASTORICK,

GEOPHEX UXO, Alexandria, Virginia

WILLIAM J. WALSH,

Pepper Hamilton LLP, Washington, D.C.

RONALD L. WOODFIN,

Sandia National Laboratories (retired), Albuquerque, New Mexico

Staff

STERLING J. RIDEOUT, JR., study director

DELPHINE D. GLAZE, administrative assistant

GREG EYRING, consultant

CAROL R. ARENBERG, editor,

Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Disposal of Neutralent Wastes: Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10091.
×

BOARD ON ARMY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

WILLIAM H. FORSTER, chair,

Northrop Grumman Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland

RICHARD A. CONWAY,

Union Carbide Corporation (retired), Charleston, West Virginia

GILBERT F. DECKER,

Walt Disney Imagineering, Glendale, California

PATRICK F. FLYNN,

Cummins Engine Company, Inc., Columbus, Indiana

EDWARD J. HAUG,

University of Iowa, Iowa City

ROBERT J. HEASTON,

Guidance and Control Information Analysis Center (retired), Naperville, Illinois

GERALD J. IAFRATE,

University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana

DONALD R. KEITH,

Cypress International, Alexandria, Virginia

KATHRYN V. LOGAN,

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi

JOHN E. MILLER,

Oracle Corporation, Reston, Virginia

JOHN H. MOXLEY,

Korn/Ferry International, Los Angeles, California

STEWART D. PERSONICK,

Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

MILLARD F. ROSE,

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama

GEORGE T. SINGLEY, III,

Hicks and Associates, Inc., McLean, Virginia

CLARENCE G. THORNTON,

Army Research Laboratories (retired), Colts Neck, New Jersey

JOHN D. VENABLES,

Venables and Associates, Towson, Maryland

JOSEPH J. VERVIER,

ENSCO, Inc., Melbourne, Florida

ALLEN C. WARD,

Ward Synthesis, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan

Staff

BRUCE A. BRAUN, director

MICHAEL A. CLARKE, associate director

WILLIAM E. CAMPBELL, administrative coordinator

CHRIS JONES, financial associate

REBECCA M. LUCCHESE, senior project assistant

DEANNA P. SPARGER, senior project assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Disposal of Neutralent Wastes: Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10091.
×

Preface

The Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program was appointed by the National Research Council (NRC) to conduct studies on technical aspects of the U.S. Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. During its first year, the committee evaluated the Army's plans to dispose of chemical agent identification sets (CAIS)—test kits used for training soldiers. During this second year, the committee has evaluated nonincineration technologies that could be used for the treatment of wastes from the neutralization of nonstockpile materiel.

During its initial meetings, the committee was given a number of briefings and held subsequent deliberations. The committee is grateful to the many individuals, particularly Lt. Col. Christopher Ross, Project Manager for Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel, his staff, and his predecessor, Col. Edmund W. (“Ned”) Libby, who provided technical information and insights during these briefings. This information provided a sound foundation for the committee's deliberations.

This study was conducted under the auspices of the NRC's Board on Army Science and Technology. The committee acknowledges the support of the director, Bruce A. Braun, his staff, committee members, the study director, support staff, and the publication staff who all worked diligently on a demanding schedule to produce this report.

John B. Carberry, chair Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Disposal of Neutralent Wastes: Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10091.
×

Acknowledgments

This report has been reviewed by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments to assist the authors and the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The content of the review comments and the draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report:

James R. Fair, University of Texas

Richard S. Magee, New Jersey Institute of Technology

John L. Margrave, Rice University

Walter G. May, University of Illinois

Alvin H. Mushkatel, Arizona State University

George W. Parshall, E.I. duPont de Nemours and Company (retired)

Michael J. Ryan, NFT, Inc.

R. Peter Stickles, Arthur D. Little, Inc.

William Tumas, Los Alamos National Laboratory

Leo Weitzman, LVW Associates, Inc.

Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Robert Connick, appointed by the NRC Report Review Committee, who was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Disposal of Neutralent Wastes: Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10091.
×
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Disposal of Neutralent Wastes: Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10091.
×
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Disposal of Neutralent Wastes: Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10091.
×

Figures and Tables

FIGURES

 1-1

 

Flow chart for the disposal of nonstockpile CWM in transportable Systems,

 

9

 4-1

 

Comparative operating temperatures and pressures,

 

44

TABLES

 ES-1

 

Transportable Treatment Systems and Neutralent Waste Streams Considered in This Study,

 

2

 1-1

 

Transportable Treatment Systems for Nonstockpile Chemical Materiel,

 

8

 2-1

 

CAIS Chemical Agents and Treatment Processes in the Rapid Response System,

 

13

 2-2

 

Composition of Neutralent Waste Streams from the Rapid Response System,

 

14

 2-3

 

Reagents Used to Neutralize Chemical Agents in the MMD,

 

15

 2-4

 

Composition of Sarin (GB) Neutralent Wastes from Bench-Scale Tests of the MMD,

 

16

 2-5

 

Composition of Mustard (HD) Neutralent Wastes from Bench-Scale Tests of the MMD,

 

17

 2-6

 

Composition of VX Neutralent Wastes from Bench-Scale Tests of the MMD,

 

18

 2-7

 

Composition of Phosgene Neutralent Wastes from Bench-Scale Tests of the MMD,

 

18

 2-8

 

Toxicity of Components of the O/SSs Used in the RRS and MMD,

 

19

 3-1

 

Technologies Selected for Evaluation,

 

21

 4-1a

 

Chemical Oxidation: Top Priority Criteria,

 

24

 4-1b

 

Chemical Oxidation: Important Criteria,

 

25

 4-2a

 

Electrochemical Oxidation Ag(II): Top Priority Criteria,

 

27

 4-2b

 

Electrochemical Oxidation Ag(II): Important Criteria,

 

28

 4-3a

 

Electrochemical Oxidation Ce(IV): Top Priority Criteria,

 

29

 4-3b

 

Electrochemical Oxidation Ce(IV): Important Criteria,

 

30

 4-4a

 

Biodegradation: Top Priority Criteria,

 

31

 4-4b

 

Biodegradation: Important Criteria,

 

32

 4-5a

 

Solvated-Electron Technology: Top Priority Criteria,

 

33

 4-5b

 

Solvated-Electron Technology: Important Criteria,

 

34

 4-6a

 

Wet-Air/O2 Oxidation: Top Priority Criteria,

 

35

 4-6b

 

Wet-Air/O2 Oxidation: Important Criteria,

 

36

 4-7a

 

Supercritical Water Oxidation: Top Priority Criteria,

 

38

 4-7b

 

Supercritical Water Oxidation: Important Criteria,

 

39

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Disposal of Neutralent Wastes: Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10091.
×

 4-8a

 

Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction: Top Priority Criteria,

 

40

 4-8b

 

Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction: Important Criteria,

 

41

 4-9a

 

Plasma-Arc Technology: Top Priority Criteria,

 

42

 4-9b

 

Plasma-Arc Technology: Important Criteria,

 

43

Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Disposal of Neutralent Wastes: Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10091.
×

Acronyms and Abbreviations

ACWA

Assembled Chemical Weapons Assessment (Program)

ATAP

Alternative Technology Approaches Program

CAIS

chemical agent identification sets

CWC

Chemical Weapons Convention

CWM

chemical warfare materiel

CVA

chlorovinylarsonic acid

DCDMH

dichloro-dimethylhydantoin

DOT

U.S. Department of Transportation

EDS

explosive destruction system

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency

FOTW

federally owned treatment works

GB

sarin (nerve agent)

GPCR

gas-phase chemical reduction

H

sulfur mustard

HD

sulfur mustard (distilled)

