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OCR for page 281
Index
A
Activities of daily living, 106, 111, 117,
121, 165
American Institute of Architects,
research on housing for elderly
persons, 3
American National Standards
Institute, standards for facilities
for the physically handicapped,
3, 226
Annual Housing Survey, 158, 159, 164
Architectural Barriers Act, 180
B
Black elderly
age composition of population, 58-59,
63
dwelling-use problems, incidence, 139
economic status, 5
educational levels, 5
gender composition of population,
59-60
with housing deficiencies, 137-139
population growth, 58
problems in demographic tracking of,
56, 60
regional distribution of, 63
survivorship rates, 59
Bureau of the Census
low-mortality projections, 97
middle-mortality/middle-fertility
projections, 94-96
Byerts, Thomas O., 2
C
Community-based housing
implementation issues, 134
long-term care and, 12, 100
support services for, 14, 34
Comparative Study of Midwestern
Retirement Communities, 123,
125
Congregate housing
Beverly Hills, California, project,
240-242
Captain Eldridge Congregate House,
222-223, 242-243
characteristics, 29, 153-154
community-based services in, 34, 38,
143, 147, 152, 155-156, 161
costs, 13, 154, 161-162
demand for, 99
demonstration programs, 11, 147,
154-155
design determinants, 21
design problems, 226
effectiveness, 154,155, 161-162
FHA insurance of, 143
long-term care through, 154
prevalence, 29
281
OCR for page 282
282
D
problems, 155-156
small-scale, 30, 222-223, 242-243
state programs, 154
transportation services, 187
Demography of aging cohorts
aggregates of concern in, 42-47
aging in, 50-51
components of change in, 49-51
data deficiencies, 6
economic status, 1, 4-6, 16, 26, 44-45
educational attainment, 1, 4-6, 16
health status trends, 1, 16
index of redistribution, 61
policymaking applications of, 36-37,
43-44, 46, 104
problems in tracking ethnic/racial
groups, 56, 60
projections, 1
retirement trends, 16
sources of data on the old old, 74
see also Elderly populations
Design, see Environmental design
Disability/disabled elderly
adaptation of housing for, 117-118,
121, 127
affordability of housing for, 141
age and, 27-29,107,110
cognitive, 107,118, 210-211
community awareness of, 127
disease-related, 107-108, 119
functional, 22, 106-108, 111-120
gender differentials in, 107, 110
housing entitlement and, 28-29
links to socioeconomic resource
deficiencies, 118
and living arrangements, 111, 116-
117, 121
longevity and, 1, 22,108-110
measures of, 106, 120, 138
and mobility, 40, 170
projections, 108-110
retarding transition to, 116
risk markers for, 115-116
screening methods, 106, 120, 138,
210-211
severe, 112
see also Health status; Vulnerability/
vulnerable elderly
Dwelling modifications
costs, 156-157
INDEX
effectiveness in delaying
institutionalization, 129, 136,
138-139, 156, 159
federal assistance for, 143, 144, 145,
149, 150-152
goals, 201
incidence of, 117-118, 157-158
nonstructural adjustments, 123, 157
perceived need for, 114
purpose of, 13
qualification criteria for, 30
quality-of-life enhancement through,
32, 121
research and demonstration efforts/
needs, 38,118, 227
supportive service reduction through,
140-141
Swedish housing policy, 20, 199
types, 158
EEconomic status
age differentials in, 82-84, 91
attitudinal effects of changes in, 37
demographic trends, 1, 4-6, 16, 26,
90
and dwelling-specific problems and
solutions, 12, 150-151
educational attainment and, 82
and equity in services, 99-100, 104,
116, 128-129, 213
factors affecting, 44, 82
gender differentials in, 82-84
health status and, 90-91, 94
labor force opportunities and, 5
longevity and, 5, 44-45, 94
marital status and, 88
peak income years, 82-85
problem areas, 204
productivity implications, 20
projections, 90, 94,127
quality of life and, 113
savings patterns, 5
see also Poor elderly
Educational attainment
attitudinal effects of changes in, 37,
82
demographic trends, 1, 4-6, 16, 81-82
economic status and, 82
Elderly persons
ability of adult children to care for, 4,
5-6, 88; see also Living
OCR for page 283
INDEX
arrangements
attitudes about service
improvements, 186
automobile-related deaths, 186
