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Page 173
Index
A
Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI),
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS),
Accelerator science,
societal benefits from,
“Active engagement,” in physics education,
Active Learning Physics System,
Advanced materials,
See also
New materials
Advanced undergraduate physics programs,
AFM.
See
Atomic force microscopy
Agricultural revolution,
ALICE experiment,
All-weather vision,
American Association of Physics Teachers,
American Institute of Physics,
American Physical Society,
Amplifiers,
optical,
AMS.
See
Accelerator mass spectrometry
Anisotropy,
Antimatter,
and matter,
Areal density limit,
Artificial atoms,
Artificial nanoscale structures,
fabrication,
nanoscale and molecular electronics,
self-assembly,
ASCI.
See
Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative
Astrophysics,
,
neutrino,
nuclear,
radiation transport advances in,
Atmospheric research,
Atom cooling and trapping,
Atomic clocks,
Atomic force microscopy (AFM),
Atomic physicists,
Atomic physics,
,
Atomic systems, many-body challenges in,
Atoms,
manipulating,
Axions,
,
B
B mesons,
b-quark,
Ballistic missile defense,
Baryon-number conservation,
Basic research
Department of Defense support of,
federal government role in support of,
security and,
BEC.
See
Bose-Einstein condensates
Big Bang,
,
,
Biochemical networks,
Bioinformatics,
,
Biological elastics,
Biological systems, many-body challenges in,
Biological weapons of mass destruction,
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Page 173
Index
A
Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI),
124
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS),
119
Accelerator science,
152
societal benefits from,
74
“Active engagement,” in physics education,
98-100
Active Learning Physics System,
100
Advanced materials,
123.
See also
New materials
Advanced undergraduate physics programs,
101
AFM.
See
Atomic force microscopy
Agricultural revolution,
131
ALICE experiment,
76
All-weather vision,
127
American Association of Physics Teachers,
96
American Institute of Physics,
96
American Physical Society,
96
Amplifiers,
138-139
optical,
141
AMS.
See
Accelerator mass spectrometry
Anisotropy,
63
Antimatter,
68
and matter,
78
Areal density limit,
143
Artificial atoms,
147
Artificial nanoscale structures,
31-33
fabrication,
31-32
nanoscale and molecular electronics,
33
self-assembly,
32
ASCI.
See
Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative
Astrophysics,
13,
45
neutrino,
81
nuclear,
64-67
radiation transport advances in,
3
Atmospheric research,
121
Atom cooling and trapping,
22-24
Atomic clocks,
25-26
Atomic force microscopy (AFM),
143
Atomic physicists,
12
Atomic physics,
19,
129
Atomic systems, many-body challenges in,
3
Atoms,
11
manipulating,
22-28
Axions,
61,
78
B
B mesons,
77-78
b-quark,
77
Ballistic missile defense,
122
Baryon-number conservation,
68
Basic research
Department of Defense support of,
129-130
federal government role in support of,
157-161
security and,
125
BEC.
See
Bose-Einstein condensates
Big Bang,
4,
55,
63
Biochemical networks,
4
Bioinformatics,
4,
50-51
Biological elastics,
14
Biological systems, many-body challenges in,
3
Biological weapons of mass destruction,
123
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Biology, physics in,
3-4,
38,
45-51
Biomechanics,
46,
48
Biomedical sciences,
107-115
diagnosis,
108-113
therapy,
107-108
understanding the body,
113-115
Biomedical technologies,
123
Biophysics,
10
Biotechnology,
13
Black holes,
13,
67-68
dynamics of,
64
evaporation of,
84
horizon of,
67
Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC),
20
gaseous,
25-27
Brookhaven National Laboratory,
45
C
Calcium ions,
49
Cancer therapy, radiation transport advances in,
3
CAT scans,
13,
74
CERN,
132
Channel biophysics,
50
Charge carriers,
137
Charges,
76
Chemical dynamics,
74
Chemical weapons of mass destruction,
123
Chemistry.
See also
Biochemical networks
quantum-controlled,
3
Chromophors,
48
Climate and weather modeling,
124
Climate systems,
117
global,
123
Clusters of galaxies,
61
CMR.
See
Colossal magnetoresistance
Coastal upwellings,
51-52,
54
COBE detector,
60
Collaboration, international,
164-165
Colliders.
