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PAPERBACK price:$44.00 add to cart Rights & Permissions Free PDF Access Sign in to download PDF book and chapters Free Resources PDF SUMMARY Display this book on your site! Related Titles Aging in Asia: Findings from New and Emerging Data Initiatives Assessing Policies for Retirement Income:Needs for Data, Research, and Models Other Related Titles Preparing for an Aging World: The Case for Cross-National Research (2001) Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education (CBASSE) Citation Manager Export the bibliographic data for this book in your chosen format Web Search Builder Use this book's key terms to search within this book, across our collection, or across the Web. Skim This Chapter Skim this chapter and use this chapter's key terms to search within this book. Reference Finder Paste in your own text to find books that relate to your topic. Citation Manager . "Index." Preparing for an Aging World: The Case for Cross-National Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2001. Please select a format: Page 295   E-mail Share on facebook Facebook Share on delicious Delicious Share on stumbleupon Stumble Share on twitter Twitter More Sharing ServicesMore The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. Page 295 Index A Activities of daily living , 21 , 272 Africa see also North Africa ; Sub-Saharan Africa life expectancy , 48 median age, workforce , 40 Aging index , 40 AHEAD , see Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old Survey AIDS , 15 , 49-50 , 58 Argentina , 71 , 72 , 73 , 75 , 76 Arthritis , 206 Asia see also specific countries bequests , 156 data standards , 8 intergenerational transfers , 190 labor force and median age , 40 life expectancy , 48 multidisciplinary approaches , 3 old-age mortality , 57 population projections , 32 , 34 researcher access to data , 282 speed of population aging , 39 tax incentives , 19 Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old Survey (AHEAD) , 113-116 (passim) , 119-120 , 191 Australia , 38 , 48 , 55 , 147 , 148 health status and care , 210 , 228 labor force participation , 69-77 (passim) pensions , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 87 , 147 , 148 Austria , 48 , 210 Azerbaijan , 38 B Basic Survey of Japanese Living Conditions , 125 Belgium , 32 , 48 , 50 , 94 health care , 210 labor force participation , 69-76 (passim) , 85 pensions , 84 , 85, Bequests , 103 , 106-107 , 108 , 115 , 155 , 156 , 158 , 166 tax on , 131 , 156-157 , 158 , 160 Bereavement , 14 , 264 , 271 , 272 Birth rate , see Fertility Brazil , 38 , 55 British Household Panel Study , 113, 118(n.3) , 125 , 127 Bulgaria , 55 Bureau of the Census , 31(n.2) , 59 , 60 Page 295 Front Matter (R1-R18) Executive Summary (1-14) 1. Introduction (15-29) 2. Our Aging World (30-65) 3. Work, Retirement, and Pensions (66-101) 4. Private Wealth and Income Security: International Comparisons (102-154) 5. Intergenerational Transfers (155-199) 6. The Health of Aging Populations (200-249) 7. Well-Being: Concepts and Measures (250-275) 8. Conclusion and Major Recommendations (276-282) Appendix A: Learning From Cross-National Research (283-288) Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff (289-294) Index (295-308)

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Page 295 Index A Activities of daily living , 21 , 272 Africa see also North Africa ; Sub-Saharan Africa life expectancy , 48 median age, workforce , 40 Aging index , 40 AHEAD , see Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old Survey AIDS , 15 , 49-50 , 58 Argentina , 71 , 72 , 73 , 75 , 76 Arthritis , 206 Asia see also specific countries bequests , 156 data standards , 8 intergenerational transfers , 190 labor force and median age , 40 life expectancy , 48 multidisciplinary approaches , 3 old-age mortality , 57 population projections , 32 , 34 researcher access to data , 282 speed of population aging , 39 tax incentives , 19 Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old Survey (AHEAD) , 113-116 (passim) , 119-120 , 191 Australia , 38 , 48 , 55 , 147 , 148 health status and care , 210 , 228 labor force participation , 69-77 (passim) pensions , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 87 , 147 , 148 Austria , 48 , 210 Azerbaijan , 38 B Basic Survey of Japanese Living Conditions , 125 Belgium , 32 , 48 , 50 , 94 health care , 210 labor force participation , 69-76 (passim) , 85 pensions , 84 , 85, Bequests , 103 , 106-107 , 108 , 115 , 155 , 156 , 158 , 166 tax on , 131 , 156-157 , 158 , 160 Bereavement , 14 , 264 , 271 , 272 Birth rate , see Fertility Brazil , 38 , 55 British Household Panel Study , 113, 118(n.3) , 125 , 127 Bulgaria , 55 Bureau of the Census , 31(n.2) , 59 , 60