behavior determinants, 37
chronic diseases, 106; see also Health
status
computer use by, 21, 210-211
crime victimization, 16, 114, 124,
177-178, 185, 186-187
driving ability, 172-173, 179; see also
Mobility
exchange of services by, 149, 160-161
home ownership, 8, 12, 32; see also
Housing; Living arrangements
independence, see Independence of
elderly persons
isolation of, 15
mobility, see Mobility;
Transportation
number with housing-related
problems, 136
obligation/indebtedness feelings, 176
physical security measures for, 16, 33
relocation to alternative housing, 13,
120, 158, 180
security of familiar surroundings, 14
service needs, see Social support
services
stereotypes, 172-175, 210, 254
stigmatization of, 181, 214
suprapersonal environment, 37
training programs for, 38
with unmet care needs, 122
volunteer work by, 19, 214, 250, 253
vulnerable, see Vulnerability/
vulnerable elderly
Elderly persons (55+)
age composition trends, 52-53, 56-
59, 61-63, 80, 95-96
blacks, 58-59, 63
contrasted with old old cohort, 79-92
economic status, 91
educational attainment, 80-81
ethnic/racial differentials, 56-59, 63
gender differentials, 45, 53-55, 79
health status, 90-91
labor force participation rates, 88
mortality rates, 52, 78, 97-98
regional distribution of, 61-63
size of population, 46, 48, 94, 96-98
support of old old by, 44, 88
survivorship, 78, 79
see also New old
283
Elderly persons (65 +)
age composition trends, 52, 55-59,
61-64, 66-67, 70, 76-77, 95-96
automobile-related deaths, 186
blacks, 58, 59, 63
co-morbidity, 104
components of population change,
49-50
composition of population, 4-5, 46,
53, 56
disease-related disability in, 107
economic status, 4-5, 91
educational attainment, 4, 81
ethnic/racial differentials, 56-59, 63
functional dependency among, 106
107, 115
gender differentials, 54-55, 70-73?
76-77, 79, 107
as heads of households, 71-73
health status, 90-91, 105-106
with housing deficiencies, 137
in-home service needs, 12, 139
living arrangements, 71-74, 193
longevity of, 50
marital status trends, 68-71
mortality rates, 50, 51, 52, 78, 80,
97-98
occupancy of low-income housing, 9
regional distribution of, 61-67
size of population, 94-95, 97
survivorship, 78, 79
in Sweden, 193
urban-rural distribution of, 64, 66
67
Elderly persons (75 +)
age composition trends, 59, 62-63,
66-67, 95
automobile-related deaths, 186
blacks, 59, 60, 63
economic status, 91
educational attainment, 4, 81
ethnic/racial differentials, 57, 59, 63
functional dependency among, 107,
115
gender differentials, 46, 54, 79, 107
global patterns of change, 191-193
health status, 90-91
in-home service needs, 12, 139
marital status trends, 68-69
mortality rates, 78, 97
population growth, 46, 48, 53, 55, 97
regional distribution of, 62-63, 66
67
survivorship, 78, 79
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284
urban-rural distribution of, 66-67
Elderly persons (85 +)
age composition trends, 59, 62-63,
66-67, 74-77, 95
blacks, 59, 60, 63
characteristics, 6
data sources on, 74
disease-related disability in, 108
economic status, 6
ethnic/racial differentials, 57-59, 63
family resources to care for, 6, 44, 88,
100
functional dependency among, 107-
109, 115
future differences in cohort
composition, 6-7
gender differentials, 6, 46, 53-55,
75-77, 79, 107-109
lack of data on, 6, 74
marital status trends, 68-71
mortality rates, 78, 97
population growth, 6, 46, 48-49, 53,
55, 74-78, 79, 96-99, 104, 110
regional distribution of, 62-63, 66-
67
survivorship, 78-79, 104
in Sweden, 193
urban-rural distribution of, 66-67
vulnerability, 7-8
Elderly populations
age composition, 1, 4, 6, 16, 46-47,
51-53, 55, 65-67, 68-69, 95
baby boom cohorts, 94, 130, 214
components of change in, 49-51
definition of, 48
demand determinants, 44
dependency status, 26
determinants of needs of, 4, 12, 44-
45
differentiation between age groups
and cohorts, 79-92, 214-215
emigration, 4, 43
ethnic/racial composition, 5, 16, 56-
60, 176; see also Black elderly;
Hispanic elderly; Women
evolution of, 48-74
family size trends, 90
future characteristics, 215
gender differentials, 1, 5-6, 16, 45-
47, 53-56, 59-60, 68-69, 70-73,
75-77, 79, 82-84