HN-1, H-3

nitrogen mustard

MEA

monoethanolamine

MMD

munitions management device

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NSCMP

Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Program

NSCWCC

Non-Stockpile Chemical Weapons Citizens Coalition

O/SS

oxidant/solvent system

PCB

polychlorinated biphenyl

PINS

portable isotopic neutron spectroscopy

PMCD

Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization

POTW

publicly owned treatment works

ppb

parts per billion

ppm

parts per million

psia

pounds per square inch absolute

RCRA

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

RRS

rapid response system

SCWO

supercritical water oxidation

SET

solvated-electron technology

TCLP

toxic characteristic leaching procedure

TSDF

treatment, storage, and disposal facility

UV

ultraviolet

VOC

volatile organic compound

VX

a nerve agent

WAO

wet-air/O2 oxidation

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Disposal of Neutralent Wastes: Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10091.
×
This page in the original is blank.
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Disposal of Neutralent Wastes: Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10091.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Disposal of Neutralent Wastes: Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10091.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Disposal of Neutralent Wastes: Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10091.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Disposal of Neutralent Wastes: Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10091.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Disposal of Neutralent Wastes: Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10091.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Disposal of Neutralent Wastes: Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10091.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Disposal of Neutralent Wastes: Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10091.
×
Page R7
Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Disposal of Neutralent Wastes: Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10091.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Disposal of Neutralent Wastes: Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10091.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Disposal of Neutralent Wastes: Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10091.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Disposal of Neutralent Wastes: Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10091.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Disposal of Neutralent Wastes: Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10091.
×
Page R12
Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Disposal of Neutralent Wastes: Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10091.
×
Page R13
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. Disposal of Neutralent Wastes: Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10091.
×
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Chemical warfare materiel (CWM) is a collection of diverse items that were used during 60 years of efforts by the United States to develop a capability for conducting chemical warfare. Nonstockpile CWM, which is not included in the current U.S. inventory of chemical munitions, includes buried materiel, recovered materiel, binary chemical weapons, former production facilities, and miscellaneous materiel. CWM that was buried in pits on former military sites is now being dug up as the land is being developed for other purposes. Other CWM is on or near the surface at former test and firing ranges. According to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), which was ratified by the United States in April 1997, nonstockpile CWM items in storage at the time of ratification must be destroyed by 2007.

The U.S. Army is the designated executive agent for destroying CWM. Nonstockpile CWM is being handled by the Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Program (NSCMP); stockpile CWM is the responsibility of the Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program. Because nonstockpile CWM is stored or buried in many locations, the Army is developing transportable disposal systems that can be moved from site to site as needed. The Army has plans to test prototypes of three transportable systems—the rapid response system (RRS), the munitions management device (MMD), and the explosive destruction system (EDS)—for accessing and destroying a range of nonstockpile chemical agents and militarized industrial chemicals. The RRS is designed to treat recovered chemical agent identification sets (CAIS), which contain small amounts of chemical agents and a variety of highly toxic industrial chemicals. The MMD is designed to treat nonexplosively configured chemical munitions. The EDS is designed to treat munitions containing chemical agents with energetics equivalent to three pounds of TNT or less. These munitions are considered too unstable to be transported or stored. A prototype EDS system has recently been tested in England by non-stockpile program personnel. Although originally proposed for evaluation in this report, no test data were available to the committee on the composition of wastes from the EDS. Therefore, alternative technologies for the destruction of EDS wastes will be discussed in a supplemental report in fall 2001. Treatment of solid wastes, such as metal munition bodies, packing materials, and carbon air filters, were excluded from this report.

Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program: Disposal of Neutralent Wastes evaluates the near-term (1999-2005) application of advanced (nonincineration) technologies, such as from the Army's Assembled Chemical Weapons Assessment Program and the Alternative Technologies and Approaches Project, in a semi-fixed, skid-mounted mode to process Rapid Response System, Munitions Management Device, and Explosive Destruction System liquid neutralization wastes.

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