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Page 296 C Canada , 38 , 43 , 55 health status and care , 210 , 228 labor force participation , 71 , 72 , 75 , 76 , 85 pensions , 78 , 80 , 84-88 (passim) , 94 , 147 , 148 wealth , 137 , 147 , 148 Cancer , 55-56 Capital gains , 110 , 118(n.3) , 123 Cardiovascular disease , 55-57 , 206 , 228 , 250 Caribbean , see Latin America/Caribbean Causes of death , see Diseases and disorders ; Life expectancy ; Mortality CentER Savings Survey (CSS) , 113 , 122 , 129 , 130 , 151 Chile , 38 , 45 labor force participation , 71 , 72 , 73 , 75 , 76 pensions , 87 China cardiovascular disease , 228 elderly support ratios , 43 fertility , 45 life expectancy , 55 population projections , 38 , 39 Chronic diseases , 1 , 237 see also Disabled persons life expectancy and , 56 , 206 Cognitive impairments , 12 , 23 , 91 , 93 , 178 , 208 , 213 , 230 , 231-232 , 233 , 259 , 260 , 271 , 273 , 277 Cohort studies , 4 , 25 , 142-144, 278, 282 Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) , 7 , 86 , 93-94 , 113-120 (passim) , 127(n.6) , 150 , 149 , 191 , 216 , 281 health status and care, general , 207 , 214 intergenerational transfers , 192 mortality estimations , 58-59 Colombia , 22 Community supports , 172 health care , 204 , 207-208 , 211 , 213 , 217 well-being , 253 , 256-257 , 258 , 272 Comorbidity , 212 , 216 , 227 , 228 , 264 , 270 Computer applications at-home work , 95 CentER Savings Survey , 122 interviewing , 115 , 151 , 174(n.7) Computer databases , see Databases Confidentiality , see Privacy and confidentiality Consumers and consumption , 105-110 (passim) , 122 , 123 , 128 , 220 cost of surveys , 105 disabled persons , 107-108 family factors , 106-107 , 108 , 161-162 , 163 , 166 , 169-170 , 189 housing wealth , 111-112 intergenerational transfers and , 106-107 , 108 , 161-162 , 163 , 166 , 169-170 , 189 retirement, consumption following , 105-110 (passim) well-being , 257 Contraception , 16 Controlled studies , 20 , 280 wealth , 129-131 Cost factors , 19-20 , 155 childrearing and education , 166 , 170 , 177 consumption surveys , 105 cross-sectional studies , 20 health care , 2 , 17 , 155 , 158-159 , 166 , 168-169 , 181 , 200 , 201 , 203 , 208 , 210 , 217 , 220 longitudinal studies , 4 . 19-20 panel studies , 19-20 public pension systems , 19 , 155 retirement , 95 , 103 , 160 sampling, research , 20 Cross-sectional studies , 4 , 278 , 282 cost of , 20 health and socioeconomic status , 111 intergenerational transfers , 179 wealth , 111 , 142 Cultural factors , 18 , 21 , 250-251 , 287 elderly, definition of , 30 health status and care , 204 , 211 , 217 , 220 human capital investment , 159 intergenerational transfers , 12-13 , 157 , 159 , 174 kin networks , 174 retirement age , 97 well-being , 262 Czech Republic , 48 D Databases Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old Survey (AHEAD) , 113-116 (passim) , 119-120 , 191

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Page 297 CentER Savings Survey (CSS) , 113 , 122 , 129 , 130 , 151 cost studies , 19-20 Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) , 7 , 86 , 93-94 , 113-120 (passim) , 127(n.6) , 149 , 150 , 191 , 216 , 281 health status and care , 207 , 214-216 linked , 7 , 25 , 96 , 115(n.2) , 191 , 216-217 , 220 , 239 , 281 morbidity , 212 , 214 , 225 , 226-229 , 233 , 252 multidisciplinary approaches , 3 , 277 retirement , 91 Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) , 113-118 (passim) , 129 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) , 113-117 (passim) Definitional issues see also Standards aging index , 40 demographic transition , 41 developed vs developing countries , 24 elderly , 2(n.1) , 25 , 30 fertility , 39(n.6) health, general , 225-226 , 230 , 252 intergenerational transfers , 171-172 morbidity , 226-229 signs , 225-226 symptoms , 225 syndromes , 226 wealth , 117 , 118-119 , 149-150 well-being , 13 , 258-259 , 262 Denmark , 48 health care , 210 labor force participation , 70-76 (passim) wealth , 137 Depression , 21 , 206 , 225 , 243 , 244 Developing countries see also Latin America/Caribbean ; North Africa ; Sub-Saharan Africa ; specific countries defined , 24 fertility , 45 , 47 intergenerational transfers , 164 , 165 , 190 , 193 labor force participation , 40 , 69 , 74 life expectancy , 48 , 49 , 53-55 median age , 39 , 40 old-age mortality , 53-55 oldest old , 35 pension programs , 9 , 87 population by age and sex, chart , 46 population projections , 33-34 , 35 Diet , see Nutrition Disabled persons , 2 , 9 , 16 , 17 , 23 , 27-28 , 206 , 209 , 212 , 220 , 230-231 , 235-237 , 256 , 258 , 276 , 279 see also Functional health status ; Institutional care cognitive impairments , 12 , 23 , 91 , 93 , 178 , 208 , 213 , 230 , 231-232 , 233 , 259 , 260 , 271 , 273 , 277 consumption by , 107-108 elderly support ratios , 42 employment and , 9 , 24-25 life expectancy and , 55 oldest old , 37 retirement , 9 , 67 , 69 , 77 , 86 , 91 , 94-95 , 97 , 203 social factors, general , 230-231 , 232 Diseases and disorders , 206 , 221 , 240-241 , 250 , 279 see also Disabled persons ; Health status and health care ; Medical care ; Mental health and illness ; Morbidity ; Mortality AIDS , 15 , 49-50 , 58 arthritis , 206 cancer , 55-56 cardiovascular disease , 55-57 , 206 , 228 , 250 chronic diseases , 1 , 56 , 206 , 237 cognitive impairments , 12 , 23 , 91 , 93 , 178 , 208 , 213 , 230 , 231-232 , 233 , 259 , 260 , 271 , 273 , 277 demographic transition , 41-42 , 44 , 47 old-age mortality , 54-57 oldest old , 37 research standards , 5 , 219-220 E Economic factors , 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 30 , 161 see Consumers and consumption ; Cost factors ; Developing countries ; Employment issues ; Funding ; Income ; Intergenerational relations and transfers ; Pensions ; Savings ; Socioeconomic status ; Taxation ; Wealth capital gains , 110 , 118(n.3) , 123