immigration, 4, 43
importance of changes in, 36-37
INDEX
I:ivin,~,, arrangement trends, 71-74
longevity, 54, 58, 74, 92
male-to-female ratios, 55, 59, 60, 76
77
marital status trends, 68-71
projected trends, 92-100
public support determinants, 5, 42
45
redistribution of, 45
regional U.S. distributions, 60-64,
65-67
research needs on, 36-37
resource allocation issues, 99-100,
104, 116, 128
size determinants, 4, 43-44
size distribution, 46-47, 48, 94
studies of, 2-3
survivorship, 4, 6, 44, 51, 59, 78-79
urban-suburban differences, 64-67,
174-175
see also specific populations
Environmental design
adaptable housing, 13, 32, 114, 226-
227, 264-265; see also Dwelling
modifications
age-irrelevant, 32-33
age-targeted, 33
application gap between designers
and researchers, 219-220
autonomy and self-determination in,
262
barrier-free, 226-227
behavioral research and, 218-225
branch arrangements, 231-232
budgetary constraints, 246
communication of research, 223-225,
226, 243-245, 247
of community for enhancing the
productivity of elderly people,
263-267
congregate housing, 21, 222-223
corridor arrangements, 231-232
cul-de-sac arrangements, 231-232
development spiral, 220-221
empathetic model, 228-229
expertise, lack of, 246-247
failures, 225
gerontological material, 3
impediments to, 22, 223-225, 245-
247
life-span perspective, 31-33, 37, 129
light diffusion, 227-228
management and, 237-239
OCR for page 285
INDEX
manufacturers' hesitancy to adopt,
246
neighborhood setting considerations,
21, 234-237
physiological considerations, 225-
227
postoccupancy evaluations, 21, 222-
223, 224-225, 226, 228, 245
primary pathways, 230-231
privacy in, 262-263
productivity maximization in, 260-
267
professional recognition-for research,
223-225
publication of behavioral impacts of,
224-225, 244
redundant cueing, 229
regulatory conflicts in, 22, 245-246
for safety, 210
sensory aspects, 227-229
of shared spaces, 230-232, 260
for social interaction/exchange, 230-
231, 262-263
standards, 3, 226
studies, 2-3, 239-243
training, 243
types of information used in, 220-221
user-friendly, 21, 32, 33
way-finding, 231-234
Environmental Design Research
Association, 3, 218
F
Federal Housing Act of 1964, Section
202, 9
Federal Housing Administration
home equity conversion mortgages,
145, 153
mortgage insurance, 143
private market-facilitating programs,
143
Federal housing policies
age equity issue, 28, 31, 35
aims, 201, 205-206
choice maximization criterion, 149,
201
cost-effectiveness criterion, 148-149
current, 27,142-148, 162
definition of entitlement, 28
design of, 148-163
flexibility needed in, 12, 149
historical trends, 8-11, 26-27
285
life-span perspective, 31-33
major issues, 30-35, 134, 162
population issues, 37, 130
projections, 11, 129
Federal housing programs
alternatives for marginally
independent individuals, 30
budget cuts and, 10, 14
community development block
program, 145
congregate housing services
program, 147, 154-156
deficiencies in, 9
demand for, 9
demonstration projects, 38, 147, 154
156
design and range of, 134-135
entitlement to, 9, 27-29, 145-146
financing arrangements with local
governments, 9
future trends, 10
gaps in, 143
home adaptation assistance, 30
integration of support service
programs, 9-10,14, 29-30,119,
143, 146, 147, 149
mechanisms, 9
needs, 14
new construction, 9-10, 20, 26, 27,
28, 145, 201
open-enrollment voucher program,
146
participation rates, 145-146
private market-facilitating programs,
143
Pruitt-Igoe development, 225
rental assistance, 9
repair and maintenance, 30
Section 202, 27, 145, 147
studies of, 2, 230
subsidies, 8-9, 28, 30, 31, 35, 145,
146, 153
target populations, 8-9, 35
units provided, 9, 146-147
weatherization and fuel payment
assistance programs, 145
see also Dwelling modifications;
Housing; Low-income housing
Financial status, see Economic status
G
Gerontological Society of America,
OCR for page 286
286
H
Health care
research on aging-related
environment, 2-3, 219-220
assessments of requirements for, 104,
119
capitated systems, 213, 239-240
for chronically sick people, 196-197,
200, 202
costs, 11, 251
demand determinants, 110
demographic determinants of needs.