See
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
Colloids,
40-41
Colossal magnetoresistance (CMR),
146
Communications,
127
electronics for,
122
fiber-optic,
138-144,
152
Complex systems,
3-4,
37-54
Earth and its surroundings,
51-54
high-energy-density systems,
43-45
nonequilibrium behavior of matter,
38-41
physics in biology,
3-4,
45-51
turbulence in fluids, plasmas, and gases,
41-43
understanding,
154
Compound semiconductor structures,
142
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty,
123
Computation, quantum,
3,
10,
12,
27
Computational physics,
137
Computational sciences,
123,
127
Computerized tomography,
110
Condensed-matter physicists,
12
Condensed-matter physics,
9,
19
many-body challenges in,
3
Continental crust flows,
52
Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility,
12
Cooperative research and development agreements (CRADAs),
169
Cosmic jets,
13
Cosmic microwave background,
152
Cosmic rays, ultrahigh-energy,
63
Cosmogenic nuclei,
119
Cosmological constant,
62
Cosmology,
45,
57,
61-64,
155
Council for Undergraduate Research,
101
CP symmetry,
76-78
Crack propagation,
39-40
CRADAs.
See
Cooperative research and development agreements
Cryptography,
122
quantum,
3,
34-35
Crystallography, x-ray,
46,
159
Cuprates,
29
Cyclotrons,
13,
73
D
Dark energy,
4,
155
Dark mass-energy,
62
Dark matter,
4,
59-60,
155
DARPA.
See
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
Databases, experimental and bibliographic,
171-172
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA),
129-130
Dense WDM (DWDM),
139
Density limit, areal,
143
Department of Defense (DOD),
122,
127-130
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physics and,
127-129
support of basic research,
129-130
Department of Energy,
122-127
global nuclear dangers,
123-124
Office of Defense Programs,
123
preserving laboratory quality,
125-127
security and basic research,
125
Deuterium, primeval abundance of,
62
Diagnosis, impact of physics on,
108-113
Dielectric constants, new materials with high,
137
Differential interference contrast,
112
Discovery
foundations of,
151-153
scientific priorities and opportunities,
153-156
Dispersion-shifted fiber,
141
DNA,
12
computers based on,
14
DOD.
See
Department of Defense
Down quark,
70
DRAMs (dynamic random access memory),
136
Ductile flows,
52
DWDM.
See
Dense WDM
E
Earth
as a dynamo,
44
and its surroundings,
51-54
Earthquake dynamics,
37,
51-52
Economy,
131-148
information storage,
144-148
integrated circuits,
135-138
optical-fiber communication,
138-144
Education in physics,
91-106,
161-162
graduate,
103-106
K-12,
94-96
undergraduate,
96-102
Einstein's relativity, general theory of,
64,
67
Elastics, biological,
14
Electricity, Maxwell's theory of,
9
Electrocardiograms,
115
Electroencephalograms,
115
Electromagnetic force,
64
Electromagnetic interactions,
152
Electromagnetic waves,
58
Electron energy levels,
33
Electron microscopy,
19,
159
Electronic states, laser control of,
27-28
Electronics
for communications,
122
molecular,
33
Electrons,
11,
14
manipulating,
22-28
Electroweak forces,
5,
72-75,
156
Electroweak interactions,
72,
80
Elementary particles,
5
Emulsions,
40
Enabling technologies, key,
148
Energy levels, electron,
33
Energy production, and the environment,
120-121
Entangled states,
34
engineering of,
33-36
Environment,
116-121
energy production and,
120-121
improving,
117-119
monitoring,
117-119
the ocean-atmosphere system,
116-117
Environmental protection and remediation,
123
Erbium fiber amplifiers,
138
Eruption prediction, Pinatubo and,
53
Evolution of the universe,
4-5,
55-69
new links,
61-68
new windows on,
56-61
questions and opportunities,
68-69
Exploration of the universe, next steps in,
56
F
Facilities, large,
164-165
Failure modes,
39-40
Federal science agencies,
7,
170-171
peer review,
7,
170-171
program management,
7,
170
Fiber
amplifiers,
138-139
dispersion-shifted,
141
optics,
108,
159
Fiber-optic communication,
152
Field-effect transistor (FET),
135
Fission,
9
nuclear,
152
Fluid dynamics,
118
Fluids
nonlinear phenomena in,
3
turbulence in,
3,
41-43
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fMRI.