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Page 298 elderly support ratios , 42 Flow of Funds (FOF) , 13 , 26 , 28 , 116 , 118 , 123 , 125 , 126 , 129 , 156 health care , 168-169 Gross National Product (GNP) , 18 , 254-256 , 257 , 258 , 273 health status and care , 200 , 202-203 , 204 , 208 , 209 , 220 cost factors , 2 , 17 , 155 , 158-159 , 166 , 168-169 , 181 , 200 , 201 , 203 , 208 , 210 , 217 , 220 life expectancy , 18 , 47 , 51 macroeconomic factors , 6 , 11 , 23 , 27 , 30 , 68 , 96 , 157 , 280 well-being , 253 , 254-256 , 257 , 258 , 273 Educational attainment , 16 , 149 , 250 health status and care , 203 , 205 , 222 intergenerational transfers , 165 , 192 Education, professional , see Professional education Education, public , see Public education Egypt , 55 Elderly support ratios , 40 , 42 , 43 Emigration , see Immigration and emigration Emotional factors , see Mental health and illness Employment issues , 2 , 3 , 4 , 8-9 , 23 , 27 , 66-98 , 250 see also Pensions ; Retirement Africa , 40 age when still employed, rates of , 69 aging index , 40 disabilities , 9 , 24-25 elderly support ratios , 42 emigration of workers , 44 health status and care, general , 24-25 , 201-202 , 204 , 205 , 222-223 , 224 immigration , 15 labor force participation , 3 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 19 , 23 , 40 , 42 , 66 , 67 , 68-77 , 83 , 95-96 , 202 ; see also Retirement gender factors , 69 , 71-77 , 78 , 88 older persons, working , 67 part-time and temporary , 14 self-employment , 77 , 121 , 125 , 126 transfer systems , 11 unemployment and health status , 205 , 224 unemployment insurance , 9 , 86 , 94-95 , 97 well-being , 13-14 , 264-265 , 273 worker-to-retiree ratios , 1 , 16 , 103 Estates , see Bequests Ethical issues , 202 , 213-214 see also Privacy and confidentiality Ethnicity , see Race/ethnicity Europe see also specific countries aging index , 40 cardiovascular disease , 228 data standards , 8 fertility , 15 , 44-45 health status and care , 217 , 228 income security , 103-104 intergenerational transfers , 155 , 191 labor force participation , 70 life expectancy , 48 , 49 multidisciplinary approaches , 3 oldest old , 36 , 59 pensions , 86 , 103-104 , 146 population projections , 31-33 , 34 , 36 , 40 researcher access to data , 282 speed of population aging , 38 , 39 wealth , 103-104 , 121-125 , 126-131 , 134-135 , 146 , 149-150 well-being , 254 EVS , see German Income and Expenditure Survey F Family factors , 1-2 , 3 , 4 , 13 , 17 , 26 , 27 , 155-193 (passim) see also Fertility ; Intergenerational relations and transfers ; Marital status ; Wealth bequests , 103 , 106-107 , 108 , 115 , 155 , 156 , 158 , 166 tax on , 131 , 156-157 , 158 , 160 bereavement , 14 , 264 , 271 , 272 care of elderly by , 157 , 158-159 , 166 , 171 , 172-174 , 178 , 180-181 , 192-193 , 203 , 220 coresidence , 19 , 166 , 174 , 177 , 180 , 183 , 184 emotional support , 156 , 171 , 176 , 179 , 181 time transfers , 2 , 16 , 24 , 158 , 166 , 172 , 175 , 178-179 consumption and , 106-107 , 108 , 161-162 , 163 , 166 , 169-170 , 189

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Page 299 elderly support ratios , 42 health status of elderly , 203 , 220 , 221 ; see also “care of...” supra kin networks , 172-176 , 179 , 180-184 (passim) life-cycle model , 107 life expectancy , 47 retirement , 77 , 93 , 159 siblings , 159 , 174 , 175-176 tax incentives , 19 well-being , 156 , 158 , 258 , 264 , 268 Family Saving Survey , 125 Federal Reserve , 116 , 118 Females , see Fertility ; Gender factors Fertility , 1 , 15-16 , 30 , 39 , 41 , 45 , 47 , 57 , 181 defined , 39(n.6) demographic transition , 41-42 , 44 , 47 developing countries, general , 45 , 47 extended family , 156 historical perspectives , 15-16 , 30 , 39 , 44-45 intergenerational transfers , 156 , 162-163 , 165 , 183 , 184 , 189-190 migration and , 44-45 oldest old and , 36 research standards , 5 , 279 Financial Research Survey , 113 , 124-125 , 127 Finland , 210 Flow of Funds (FOF) , 13 , 26 , 28 , 116 , 118 , 123 , 125 , 126 , 129 , 156 health care , 168-169 France , 38 , 39 , 43 , 48 , 55 , 94 health care , 210 labor force participation , 70-76 (passim) , 85 pensions , 78-82 (passim) , 84 , 85 , 87 , 146 wealth , 135 , 136 , 137 , 146 Functional health status , 5 , 26 , 27-28 , 91 , 93 , 201 , 203 , 207 , 208 , 212 , 220 , 221 , 224-234 (passim) , 237 , 243 , 258 , 259 , 262 , 271 , 279 see also Chronic diseases ; Disabled persons ; Institutional care cognitive , 12 , 23 , 91 , 93 , 178 , 208 , 213 , 230 , 231-232 , 233 , 259 , 260 , 271 , 273 , 277 Funding health care services , 208 , 211 research harmonization , 5 , 278-279 G Gender factors , 25-26 see also Fertility health status and care , 220 , 223 , 228 labor force participation , 69 , 71-77 , 78 , 88 life expectancy , 48-55 (passim) living arrangements of elderly persons , 188 mortality rates , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55-56 , 241-243 pensions , 80 , 82 , 88 , 91 , 92 old-age mortality , 52 , 54 , 55-56 oldest old , 47 , 50 population by age and sex, chart , 46 retirement , 91 , 92 ; see also “pensions” supra well-being , 26 German Income and Expenditure Survey (EVS) , 123-124 , 130-131 German Socio-Economic Panel , 124 Germany , 43 , 55 , 94 health care , 210 labor force participation , 69-76 (passim) , 85 living arrangements of elderly persons , 188 pensions , 78-82 (passim) , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 146 , 147 , 148 wealth , 113 , 123-124 , 129 , 130-131 , 135-140 (passim) , 146 , 147 Graduated minimum data set , 215-216 , 220 Greece , 32 , 48 Gross national product (GNP) , 254-256 , 257 , 258 , 273 life expectancy , 18 H Handicapped persons , see Disabled persons Harmonization , see Standards Head-count ratios , 40-41 Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) , 7 , 86 , 93-94 , 113-120 (passim) , 127(n.6) , 149 , 150 , 191 , 216 , 281 Health status and health care , 1 , 5 , 16 , 23 , 27-28 , 200-244 , 256 , 258 , 276 see also Disabled persons ; Diseases and disorders ; Functional health status ; Life expectancy ; Medical care ; Mental health ; Morbidity ; Mortality ; Well-being

