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Minority Students in Special and Gifted Education
TABLE 9-5 Percentage of Children in Embedded Phonics Program with Standard Scores Below 90 (Percentage Normalized)
Pre
Post
2 Yrs
Decoding measures
Word attack
100
54
46
(54)
Nonword efficiency
100
83
83
(17)
Word identification
100
83
67
(33)
Sight-word efficiency
100
100
87
(13)
Gray Oral
Accuracy
79
62
35
(44)
Rate
100
100
91
(09)
Comprehension measures
Passage comprehension
75
46
21
(54)
Gray oral
71
50
52
(19)
SOURCE: Wagner (2000).
more girls, for example, to be identified in this group. In addition, the impact would vary by state, given their marked differences in rates of identification and placement of children with reading problems.
While the behavioral problems of students with ED/BD are well documented (Kauffman, 1993; Kerr and Nelson, 1989; Russell and Ann, 1985), the academic difficulties of this population often have not been the focus of research. However, students with ED/BD have demonstrated severe aca-
TABLE 9-6 Percentage of Children in Auditory Discrimination in Depth Program with Standard Scores Below 90 (Percentage Normalized)