See
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Fractional quantum Hall effect,
31
Fractures,
39-40
Fullerenes,
12
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI),
111-112
Fundamental forces,
64
Fundamental interactions,
64
Fundamental laws and symmetries,
70-88
hidden symmetries and the standard model,
71-78
the length scales of nature,
86-88
new physics for a new era,
79-86
Fundamental particles,
55
Fusion
inertial confinement,
65
nuclear,
152
Fusion reactors,
12
Future priorities and recommendations,
151-172
investment, education, and national security,
157-167
new era of discovery,
151-156
partnerships, federal science agencies, and physics information,
168-172
G
Galaxies,
61
clusters of,
61
GALLEX detector,
59
Gamma-ray bursts,
13,
61
high-energy,
64
relativistic jets in,
69
Gas disks,
13
Gaseous Bose-Einstein condensates,
25-27
Gases, turbulence in,
41-43
Gating, of ion channels,
49
Gauge invariance,
72
General theory of relativity,
64,
67,
152
Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) materials,
31,
144
Global climate dynamics,
123
Global nuclear dangers,
123-124
Global Positioning System (GPS),
15
NAVSTAR,
52
Gluons,
86
GMR.
See
Giant magnetoresistance materials
GPS.
See
Global Positioning System
Graduate education,
103-105
employment of Ph.D.'s,
104-105
implications of changing opportunities,
105
supply,
103-104
Grand unification,
80
Grand unified scale,
80,
83
Grand unified theory,
80
Granular materials,
39
Gravitational physics,
13
Gravitational waves,
4,
58-59,
61
Gravity,
5,
55,
83-86,
156
quantum,
64,
68
Groups, supporting small,
163-164
H
Hall effect, fractional quantum,
31
Health and biomedical sciences,
107-115
diagnosis,
108-113
therapy,
107-108
understanding the body,
113-115
Heavy nuclei,
14
Heterostructures, magnetic,
146
Hidden symmetries
CP symmetry,
76-78
electroweak force,
72-75
matter and antimatter,
78
and the standard model,
71-78
strong force,
75-76
Higgs boson,
73
High-density magnetic storage media,
74
High-energy colliders,
5
High-energy-density
physics,
123
systems,
38,
43-45
High-energy gamma-ray bursts,
64
High redshift,
64
High-temperature superconductors,
4,
12,
28-29
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language),
132
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol),
132
Hubble expansion,
152
Hubble Space Telescope,
58
Human genome,
154
Hydrodynamics,
123
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I
Imaging
magnetic resonance,
112
ultrasound,
13
IMB.
See
Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven experiment
Industrial revolution,
131
Inertial confinement fusion,
65
Inferometry,
25
Inflation,
2,
63
Information age,
131-148.
See also
Bioinformatics;
Physics information;
Quantum information;
Qubit (quantum bit of information)
information storage,
144-148
integrated circuits,
135-138
optical-fiber communication,
138-144
Information revolution,
131
Information technology, use of,
8,
171-172
Infrared microscopy,
112
Integrated circuits,
135-138
Intelligence gathering,
127
Interactions
electromagnetic,
152
electroweak,
72,
80
fundamental,
64
weak,
152
Internal combustion engines, efficiency of,
124
International collaboration,
6-7,
164-165
Internet,
132
Internet networks,
138
Introductory University Physics Project (IUPP),
99
Investigators, supporting single,
163-164
Investing in physics,
6,
157-161
Ion channels,
48-50
Ionizing radiation,
107
Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven (IMB) experiment,
59
IUPP.
See
Introductory University Physics Project
K
K-12 physics education,
94-96
K mesons,
76
Key enabling technologies,
148
Kinesin,
114
L
Laboratories
preserving quality in,
125-127
recreating the early universe in,
77
simulation of stars in,
66
Large facilities,
164-165
Large Hadron Collider (LHC),
73,
75-76
Large-scale structure,
3,
154
Lasers,
152
control of electronic states,
27-28
cooling,
22
guidance,
122
keratotomy,
108
scanning microscopy,
112-113
Lattice gauge theory,
76
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
45,
123
Laws and symmetries,
70-88
hidden symmetries and the standard model,
71-78
the length scales of nature,
86-88
new physics for a new era,
79-86
Length scales of nature,
86-88
LEP facility,
75
Leptons, families of,
79
LHC.