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Page 300 committee methodology , 3 community supports , 204 , 207-208 , 211 , 213 , 217 contraception , 16 cost of health care , 2 , 17 , 155 , 158-159 , 166 , 168-169 , 181 , 200 , 201 , 203 , 208 , 210 , 217 , 220 cultural factors , 204 , 211 , 217 , 220 defined , 225-226 , 230 , 252 educational attainment and , 203 , 205 , 222 education of public , 207 elderly, definition of , 30 employment and, general , 24-25 , 201-202 , 204 , 205 , 222-223 , 224 family factors , 203 , 220 , 221 ; see also “care of...” under Family factors funding , 208 , 211 ; see also Medicaid ; Medicare gender factors , 220 , 223 , 228 home care , 158 , 175 , 181 , 211 , 213 , 220 , 232 income security , 102 institutional care , 42 , 121 , 181 , 209 , 210 , 218-219 intergenerational transfers , 13 , 17 , 155 , 158-159 , 166 , 168-169 longitudinal research, general , 4 , 206-207 , 214 , 220-221 , 224 nutrition , 47 , 202 , 203 , 205 , 207 , 224 , 250 , 271 oldest old , 37 pain and pain management , 225 , 253 , 265 , 266 , 267 , 269 , 273 preventive care , 12 , 201 , 202 , 203 , 207-208 , 209 , 210 , 213 , 220 , 227 , 228 , 230 , 231 , 238 , 240 , 244 professional training , 201 , 202 public health services , 1 , 47 , 202 , 205 , 207 , 208 , 209 , 211 , 250 retirement , 9 , 67 , 69 , 77 , 86 , 91 , 93 , 94-95 , 98 , 203 self-care , 209 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 220 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 237 self-rated health status , 129 , 206 , 207 , 225 , 229-230 , 232 , 253 , 260 , 261-262 , 263 , 265 , 266 , 273 social factors, general , 200 , 201 , 203 , 204 , 206 , 212 , 220 , 221 , 224 socioeconomic status , 26 , 110-111 , 203 , 208 , 220 , 221-225 standards , 207 , 213 , 215-216 technology , 201 , 202 , 208 wealth and income security , 10 , 110-111 , 128 , 129 , 203 Heart disease , see Cardiovascular disease Historical perspectives , ix , 1 , 15-16 , 18 , 30 capital gains and savings , 110 employer-provided pensions , 102 employment , 66 fertility , 15-16 , 30 , 39 , 44-45 life expectancy , 47 , 48 , 49 , 52 , 53 , 55 , 56 , 205-206 , 250 living standards , 102 OECD labor force , 8 oldest old , 59 pensions/retirement income , 66 , 102 savings , 102 , 110 , 116 speed of population aging , 38-39 wealth , 114-116 , 123 Home health care , 158 , 175 , 181 , 211 , 213 , 218 , 220 , 232 self-care , 209 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 220 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 237 Housing , 155 , 158 , 202 , 203 , 205 , 256-257 coresidence of elderly and children , 19 , 166 , 174 , 177 , 180 , 183 , 184 institutional care , 42 , 121 , 181 , 209 , 210 , 218-219 living arrangements of elderly persons , 180 , 188 , 212 , 253 wealth, home ownership as , 111-112 , 121 , 128 , 131 , 132 , 140-141 , 142 , 158 , 175 HRS , see Health and Retirement Survey Hungary , 38 , 48 I Immigration and emigration , 15 , 44-45 Income , 16 , 23 , 91 , 98 , 102-151 (passim) see also Pensions ; Socioeconomic status consumption and , 105 health status , 222 intergenerational transfers , 166 , 178 multidisciplinary approaches , 3 replacement income , 19 , 78 , 80 , 81 , 85 , 104 , 142 , 146 , 148 well-being , 253 , 254-256 , 258 , 260-261 , 264 Income Panel Survey (IPS) , 129 , 130

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Page 301 India , 55 Indonesia , 71-76 (passim) , 190 Inheritance , see Bequests Institutional care , 121 , 181 , 209 , 210 , 218-219 elderly support ratios , 42 Institutional factors , 5-7 elderly, definition of , 30 health care , 217 , 219 Insurance , 140 see also Social security systems disability , 9 health, general , 103 , 171 , 200 , 211 , 220 life insurance , 121-122 , 131 Medicaid and Medicare , 15 , 155 , 169 , 216 unemployment , 9 , 86 , 94-95 , 97 Interdisciplinary approaches , see Multidisciplinary approaches Intergenerational relations and transfers , 3 , 4 , 11-12 , 17 , 24 , 27 , 155-199 , 276 see also Family factors ; Pensions bequests , 103 , 106-107 , 108 , 115 , 155 , 156 , 158 , 166 tax on , 131 , 156-157 , 158 , 160 consumption and , 106-107 , 108 , 161-162 , 163 , 166 , 169-170 , 189 cultural factors , 12-13 , 157 , 159 , 174 defined , 171-172 developing countries , 164 , 165 , 190 , 193 educational attainment and , 165 , 192 fertility and , 156 , 162-163 , 165 , 183 , 184 , 189-190 health status and care , 13 , 17 , 155 , 158-159 , 166 , 168-169 human capital investment and , 159 , 165 , 178 , 190 ; see also “educational attainment” supra income and , 166 , 178 macromodels , 11 , 27 , 157 , 158 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 189-190 marital status , 176 , 181 , 183-184 micromodels , 11 , 27 , 157-158 , 181 , 182-183 , 189 , 190-191 mortality rate , 165 , 183 , 189 panel studies , 179-180 , 190-191 policy evaluation studies , 158-159 population dynamics, general , 161-162 , 165 research methodology , 160-166 , 171-193 savings and , 11 , 103 , 106-107 , 156 , 158-159 , 159-160 , 169 , 171 , 189 , 190 social factors, general , 12 , 171 taxation , 131 , 160 , 168 , 192 time transfers , 2 , 16 , 24 , 158 , 166 , 172 , 175 , 178-179 International Center for Health and Society , 224 International Classification of Diseases and Conditions , 227-228 International Data Base , 31(n.2) Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research , 214 Ireland , 210 Italy , 48 , 55 , 184 health care , 210 labor force participation , 69 , 85 pensions , 78-82 (passim) , 84 , 85 , 87 , 146 population projections , 31-32 wealth , 113 , 123-133 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 141 , 144 , 146 J Jamaica , 38 Japan , 15 aging index , 40 elderly support ratios , 42 , 43 employment rates by age and pension age , 69 fertility , 44-45 health care , 210 intergenerational transfers , 155 labor force participation , 69-76 (passim) , 85 life expectancy , 47 , 48 , 49 , 52 , 55 old-age mortality , 52 pensions , 78 , 79 , 81 , 84-88 (passim) , 94 , 146 population projections , 32 , 33 , 36 , 37-38 wealth , 104 , 113 , 125-126 , 127 , 128 , 131 , 135-139 (passim) , 145 , 146 , 149-150 K Kenya , 55 Kin networks , 172-176 , 179 , 180-184 (passim)