45
end-stage renal disease, 212
entitlement to, 27
equity questions, 213
in-home, 20
policy role in shaping disability
profile, 110
preventive technologies, 209
psychiatric institutions, 198
quality-of-life improvements, 212
rationing, 208-209, 212, 213
in residential communities, adequacy
of, 124-125
resource allocation, 110, 116, 119
strain on caregivers, 251, 258
in Sweden, 196-198
transplants and biomedical implants,
208-209, 211-212
see also Long-term care
Health Care Financing
Administration, 106
Health status
age and, 91
assessment of, 105-106
changes, causes and effects of, 110
chronic diseases, 106
demographic trends, 1, 16, 90-91
and housing policy, 35
income and, 90-91
indicators, 91
longevity and, 91-92, 108-109, 215
projections, 94
rates of change, 7, 26-27
retardation of functional loss, 7, 103,
125
scales of functional disability, 106
sensory losses, 227, 228-229
variation in, 27
see also Vulnerability/vulnerable
elderly
INDEX
Hispanic elderly
problems in demographic tracking of,
56
Housing
accessory apartments, 153
age-focused, 123
age-irrelevant, 32-33
alternative, relocation to, 13, 120,
123, 158, 180
board-and-care facilities, 143, 153
changes, factors motivating, 125-126
community-based, 12,14, 34,100,134
costs, 13, 15, 175
deficiencies, 137-138,141,144, 150-
151, 163-164
design, 2, 3,13, 21-22, 32-33,149
determinants of needs, 5, 6-7, 12, 43-
45
dwelling-specific problems/needs, 12,
135-138, 141-144, 148, 150, 163
dwelling-use problems/needs, 12, 136,
138-142, 148, 163
excessive expenditures on, 136-137,
138, 144, 148, 163
gender differentials in needs, 139
goals, 201
granny flats, 34, 153
group homes, 153, 159-161
health component in, 30
institutionalization because of lack
of, 197
intermediate residential models, 27
life care centers, 143
life safety codes, 210
life-span perspective, 31-33, 37, 129
maintenance and repairs, 12, 14, 30,
38, 150, 201
management of, 237-239
match-up services, 38, 145
minimum quality levels, 28-29
minority differentials in needs, 139
mobility and, 15, 114, 185-188
modification/adaptation of dwellings,
see Dwelling modifications
needs, 12,135-143, 149
neighborhood setting, 21, 234-237
old-age homes, 18, 26, 74, 193, 195-
196, 198, 200
pensioners' flats, 18-19, 194-195
pensioners' homes, 193-195
policies, see Federal housing policies
programs, see Federal housing
programs
prosthetic effects assessment, 124
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INDEX
quality of life and, 113, 124
research needs on, 37-38, 185-188
retirement communities, 123-126,
127, 187, 239-240
service blocks, 19, 38, 193, 194-196,
197
service flats, 194-195
shared, 13, 38,153,159-161
state and local government
interventions, 152-153
strategies for improving, 150-152
studies of, 2, 3, 21
support services linked with, 19; see
also Social support services
in Sweden, 14, 17-20, 193-198
user-friendly designs, 21, 32, 33
veterans' homes, 73
see also Congregate housing; Low-
income housing
Housing Act of 1937, 9
Housing and Community Development
Act, 184
Independence of elderly persons
barriers to, 34, 204
cultural interpretations, 17-18, 192
in living arrangements, 7, 13, 15, 18,
149
policy needs, 20, 33-34
prevalence, 118
private sector promotion of, 11
research needs on, 37
self-supporting communities, 22-23,
254-257
strategies to enhance, 15, 22-23, 149;
see also Dwelling modification
Swedish policy, 192, 194, 199
Instrumental activities of daily living,
106-107, 111, 117, 121, 165
J
Japan
cultural norms for care of parents,
18, 192-193
L
Labor force participation
age differentials in, 85-87
future patterns, 88
gender differentials, 5, 6, 85-87, 90
287
influence of needs of elderly, 45
opportunities, 5
travel and, 171
Living arrangements
with adult children, 4, 31, 37, 44, 71
73, 128
alone, 111,116,118,139-140, 172