See
Large Hadron Collider
LIGO detector,
57
Long-range force,
64
Long-range observation,
127
Los Alamos National Laboratory,
4,
123,
172
Low-temperature superconductors,
31
M
Magnetic heterostructures and nanostructures,
146
Magnetic materials,
12
Magnetic resonance,
159
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),
12,
74,
152
functional,
111-112
Magnetic storage media,
10
high-density,
74
Magnetic substorms,
51,
54
Magnetism,
146
Maxwell's theory of,
9
Magnetoresistance
colossal,
146
giant,
31,
144
Magnetoresistive materials,
146
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Management, in federal science agencies,
170
Manifest symmetry,
71
Manipulating atoms and electrons,
22-28
achieving and using the quantum regime,
24-25
atom cooling and trapping,
22-24
gaseous Bose-Einstein condensates,
25-27
laser control of electronic states,
27-28
Many-body challenges,
3
quantum,
154
Mass-energy of the universe,
4,
13
Mass spectroscopy,
159
Massive neutrinos,
81
Materials.
See
Giant magnetoresistance materials;
Granular materials;
New materials
Materials characterization,
74
Materials synthesis,
4
Matter.
See also
Condensed matter;
Dark matter
and antimatter,
78
nonequilibrium behavior of,
38-41
Matter-antimatter symmetry,
68
MBE.
See
Molecular-beam epitaxy
Measurement instruments, quantum-limited,
27
MEMS.
See
Microelectromechanical systems
MEMS for optical switching and high-density storage,
143
Mesons,
14
Metabolic energy,
49
Metal oxide semiconductor FETs,
135-136
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS),
143
Microelectronics,
9
Microprocessors,
136
Microscopy.
See also
Videomicroscopy
atomic force,
143
electron,
19
infrared,
112
laser scanning,
112-113
scanning atomic probe,
19
scanning tunneling,
20-21
two-photon,
113
Mirror reflection of space,
76
Missile defense,
127
Molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE),
31
Molecular electronics,
33
nanoscale structures and,
33
Molecular geometry,
4
Molecular motors,
14,
115
Molecular physicists,
12
Molecular physics,
129
Moore's law,
136
MRI.
See
Magnetic resonance imaging
MSW effect,
82
N
Nanocrystals,
147
superlattices of,
147
Nanoparticles,
147
Nanoscale physics,
31
Nanoscale structures
and molecular electronics,
33
artificial,
31-33
building blocks for,
147
fabrication of,
31-32
magnetic,
146
self-assembly of,
32
Nanotechnology,
10,
127
Nanotubes,
33
National Ignition Facility (NIF),
45,
124
National Institutes of Health (NIH),
14,
115
National laboratories,
7,
10,
122
See also
Partnerships
National security,
7,
122-130,
166-167
Department of Defense,
127-130
Department of Energy,
122-127
Nature
fundamental forces of,
5
length scales of,
86-88
unifying the forces of,
156
NAVSTAR,
52
Neutrino masses,
79
Neutrinos,
11,
58-59,
61,
70,
80-83
astrophysics of,
81
massive,
81
oscillations in,
5
Neutron sources,
19
Neutrons,
14
as probes,
23
New energy sources,
123
New links,
61-68
black holes,
67-68
cosmology,
61-64
nuclear astrophysics,
64-67
New materials,
4,
28-31
creating,
155
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ferroelectric,
137
fullerenes,
12
with high dielectric constants,
137
high-temperature superconductors,
12
magnetic,
12
magnetoresistive,
146
New physics,
79-86
grand unification,
80
gravity,
83-86
neutrinos,
80-83
new symmetries,
79
the Planck scale,
83
string theory,
83,
86
New tools, for observation in the quantum regime,
20-22
New windows on the universe,
56-61
electromagnetic waves,
58
gravitational waves,
58-59,
61
neutrinos,
58-59,
61
NIF.
See
National Ignition Facility
Night vision,
127
NIH.
