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■ Practice environment—process redesign
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Pommerenke and Dietrich, 1992a, 1992b; Berwick, 1996, 1998; Berwick and Nolan, 1998; Nelson et al., 1998
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■ The Plan, Do, Study Act (PDSA) cycle and others
■ Clear roles
■ Patient flow
■ Organized follow-up
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■ Organizational environment—to make identification of the need for and delivery of the services a routine part of care
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Shekelle et al., 2000
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■ Rules or policies
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McGowan and Finland, 1974; Durbin et al., 1981; Vayda and Mindell, 1982; Ruchlin et al., 1982; Martin et al., 1982; Gryskiewicz and Detmer, 1983; Wong et al., 1983
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■ Top management support, such as enlisting the aid of the CEO
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Shekelle et al., 2000
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■ Clinical computing systems
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Thompson, 1996; Nelson et al., 1998
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Interventions designed to reinforce the program
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■ Measurement and feedback
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Schroeder et al., 1973; Griner, 1979; Hillman et al., 1979; Young, 1980; Check, 1980; Eisenberg and Williams, 1981; Myers and Schroeder, 1981; Eisenberg, 1982; Rosser, 1983; Thompson et al., 1983; Wong et al., 1983; Fineberg et al., 1983; Haynes et al., 1984; Winickoff et al., 1984; Gehlbach et al., 1984; Marton et al., 1985; McPhee et al., 1989; Nattinger et al., 1989; Oxman et al., 1995
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■ Financial incentives for professionals
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Larson, 1999
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■ Requirement for accreditation measurement: Healthplan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) and other accrediting organizational requirements
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Dalzell, 1998, 1999; Eddy, 1998
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