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Page 302 L Labor force participation , 3 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 19 , 23 , 40 , 42 , 66 , 67 , 68-77 , 83 , 95-96 , 202 see also Retirement gender factors , 69 , 71-77 , 78 , 88 Latin America/Caribbean see also specific countries emigration , 44 fertility , 45 labor force participation , 70 , 72 , 74 life expectancy , 48 , 49 old-age mortality , 54 , 57 pensions , 87 population projections , 32 , 33 well-being , 255-256 Legal issues see also Privacy and confidentiality age discrimination laws , 96 Life-cycle model , 106 , 107-108 , 134 , 169-170 , 189 Life expectancy , 16 , 18 , 30 , 42 , 47-57 , 250 , 251 chronic diseases and , 56 , 206 developing countries , 48 , 49 , 53-55 disabled persons , 55 economic factors , 18 , 47 , 51 family factors , 47 gender factors , 48-55 (passim) historical perspectives , 47 , 48 , 49 , 52 , 53 , 55 , 56 , 205-206 , 250 medical care and , 2 , 18 , 47 , 59-60 oldest old , 53 , 59 political factors , 47 research methodology , 50-52 social factors, general , 47 socioeconomic status , 47 , 51 Longitudinal research , 4 , 150-151 , 278 , 283 see also Cohort studies Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old Survey (AHEAD) , 113-116 (passim) , 119-120 , 191 cost studies , 4 , 19-20 Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) , 7 , 86 , 93-94 , 113-120 (passim) , 127(n.6) , 149 , 150 , 191 , 216 , 281 health status and care, general , 4 , 206-207 , 214 , 220-221 , 224 National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure (NSFIE) , 125 , 131 , 135(n.7) National Surveys of Families and Households , 184 retirement , 4 , 91 Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF)1 , 113-118 (passim) , 129 Survey of Household Income and Wealth , 122-123 , 130 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) , 113-117 (passim) Lung cancer , 55 Luxembourg , 210 M Macroeconomic factors , 6 , 11 , 23 , 27 , 30 , 68 , 96 , 157 , 280 Macromodels , 16-17 health system , 209 intergenerational transfers , 11 , 27 , 157 , 158 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 189-190 Malaysia , 190 Males , see Gender factors Marital status , 77 , 82 , 88 , 91 , 223 age at marriage , 159 intergenerational transfers , 176 , 181 , 183-184 well-being , 268 Median age , 39-40 mortality , 56 Medicaid , 15 , 155 Medical care , 204-205 , 206 , 250 alternative , 13 , 209 , 220 cost of , 2 , 17 , 155 , 158-159 , 166 , 168-169 , 181 , 200 , 201 , 203 , 208 , 210 , 217 , 220 funding , 208 , 211 ; see also Medicaid ; Medicare home health care , 158 , 175 , 181 , 211 , 213 , 218 , 220 , 232 institutional care , 42 , 121 , 181 , 209 , 210 , 218-219 life expectancy and , 2 , 18 , 47 , 59-60 oldest old , 37 professional education , 201 , 202 self-care , 209 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 220 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 237 socioeconomic status , 26 , 110-111 technology , 201 , 202 , 208 utilization intensity , 207 , 209 , 211-212 , 220 , 221