See
National Institutes of Health
Nonequilibrium behavior of matter,
38-41
colloids,
40-41
failure modes,
39-40
foams and emulsions,
40
fracture and crack propagation,
39-40
glasses,
39
granular materials,
39
nonequilibrium solids,
39
Nonequilibrium processes,
4
Nonlinear phenomena,
3
Nuclear astrophysics,
64-67
Nuclear fission and fusion,
152
Nuclear forces,
64
strong,
3,
156
Nuclear magnetic resonance,
12,
46
Nuclear physics,
11,
123,
127
Nuclear power,
9,
120
Nuclear stockpiles, aging,
122
Nuclear systems, many-body challenges in,
3
Nuclei, heavy,
14
Nucleosynthesis,
65
O
Ocean-atmosphere system,
116-117
Office of Defense Programs,
7,
123,
167
Omega laser,
66,
124
Optical amplifiers,
141
Optical-fiber communication,
138-144
Optical physicists,
12
Optical tweezers,
10,
14,
114
P
Particle colliders,
9
Partnerships,
7,
168-170
Pattern recognition,
53,
127
Peer review, in federal science agencies,
7,
170-171
Permeation, of ion channels,
49
Phase transitions,
50
Photobiology,
48
Photovoltaic cells,
120
Physics.
See also
Biophysics
and the Department of Defense,
127-129
applying to biology,
154-155
atomic,
19,
129
big, small,
162-165
computational,
137
condensed-matter,
3,
9,
19
elementary-particle,
62
gravitational,
13
high-energy-density,
123
information,
8,
12-122
molecular,
129
nanoscale,
31
new,
79-86
nuclear,
11,
123,
127
plasma,
129
quantum,
129
women in,
93
Physics and society,
89-148,
157-167
economy and the information age,
131-148
environment,
116-121
health and biomedical sciences,
107-115
investing in physics,
157-161
national security,
122-130,
166-167
Physics education,
6,
91-106,
161-162
graduate,
103-106
K-12 physics,
94-96
undergraduate,
96-102
Physics frontiers,
17-87
complex systems,
3-4,
37-54
fundamental laws and symmetries,
70-88
quantum manipulation and new materials,
3,
19-36
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structure and evolution of the universe,
4-5,
55-69
Physics in biology,
3-4,
38,
45-51
biomechanics,
46,
48
ion channels,
48-50
photobiology,
48
structural biology,
46
theoretical biology and bioinformatics,
50-51
Physics information,
8,
171-172
Physics research,
168-172
federal science agencies,
7,
170-171
partnerships,
7,
168-170
physics information,
8,
171-172
Physics Teaching Resource Agents (PTRA),
96
Pinatubo, Mount, and eruption prediction,
53
Pions,
76
Planck length-scale,
83
Plasma physics,
129
Plasmas
nonlinear phenomena in,
3
turbulence in,
3,
41-43
Population dynamics,
53
Positron emission tomography (PET) scans,
74,
111
Potassium ions,
49
Program management, in federal science agencies,
170
Protection, environmental,
123
Protein folding,
4,
14,
46-47
Proteins,
113
crystallography using,
74
Protons,
14
decay of,
79
radiography using,
124
PTRA.
See
Physics Teaching Resource Agents
Pulsars,
13,
61
Q
QCD.
See
Quantum chromodynamics
Quantum chromodynamics (QCD),
76
strong interaction of,
80
Quantum computation,
3,
10,
12,
27
Quantum-controlled chemistry,
3
Quantum cryptography,
3,
34-35
Quantum dots,
147
Quantum entanglement,
27
Quantum gravity,
64,
68
Quantum information, and the engineering of entangled states,
33-36
Quantum-limited measurement instruments,
27
Quantum manipulation,
3,
19-36
artificial nanoscale structures,
31-33
manipulating atoms and electrons,
22-28
new materials from,
4,
28-31
new tools for observation in the quantum regime,
20-22
Quantum many-body challenges,
154
Quantum mechanics,
11,
27,
152
Quantum physics,
129
Quantum regime, achieving and using,
24-25
Quantum soup,
55
Quantum systems, entangled,
34
Quantum technologies,
3
developing,
154
Quark dynamics,
9
Quarks,
11,
70,
86
families of,
79
Quasars,
13,
61
hugely luminous,
67
Qubit (quantum bit of information),
34
R
Radiation, ionizing,
107
Radiation transport,
3,
107
Radioactive labels,
109
Radioactive tracers,
159
Radioimmune assay,
109
Radioisotopes,
74
Radiotherapy,
107
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC),
12,
45
Relativistic jets, in gamma-ray bursts,
69
Relativity
general theory of,
64,
67,
152
special theory of,
152
Remediation, environmental,
123
Renewable energy,
120
Research.