barriers to care in, 126
determinants of, 18, 45
disability by type of, 111
gender differentials in, 71-74, 160,
194
global differences in, 192-193
gradient of need across types of, 112
head-of-household trends, 71-73
independence in, 7, 13, 15, 18, 37
nonhousehold facilities, 73-74
with nonrelatives, 71-73, 111, 113,
116
quality of, 112, 116-117
with relatives, 5, 71-73, 111, 113, 116,
128; see also Marital status
research needs on, 37
retirement communities, 123-126,
127, 187, 239-240
satisfaction with, 32, 124, 161, 234,
251
shared, 112
social service needs by type of, 121
122
studies of, 2
trade-offs in, 118
unmet needs by type of, 112
see also Housing; Physical
environments
Long-term care
community-based, 11,12, 27, 30, 119,
122, 154
costs, 13, 22, 99, 161
demand for, 8, 92, 99, 122
experimentation with, 27
familial resources for, 6, 44, 88, 90
in-home, 199
institutional, 119,139,142, 195-199;
see also Nursing homes
longevity and, 92-93, 99
public policies, 26, 27, 122
responsibility for providing, 90, 99,
122
unmet needs for, 8, 112, 122
Longevity
as determinant of population needs,
4, 5
disability and, 1, 22, 108-110
OCR for page 288
288
economic status and, 5, 44-45
ethnic/racial differentials, 58
gender differentials in, 54, 58, 74, 94
health status and, 91-92, 108-109,
215
mobility and, 177
population size and, 50
productivity implications, 20
projections, 94, 96
vulnerability and, 7
Low-income housing
federal initiation of, 8
occupancy rates, 9
private/philanthropic initiatives, 10
state and local government
contributions to, 10
M
Marital status
age and, 70
composition of elderly populations, 5,
45, 68-69
economic status and, 88
gender differentials in, 70
mobility and, 171, 176
and satisfaction of functional care
needs, 111,113,116-118, 122,
128, 159, 252
Medicaid
entitlement to, 27
savings through in-home programs,
11
waiver for homeowners, 150-152
Medicare
end-stage renal disease coverage, 212 N
savings through in-home programs,
11
Minorities
demographic trends, 16
see also Black elderly; Hispanic
elderly
Mobility
ability to drive, 172-173, 179, 185
186
age and, 171
car ownership, 16-17, 173-174, 179
costs, 15, 188
definition, 15
disability and, 40
door-to-door services, 188
within dwellings, 114
gender differentials in, 173
INDEX
housing location and, 15, 175-180,
185-188, 235-237
industrialization and, 18, 169-170,
193
inner-city, 15,175-178, 179
life style and, 17
longevity and, 177
migration, 37, 45, 49-50, 176
national policy on, 180-185
needs, 172-175, 180-185
patterns, 60-67, 70,172
planning for, 15
problems, 175-180, 235-237
and quality of life, 169
requirements, determinants of, 17
research needs on, 40, 185-188
spontaneity in, 176, 178
travel pattern assessments, 17, 170-
172
see also Transportation
Mortality rates
age and, 4, 53, 70, 75-76, 78, 96-98
areal differentials in, 45
consequences of reduction in rates,
78-79
crossover effect, 58
as determinant of population needs,
4,44,45,92
ethnic/racial differentials, 58
gender differentials, 70, 79, 122
independence and, 4
projections, 93, 96
survivorship and, 4, 44, 78
trends, 50-52, 75-76
National Center on Housing and
Living Arrangements for Older
Americans, 3
National Health Interview Survey, 139,
165
National Long-Term Care Survey
assessment of functional capacity,
106
unmet functional dependencies, 112,
118
Nationwide Personal Transportation
Study, 171, 172
New old
age differentials, 6
contrasts with behavior and needs of
old old, 79-90
OCR for page 289
INDEX
economic status, 6
educational level, 6
gender differentials, 6, 88
labor force participation rates, 88
mortality rates, 78
support of old old by, 44, 88, 100
survivorship, 78
Nursing homes
alternatives, 160; see also Dwelling
modifications
demand for, 113, 251, 258
federal policies concerning, 2, 26, 27,
122, 143