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Page 303 Medicare , 15 , 155 , 169 , 216 Men , see Gender factors Mental health and illness , 28 , 206 , 207 , 220 , 223 , 224 , 243-244 , 253 , 258 , 260 , 261 , 262 , 265-267 , 268 , 270 see also Well-being bereavement , 14 , 264 , 271 , 272 cognitive impairments , 12 , 23 , 91 , 93 , 178 , 208 , 213 , 230 , 231-232 , 233 , 259 , 260 , 271 , 273 , 277 depression , 21 , 206 , 225 , 243 , 244 emotional support by kin , 156 , 171 , 176 , 179 , 181 , 182 hedonic adaptation , 253-256 , 260 institutional care , 218 moods , 14 , 28 , 206 , 253 , 254 , 260 , 261 , 265 ; see also “depression” supra resilience , 263-264 , 271-272 Methodology , see Research methodology Metrics of aging , 37-40 Mexico elderly support ratios , 43 labor force participation , 71 , 72 , 73 , 75 , 76 life expectancy , 55 Micromodels , 16-17 , 25 , 93 , 112 , 278 see also Panel studies intergenerational transfers , 11 , 27 , 157-158 , 181 , 182-183 , 189 , 190-191 longitudinal , 4 wealth , 113-131 , 150-151 Migration , see Immigration and emigration Minority groups , see Race/ethnicity Moods , 14 , 28 , 206 , 253 , 254 , 260 , 261 , 265 depression , 21 , 206 , 225 , 243 , 244 Morbidity , 24 , 26 , 207 , 209 , 261 , 270 see also Disabled persons ; Diseases and disorders ; Functional health status comorbidity , 212 , 216 , 227 , 228 , 264 , 270 data systems , 212 , 214 , 225 , 226-229 , 233 , 252 defined , 226-229 functional status vs morbidity data , 233 social inequalities , 111 , 221 Monte Carlo methods , 182 , 183 Mortality , 41 , 47 , 57 , 58-60 , 205-206 , 214 , 219 see also Life expectancy cohort studies , 58-59 demographic transition , 41-42 , 44 , 47 extended family , 156 gender factors , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55-56 , 241-243 intergenerational transfers and morality rate , 165 , 183 , 189 median age , 56 old-age , 52-57 oldest old, population projections , 35 , 36 research methodology , 5 , 58-59 , 237-243 , 279 socioeconomic status , 111 , 221 , 238 Multidisciplinary approaches , 3-4 , 16 , 22 , 24-25 , 276-277 , 282 , 283 Multinational Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease , 238 N National Institute on Aging , 2 , 22 , 31(n.2) National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure (NSFIE) , 125 , 131 , 135(n.7) National Surveys of Families and Households , 184 Netherlands employer-provided/private pensions , 9 , 87-90 (passim) , 94 , 109 employment rates by age and pension age , 69 health care , 210 public pensions , 78 , 80 , 82 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 89 , 146 , 147 , 148 unemployment/disability insurance , 94 wealth , 113 , 121-122 , 119 , 121-122 , 127 , 128 , 129-130 , 135 , 136-143 (passim) , 146 , 147 , 151 New Zealand health status and care , 210 , 228 labor force participation , 69-78 (passim) pensions , 78 , 79 , 81 , 82 , 87 North Africa , 32 , 34 North America labor force participation , 70 population projections , 32 , 33 , 34 see also Canada ; United States of America Norway , 48 , 210 Nutrition , 47 , 202 , 203 , 205 , 207 , 224 , 250 , 271

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Page 304 O Oceania , 32 , 33 , 34 Oldest old , 2 , 26 , 30 , 31 , 35-37 , 47 , 50 , 53 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 181 , 202 , 213 , 238 , 240 , 241 , 263 Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old Survey (AHEAD) , 113-116 (passim) , 119-120 , 191 , 234 developing countries , 35 disabled , 37 gender factors , 47 , 50 life expectancy , 53 , 59 mortality , 35 , 36 Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) , 8 , 78 , 82 , 87 , 135 , 140 , 148 , 220 see also member countries Overlapping generations model , 160-161 P Pain and pain management , 225 , 253 , 265 , 266 , 267 , 269 , 273 Pakistan , 71 , 72 , 73 , 75 , 76 Panel studies , 4 , 278 cost factors , 19-20 intergenerational transfers , 179-180 , 190-191 wealth , 113-120 , 121-122 , 127-131 , 151 Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) , 107 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 118 , 119 , 129 , 134 , 191 Pensions , 27 , 66 , 77-91 (passim) , 112 see also Retirement age at , 69 caregivers , 158-159 developing countries , 9 , 87 disability , 9 , 67 , 69 , 77 , 86 , 91 , 94-95 , 97 , 203 elderly support ratios , 42 employer-provided/private , 9 , 15 , 67 , 86-91 , 92 , 94-95 , 97 , 109 , 119 , 128 , 131 , 142 , 147 , 149-150 gender factors , 80 , 82 , 88 , 91 , 92 health care and , 200 historical perspectives , 66 , 102 immigration and , 15 indexation , 78 , 79 , 82-83 median age and , 40 public , 6 , 8-9 , 17 , 66-69 (passim) , 78-86 , 92 , 93-94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 103 , 109 , 119 , 142 , 147 , 149-150 , 156 , 157 , 171 , 278 costs , 19 , 155 taxation and , 6 , 68 , 84 , 85 , 93 , 97 , 148 replacement income , 19 , 78 , 80 , 81 , 85 , 104 , 142 , 146 , 148 research methodology , 66 , 67 , 93-96 Peru , 55 Philippines , 74 Poland , 38 Policy evaluation studies , 20-21 , 279-281 , 282 elderly support ratios , 42 intergenerational transfers , 158-159 oldest old , 37 retirement , 68 speed of population aging , 39 Political factors health care , 200 , 201 , 208 , 213-214 income security and health insurance , 103 life expectancy , 47 Population dynamics , ix , 1 , 15 , 22 , 23 , 31-57 , 202 , 276 see also Fertility ; Mortality intergenerational transfers and , 161-162 , 165 oldest old , 35-37 Portugal , 210 Preventive health care , 12 , 201 , 202 , 203 , 207-208 , 209 , 210 , 213 , 220 , 227 , 228 , 230 , 231 , 238 , 240 , 244 Privacy and confidentiality , 8 , 23 , 25 , 192 , 217 public in-home services , 158 Professional education, medical, 201 , 202 PSID , see Panel Study of Income Dynamics Psychological factors , see Mental health and illness ; Well-being Psychometrics , 117 , 119-120 Public education cost of childrearing , 166 , 170 , 177 health , 207 Public health services , 1 , 47 , 202 , 205 , 207 , 208 , 209 , 211 , 250 Q Quality of life , see Well-being