See
Basic research, single-investigator research, small-group research
Research Experiences for Teachers program,
96
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Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU),
102
RHIC.
See
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
Rossi x-ray Timing Explorer,
58
S
s-quark,
77
SAGE detector,
59
Sandia National Laboratories,
123
SAR.
See
Synthetic aperture radar
SAR interferograms,
52
Satellites, reconnaissance,
122
Scanning atomic probe microscope,
19
Scanning tunneling microscope,
20-21
Science agencies, federal,
170-171
Scientific priorities and opportunities,
153-156
applying physics to biology,
154-155
creating new materials,
155
developing quantum technologies,
154
exploring the universe,
155-156
understanding complex systems,
154
unifying the forces of nature,
156
Security, and basic research,
125
Self-organized criticality,
52
Semiconductors,
9
compound structures of,
142
Silicon semiconductor industry,
135
Single-investigator research,
6,
163-164
SLC.
See
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center facility
Small-group research,
6,
163-164
SNO.
See
Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
SNS.
See
Spallation Neutron Source
Sodium ions,
49
Solar thermal energy,
120
Solar wind,
54
Spallation Neutron Source (SNS),
23
Special theory of relativity,
152
SPECT (single-photon-emission computerized tomography),
110
Spectroscopy, mass,
159
Spin-polarized tunneling,
146
SPIRES.
See
Stanford Public Information Retrieval System
Stability, thermal,
146
“Standard candle” calibration,
62
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLC) facility,
75
Stanford Public Information Retrieval System (SPIRES),
133
States
electronic,
27-28
engineering of,
33-36
entangled,
34
String theory,
83,
86,
156
Strong nuclear force,
3,
5,
71,
75-76,
156
Structural biology,
46
Structure of the universe,
4-5,
55-69
large-scale,
3
new links,
61-68
new windows on the universe,
56-61
questions and opportunities,
68-69
Substorms, magnetic,
51,
54
Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO),
81
Super-Kamiokande detector,
59,
81
Superclusters,
61
Superconductors,
9,
75,
152
high-temperature,
4,
28-29
low-temperature,
31
Superfluids,
152
Superlattices, nanocrystalline,
147
Supernovas,
58,
62
Superpartners,
79
Superposition,
34
Supersymmetry,
79
Surface characterization,
74
Surface electron density,
20
Symmetries.
See also
Laws and symmetries;
Supersymmetry
hidden, and the standard model,
71-78
manifest,
71
new,
79
Synchrotron radiation,
113
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR),
52
T
Theoretical biology,
50-51
Therapy, impact of physics on,
107-108
Thermal stability,
146
Thin-film coatings,
120
Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS),
94-95
Tomography, computerized,
110
Tools,
73
new windows on the universe,
56-61
for observation in the quantum regime,
20-22
Top quark,
5,
70
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Tracers,
118
radioactive,
159
Transistors,
152
Tunneling
scanning,
20-21
spin-polarized,
146
Turbulence,
3,
38
in fluids, plasmas, and gases,
41-43
suppressing to improve fusion,
42
Turbulent fluid flows,
127
Tweezers, optical,
10,
14,
114
Two-photon microscopy,
113
U
Ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays,
63
Ultrasound imaging,
13
Undergraduate physics,
96-102
advanced programs,
101
introductory curricula,
98-100
research experiences for,
102
Unified theory,
63,
152,
156
Unifying the forces of nature,
156
Universal force,
64
Universe
as a laboratory,
4
as spatially flat,
68
exploration of,
56,
155-156
understanding the nature of,
157
Universities.
See
Partnerships
Up quark,
70
Upwellings, coastal,
51
V
Videomicroscopy,
112
Viruses,
113
W
W bosons,
86
Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM),
139
WDM.
See
Wavelength division multiplexing
Weak charges,
71
Weak currents,
71
Weak force,
71
Weapons of mass destruction, chemical and biological,
123
Wind energy,
120
World Wide Web,
9,
132
X
X-ray crystallography,
46,
159
X-ray sources,
19,
61
X rays,
14,
109,
152
Z
Z bosons,
86
Z-pinch device,
124
Representative terms from entire chapter:
federal science