FHA insurance of, 143
projected population, 92, 93, 99
social supports, 119
in Sweden, 197, 200
o
Old old, see Elderly persons (85 +)
Older Americans Act, 27, 184
p
Physical environments
challenge vs. security, 33
choice maximization, 34-35, 149 Quality of life
critical aspects, 225
cross-national perspectives on, 190
206
design, see Environmental design
homogeneity of status, 263
impediments to care in, 126
inner-city, 15,174-178, 188
neighborhood dynamics, 34, 175,
234-237
physiological barriers, 225-226
planned communities, novel
framework for, 255-267
quality of life and, 113
retirement communities, 123-126,
239-240
security measures in, 16, 34, 124-125
shared spaces, 230-231
strategies for improving, 127; see also
Environmental design
suburban, 15,174-175, 179-180
way-finding in, 231-234
Poor elderly
adequacy of housing for, 40
demographic trends, 1, 5, 16
expenditure burdens on housing, 138
289
gender differentials, 5
housing strategies for, 35
old old, 6
public support, 5, 143
quality-of-life policy dilemmas, 30-
31, 35
Productivity of elderly people
barriers to, 253, 260
community framework for
enhancing, 22-23, 160-161, 254-
267
concept, 252-254
economic status and, 20
economic strategies for increasing,
22-23, 254-257, 259, 263
housing and, 250
importance of, 252
lack of data on, 250
living arrangements and, 250
longevity and, 20
research needs on, 22, 39, 253-254
social/organizational strategies, 22-
23, 149, 160-161, 257-259
Psychiatric institutions, 198
Q
R
components of, 104, 124-125
deficiency index, 8, 113-115
for healthy low-income elderly, 30-31,
35
housing design adaptations and, 32,
114
in-home services to enhance, 11
mobility and, 169
policy dilemmas, 30-31, 35
technology and, 21
Recreation and leisure
demographic determinants of
demand, 45
new technology for, 211, 215-216
Research on elderly environments
adaptive housing modifications, 118
community-based long-term care, 27
current framework, 3-23
dissemination of results, 203, 223-
225, 226, 243-244, 247
empathetic model, 228-229
goals, 202-203, 205, 251
OCR for page 290
290
housing/mobility trade-offs, 185-188
housing programs, 37-38, 39, 147,
154-156, 160, 201
interdisciplinary nature of, 36
methods development, 202-203
needs, 36, 160, 230, 247
population issues, 36-37
previous studies, 2-3
productivity of older people, 39
relocation trauma, 233-234
social prerequisites, 200-202, 230-
231
technological improvements, 38-39
transportation, 40
through volunteerism, 250
vulnerable aged, 39-40
way-finding, 233-234
see also Environmental design
Retirement
age trends, 6, 45, 88
communities, 123-126, 239-240,
255-267
decisionmaking, 5, 211
early, 211, 214, 252, 254
gender trends, 16
reasons for, 211, 214, 250, 252, 254-
255
satisfaction with, 252
stereotypes about, 254-255
transportation needs and, 17, 173
S
Social environments
design enhancement of, 230-231
of disabled elderly, definition of, 111
life style and mobility patterns, 17
neighborhood setting, 21, 114
problem areas, 204
productivity strategies for, 149, 160-
161, 257-259
quality of life and, 113, 124
Social Security Act, 27, 184, 212
Social Security Administration
Comparative Study of Midwestern
Retirement Communities, 123,
125
Social Security benefits program
early retirement and, 254-255
effect on poor elderly, 5
increases in, 85
viability, 47
Social support services
INDEX
access to, 8, 15, 29, 176-177, 188,
235-237, 263
automated home care, 210
community-based, 8, 23
congregate housing services
program, 147, 150-151
determinants of needs, 5, 12, 139-140
eligibility standards, 119
exchange of, by elderly persons, 149,
160-161, 257-259
federal housing and, 9-10, 142
formal, 120,121-122,139-140, 148,
162
. goals of, 201-202
informal, 120-121,139-140,148, 162,
202
in-home, 11-13, 34,148,188,195,
199, 201-202