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Page 305 R Race/ethnicity , 185-186 , 220 Recent Social Trends , 251 Replacement income , 19 , 78 , 80 , 81 , 85 , 104 , 142 , 146 , 148 Research methodology , 18-21 , 276-287 see also Databases ; Longitudinal research ; Macromodels ; Micromodels ; Panel studies ; Sampling ; Standards access to data , 281-282 aging index , 40 committee study at hand , 2-3 , 22-28 computer-assisted interviewing , 115 , 151 , 174(n.7) consumption surveys , 105 controlled studies , 20 , 129-131 , 280 cross-sectional studies demographic projections, general , 57-58 employment , 66 , 77 functional status , 232-235 harmonization, funding , 5 , 278-279 head-count ratios , 40-41 health status and care , 204-244 intergenerational transfers , 160-166 , 171-193 kin networks , 172-176 , 179 , 181-188 (passim) life-cycle model , 106 , 107-108 , 134 , 169-170 , 189 life expectancy , 50-52 Monte Carlo methods , 182 , 183 mortality , 5 , 58-59 , 237-243 , 279 multidisciplinary approaches , 3-4 , 16 , 22 , 24-25 , 276-277 , 282 , 283 oldest old , 59 overlapping generations model , 160-161 pensions , 66 , 67 , 93-96 physiological/pathological measures , 235-237 policy evaluation studies , 20-21 psychometrics , 117 , 119-120 retirement , 4 , 66-67 , 68 , 77 , 91-98 wealth , 5 , 112-131 , 135 , 149-151 well-being , 252-270 , 272-273 Resilience , 263-264 , 271-272 Retirement , 3 , 8-9 , 16 , 23 , 27 , 66-98 (passim) , 103 , 160 , 250 , 276 see also Pensions age at , 9 , 15 , 78 , 84 cultural factors , 97 early vs normal , 6 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 83 , 85 , 86 , 91 , 96 , 102 , 112 , 155 , 160 age of offspring at parental retirement , 159 consumption following , 105-110 (passim) costs , 95 , 103 , 160 disability , 9 , 67 , 69 , 77 , 86 , 91 , 94-95 , 97 , 203 family factors , 77 , 93 , 159 gender factors , 91 , 92 health status, general , 9 , 67 , 69 , 77 , 86 , 91 , 93 , 94-95 , 98 , 203 historical perspectives , 66 , 102 incentives , 67 , 68 , 77 , 83-86 , 91 , 93 , 95 research methodology , 4 , 66-67 , 68 , 77 , 91-98 savings and , 95 , 103 , 142 social factors, general , 66 , 91 , 93 , 97 wealth , 66 , 91 , 93 , 97 , 112 well-being , 13-14 , 250 , 271 , 272 , 273 worker-to-retiree ratios , 1 , 16 , 103 Russia , 55 S Sampling , 4 cost factors , 20 kin networks , 174 wealth , 117 , 127 , 128 Savings , 2 , 10 , 23 , 26 , 27 , 116 , 118 , 121 , 125 , 129 , 131-132 , 140 , 142 , 146-147 aggregate rates , 104-106 , 130 capital gains and , 110 caregivers , 158-159 consumption surveys , 105 health services and , 201 historical perspectives , 102 , 110 , 116 human capital investment and , 159 intergenerational transfers , 11 , 103 , 106-107 , 156 , 158-160 , 169 , 171 , 189 , 190 retirement , 95 , 103 , 142 social security systems , 119 , 169 , 170 tax-preferred , 111 well-being , 257 SCF , see Survey of Consumer Finances Self-care , 209 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 220 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 237 see also Home care

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Page 306 Self-employment , 77 , 121 , 125 , 126 Self-esteem , 223 , 260 , 262 , 263 , 269 Self-rated well-being, including health status , 129 , 206 , 207 , 225 , 229-230 , 232 , 253 , 255 , 257 , 259-262 , 263 , 265 , 266 , 270-271 , 272-273 Sex differences , see Gender factors Siblings , 159 , 174 , 175-176 Singapore , 38 , 54 , 87 SIPP , see Survey of Income and Program Participation Social factors , 5 , 6 , 8 , 17 , 21 , 25 , 280 see also Community supports ; Cultural factors ; Family factors ; Political factors bereavement , 14 , 264 , 271 , 272 disabilities , 230-231 , 232 health status and care , 200 , 201 , 203 , 204 , 206 , 212 , 220 , 221 , 224 intergenerational transfer systems , 12 , 171 life expectancy , 47 median age , 39-40 retirement , 66 , 91 , 93 , 97 well-being , 251 , 252 , 253 , 260 , 267-268 , 276 Social security systems , 9 , 11 , 15 , 19 , 39 , 52 , 66 , 69 , 78 , 94 , 168 , 169 , 170 , 171 Medicare and Medicaid , 15 , 155 , 169 , 216 savings and , 119 , 169 , 170 taxes , 97 wealth , 119 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 welfare , 66 , 77 , 86 , 149 Socio-Economic Panel (SEP) , 113 , 121-122 , 129-130 Socioeconomic status , 2 , 3-4 , 6 , 15 , 17 , 26 , 30 , 147 , 192-193 see also Income ; Wealth health status and care , 26 , 110-111 , 203 , 208 , 220 , 221-225 inequalities , 103 , 118 , 132 , 137-139 , 147-148 , 221 life expectancy , 47 , 51 longitudinal research , 4 medical care and , 26 , 110-111 morbidity rates and , 111 , 221 mortality , 111 , 221 , 238 well-being , 251 , 253 , 254-256 , 257 , 258 , 273 Soll und Haben Survey , 124 South Africa , 43 South Korea , 43 , 45 labor force participation , 71-76 (passim) Spain , 38 , 48 , 84 , 85 , 210 Sri Lanka , 38 Standards , 3 , 8 , 21 , 279-280 , 282 see also Definitional issues activities of daily living , 21 , 272 disease research , 5 , 219-220 fertility research , 5 , 279 funding to develop , 5 , 278-279 health status and care , 207 , 213 , 215-216 living standards , 10 , 102 , 262 public transfers , 157 research harmonization, funding , 5 , 278-279 transfer systems , 13 , 157 wealth research , 5 , 116-117 , 135 well-being , 273 ; see also “living standards” supra Statistics Netherlands , 121 , 129-130 Stock market , 10 , 13 , 24 , 112 , 115 , 118 , 121 , 124 , 129 , 131 , 139 , 156 capital gains , 110 , 118(n.3) , 123 Sub-Saharan Africa see also specific countries AIDS , 15 , 49-50 life expectancy , 49 population projections , 32 , 33 , 34 Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) , 113-118 (passim) , 129 Survey of Household Income and Wealth , 122-123 , 130 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) , 113-117 (passim) Sweden , 32 , 38 , 48 , 53 , 55 health care , 210 labor force participation , 69-76 (passim) , 85 pensions , 84 , 85 , 86 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 wealth , 135 , 136 , 137 , 146 , 147 Switzerland, pensions , 87 T Taiwan , 43 , 54 , 56 , 57 , 175-176 , 190 , 191 Taxation , 155 elderly support ratios , 42 family care of elderly , 19 health care costs , 168

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Page 307 implicit tax on continuing work , 6 , 68 , 93 , 201 intergenerational transfers, general , 131 , 160 , 168 , 192 median age and , 39-40 public pensions , 6 , 68 , 84 , 85 , 93 , 97 , 148 savings, tax-preferred , 111 wealth , 131 Thailand , 38 , 45 , 55 , 74 Time transfers, intergenerational , 2 , 16 , 24 , 158 , 166 , 172 , 175 , 178-179 Time-use data , 269-270 Toward a Social Report , 251 Transfer systems , see Intergenerational relations and transfers ; Pensions ; Social security systems ; Welfare Transportation , 13 , 93 , 175 , 202 , 207 , 224 Tunisia , 38 Turkey , 55 , 210 U United Kingdom elderly support ratios , 43 employer-provided/private pensions , 9 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89-90 , 91 , 94 , 104 employment rates by age and pension age , 69 health status and care , 210 , 223 , 224-225 , 228 intergenerational transfer of wealth , 107 labor force participation , 69-77 (passim) , 85 life expectancy , 48 , 55 pensions , 78 , 79 , 80 , 83-91 (passim) , 94 , 104 , 147 , 148-149 social security, Medicare, and Medicaid , 15 speed of population aging , 38 wealth , 113 , 118(n.3) , 124-125 , 126-129 , 131 , 135 , 136 , 138 , 147-148 United Nations , ix , 23 , 44 , 58 , 59 , 214 U.S. Census Bureau , see Bureau of the Census United States of America capital gains , 110 employer-provided/private pensions , 9 , 86 , 87 , 88-90 , 94-95 , 109 employment rates by age and pension age , 69 health care , 210 immigration , 44 intergenerational transfers , 164 , 165 , 166-168 , 184-187 , 190-191 labor force participation , 69 , 71-76 (passim) , 85 life expectancy , 48 marital status , 181 mortality , 53 multidisciplinary approaches , 3 oldest old , 35-37 pensions , 9 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 84-90 (passim) , 94-95 , 103 , 109 , 146 , 147 , 179 savings , 103 , 110 , 134 speed of population aging , 38 wealth , 113 , 114-120 , 126-129 , 132-139 (passim) , 146 , 147-148 , 149 , 179 well-being , 251 , 267 Uruguay , 33 W Wealth , 10-11 , 13 , 23 , 26 , 27 , 102-151 , 171 see also Income ; Intergenerational relations and transfers ; Pensions ; Savings ; Socioeconomic status ; Stock market capital gains , 110 , 118(n.3) , 123 committee methodology , 24 consumption and , 110 , 118(n.3) , 123 controlled studies , 129-131 cross-sectional studies , 111 , 142 defined , 117 , 118-119 , 149-150 elderly support ratios , 42 flow of funds (FOF) , 13 , 26 , 28 , 116 , 118 , 123 , 125 , 126 , 129 , 156 health care , 168-169 Gross National Product (GNP) , 18 , 254-256 , 257 , 258 , 273 health status and , 10 , 110-111 , 128 , 129 , 203 historical perspectives , 114-116 , 123 home ownership , 111-112 , 121 , 128 , 131 , 132 , 140-141 , 142 , 158 , 175 inequalities , 103 , 118 , 132 , 137-139 , 147-148 , 221 micromodels , 113-131 , 150-151 multidisciplinary approaches , 3 panel studies , 113-120 , 121-122 , 127-131 , 151 psychometrics , 117 , 119-120 research , 5 , 112-131 , 135 , 149-151 standards , 5 , 116-117 , 135

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Page 308 retirement and , 66 , 91 , 93 , 97 , 112 sampling methodologies , 117 , 127 , 128 social security systems , 119 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 stock market , 10 , 13 , 24 , 112 , 115 , 118 , 121 , 124 , 129 , 131 , 139 , 156 capital gains , 110 , 118(n.3) , 123 taxation , 131 unfolding brackets , 116 , 117 , 120 , 127 , 128 Welfare , 66 , 77 , 86 , 149 see also Medicaid Well-being , 13-14 , 25 , 28 , 201 , 250-273 see also Health status and care ; Mental health and illness ; Privacy and confidentiality activities of daily living , 21 , 272 bereavement , 14 , 264 , 271 , 272 committee methodology , 3 community supports , 253 , 256-257 , 258 , 272 consumption and , 257 cultural factors , 262 defined , 13 , 258-259 , 262 economic factors , 251 , 253 , 254-256 , 257 , 258 , 273 employment and , 13-14 , 264-265 , 273 family factors , 156 , 158 , 258 , 264 , 268 gender factors , 26 income and , 253 , 254-256 , 258 , 260-261 , 264 living arrangements , 180 , 188 , 212 , 253 living standards , 10 , 102 , 262 marital status , 268 pain and pain management , 225 , 253 , 265 , 266 , 267 , 269 , 273 public programs vs family efforts , 157 , 158 resilience , 263-264 , 271-272 retirement , 13-14 , 250 , 271 , 272 , 273 savings , 257 self-esteem , 223 , 260 , 262 , 263 , 269 self-rated well-being, including health status , 129 , 206 , 207 , 225 , 229-230 , 232 , 253 , 255 , 257 , 259-262 , 263 , 265 , 266 , 270-271 , 272-273 social factors, general , 251 , 252 , 253 , 260 , 267-268 , 276 socioeconomic status , 251 , 253 , 254-256 , 257 , 258 , 273 standards , 273 ; see also “living standards” supra time-use data , 269-270 transportation , 13 , 93 , 202 , 207 , 224 Women , see Gender factors Work , see Employment issues ; Labor force participation World Assembly on Aging , ix World Bank , 148 World Health Organization , 21 , 54 , 224 , 227-228 , 230 , 240 , 252 World Population Prospects , 31(n.2) Z Zimbabwe , 55

Representative terms from entire chapter:

life expectancy