integration with housing programs,
29-30, 119, 143, 146, 147
need for, 12-13, 165
nursing services, in-home, 199-200
personal care, 113, 121, 199
planning for, 5, 38, 150-151
quality of life and, 113, 125
reducing demand for, 121
in service blocks, 195
in Sweden, 195, 199-200
unmet needs, 10, 30, 113
Steinfeld, Edward, 3
Sweden
cultural norms for care of parents,
18, 191-193
health care, 196-198
housing policy, 14, 19-20, 190, 193-
195, 198-200, 204
in-home services, 34, 199-200
institutional population, 195-198
living arrangements for elderly, 18-
19
psychiatric care, 198
T
Technology, new
accessibility, 38-39
computer applications, 21, 210-211,
215-216
forecasts of change, 210, 211-214
health-related, 208-210, 211-212
housing applications, 21-22
implications of, 211-214
interaction of older persons with, 38
OCR for page 291
INDEX
for leisure and recreation, 211, 215-
216
obsolescence of older workers, 213-
214
and quality of life, 21, 38, 212
research needs on, 38-39, 216
supplying and financing
responsibilities, 207-208
value questions, 209-210
Transportation
access to, 15, 176-177, 180
by automobile, 170, 172-174, 176, 177,
184, 187
car ownership, 16-17, 173-174, 179
concerns, 32
cost and cost-benefit issues, 40, 175,
182, 184, 185, 188
crime victimization and, 177-178,
185
dependency on friends and relatives,
15-16, 176, 178
design, 210
determinants of needs, 17
evolution of, and urbanization, 169
170
fare reductions, 183-184, 185
federal assistance for, 183-184, 187
inner-city, 15-16,174-178,179, 188
mainstreaming vs. door-to-door
service, 181-185
national policy on, 180-185
neighborhood dynamics in planning
for, 40
physical barriers, 16, 177, 180-181,
183, 185, 186
public transit, 15-16, 172, 176-178,
180, 182-183, 186-187
research projects and needs, 3, 40
security in, 16, 33
social/psychological barriers, 186-187
social services sector, 184-185
specialized paratransit services, 17,
183-184, 185, 187
suburban, 179-180
taxis, 176
voucher approach, 40
wheelchair access, 180, 182
work-oriented, 17
U
Urban Mass Transportation Act of
1964, 180
U.S. Administration on Aging
291
research on aging-related
environments, 2, 3
U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services
lack of integration of services, 29-30
U.S. Department of Housing and
Urban Development
congregate housing services
program, 147, 154-156
integration of services, 29-30, 147-
148
research on aging, 3
role in evaluating housing strategies,
163
targeting of services for older
persons, 38
U.S. Department of Transportation
Urban Mass Transportation
Administration survey, 177
V
Volunteers
elderly persons as, 19, 214, 250, 253
home-help program, 14
Vulnerability/vulnerable elderly
age and, 7,103
alternative care pathways, 39
assessment of, 7
community awareness of, 127
disability, 111-113
environmental deficiencies and, 114-
115
environmental responses to, 122-123,
125
functional dependency, 7, 103, 105-
111, 125
home-help program, 14
housing for, 12
in-home supportive services for, 13-
14
living arrangements, 111-112
long-term care for, 12
longevity and, 1, 7
markers of, 7-8, 104, 111-119
measurement problems, 113
mobility of, 15, 179-180, 186
multidimensionality of, 114, 120
policy issues concerning, 31, 39-40
research needs on, 39-40
service responses to, 120-122
size of population, 29, 127
during travel, 178
unmet needs, 30
OCR for page 292
292
W
Women
demographic trends, 1
dwelling-use problems, incidence, 139
economic status, 5, 82-84
fertility trends, 89, 94
functional disability projections, 109
labor for participation, 85-86, 90
INDEX
licensed drivers, 173
living arrangements, 71-73, 160
longevity, 54, 58, 74, 94
marital status trends, 70
mortality rates, 70, 79
ratios of men to, 55, 59, 60, 76-77
retirement age trends, 16
Representative terms from entire chapter:
economic status
