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NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This is a report of work supported by Contract DAAD19-01-C-0001 between the U.S. Army and the National Academy of Sciences. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
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Additional copies are available from:
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2001
by the
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Printed in the United States of America
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
National Academy of Sciences
National Academy of Engineering
Institute of Medicine
National Research Council
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
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COMMITTEE ON REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF THE ARMY CHEMICAL STOCKPILE DISPOSAL PROGRAM
PETER B. LEDERMAN, Chair, New Jersey Institute of Technology (retired), Newark
CHARLES I. MCGINNIS, Vice Chair, consultant, Charlottesville, Virginia
DAVID H. ARCHER, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
PIERO M. ARMENANTE, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark
JERRY L.R. CHANDLER, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
JOHN J. COSTOLNICK, Exxon Chemical Company (retired), Houston, Texas
FRANK P. CRIMI, Lockheed Martin (retired), Saratoga, California
J. ROBERT GIBSON, DuPont Life Sciences, Wilmington, Delaware (until 12/31/00)
MICHAEL R. GREENBERG, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick
DEBORAH L. GRUBBE, DuPont Company, Wilmington, Delaware
DAVID A. HOECKE, Enercon Systems, Inc., Elyria, Ohio
DAVID H. JOHNSON, EQE International, Inc., Irvine, California
CHARLES E. KOLB, Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (until 12/31/00)
GARY L. LAGE, ToxiLogics, Inc., Titusville, New Jersey
JAMES F. MATHIS, Exxon Corporation (retired), Houston, Texas
FREDERICK G. POHLAND, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
ROBERT B. PUYEAR, consultant, Chesterfield, Missouri
CHARLES F. REINHARDT, DuPont Company (retired), Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania
KENNETH F. REINSCHMIDT, consultant, Littleton, Massachusetts
W. LEIGH SHORT, URS Greiner Woodward-Clyde (retired), Mount Pleasant, South Carolina
JEFFREY I. STEINFELD, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
CHADWICK A. TOLMAN, National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virginia
WILLIAM TUMAS, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico (until 2/20/01)
Board on Army Science and Technology Liaison
RICHARD A. CONWAY, Union Carbide Corporation (retired), Charleston, West Virginia
Staff
DONALD L. SIEBENALER, Study Director
HARRISON T. PANNELLA, Program Officer
DANIEL E.J. TALMAGE, JR., Senior Project Assistant
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BOARD ON ARMY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
WILLIAM H. FORSTER, Chair, Northrop Grumman Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland
RICHARD A. CONWAY, Union Carbide Corporation (retired), Charleston, West Virginia
GILBERT F. DECKER, Walt Disney Imagineering, Glendale, California
PATRICK F. FLYNN, Cummins Engine Company, Inc., Columbus, Indiana
HENRY J. HATCH, American Society of Civil Engineers (retired), Oakton, Virginia
EDWARD J. HAUG, University of Iowa, Iowa City
ROBERT J. HEASTON, Guidance and Control Information Analysis Center (retired), Naperville, Illinois
GERALD J. IAFRATE, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
MIRIAM E. JOHN, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California
DONALD R. KEITH, Cypress International, Alexandria, Virginia
KATHRYN V. LOGAN, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi
JOHN E. MILLER, Oracle Corporation, Reston, Virginia
JOHN H. MOXLEY III, Korn/Ferry International, Los Angeles, California
STEWART D. PERSONICK, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
MILLARD F. ROSE, Radiance Technologies, Huntsville, Alabama
GEORGE T. SINGLEY III, Hicks and Associates, Inc., McLean, Virginia
CLARENCE G. THORNTON, Army Research Laboratories (retired), Colts Neck, New Jersey
JOHN D. VENABLES, Venables and Associates, Towson, Maryland
JOSEPH J. VERVIER, ENSCO, Inc., Melbourne, Florida
ALLEN C. WARD, Ward Synthesis, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan
Staff
BRUCE A. BRAUN, Director
MICHAEL A. CLARKE, Associate Director
WILLIAM E. CAMPBELL, Administrative Coordinator
CHRIS JONES, Financial Associate
DEANNA P. SPARGER, Senior Project Assistant
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Preface
The United States has maintained a stockpile of chemical warfare agents and munitions for more than half a century. In 1985, Public Law 99-145 mandated an expedited effort to dispose of M55 rockets containing unitary chemical warfare agents because of their potential for self-ignition. This program soon expanded to become the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program (CSDP), with the mission of eliminating the entire stockpile of unitary chemical agents and munitions. The Army developed the baseline incineration system for that purpose. Since 1987, the National Research Council, through the Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program (Stockpile Committee), has provided technical and scientific advice and counsel to the Army's disposal program and has endorsed the baseline incineration system as an adequate technology for destroying the stockpile. In 1992, after setting several intermediate goals and dates, Congress enacted Public Law 102-484, which directed the Army to dispose of the entire stockpile by December 31, 2004, a deadline that was changed to April 29, 2007, after the United States ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention.
We wish to express our appreciation to the members of the Stockpile Committee who helped in the preparation of this report by collecting significant data and information, making site visits to existing facilities and facilities under construction, and writing the report. Charles E. Kolb took the lead for the study, working closely with David H. Archer, J. Robert Gibson, Charles F. Reinhardt, and Chadwick A. Tolman. The committee is also grateful to the Office of the Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization and its contractors for the useful information they provided.
The committee greatly appreciates the support and assistance of National Research Council staff members Donald L. Siebenaler, Harrison T. Pannella, William E. Campbell, Daniel E.J. Talmage, Jr., and Carol R. Arenberg in the production of this report.
Peter B. Lederman, Chair
Charles I. McGinnis, Vice Chair
Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program
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Acknowledgment of Reviewers
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
Jonathan Borak, Yale University
William L. Budde, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Philip K. Hopke, Clarkson University
Steven Markowitz, Queens College
Lewis D. Pepper, Boston University School of Public Health
Sylvia S. Talmage, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Mark Cullen, Yale University, appointed by the Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, who was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
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Contents
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List of Figures and Tables
FIGURES
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TABLES
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Acronyms
ACAMS automatic continuous air monitoring system
ACOEM American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
CAMDS Chemical Agent Munitions Disposal System
CAS Chemical Abstracts Service
CEMS continuous emission monitoring system
CSDP Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program
CWC Chemical Weapons Convention
DAAMS depot area air monitoring system
DCD Deseret Chemical Depot
DESH 2-diisopropyl ethyl mercaptoamine
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
DPE demilitarization protective ensemble
DRE destruction and removal efficiency
DSHW Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste
EA-2192 S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothioc acid
EMPA ethyl methylphosphonic acid
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
GA tabun (a nerve agent)
GB sarin (a nerve agent)
H mustard: Levinstein mustard: mixture of 70 percent bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide and 30 percent sulfur impurities
HD distilled mustard: bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide
HRA health risk assessment
HT vesicant mixture: 60 percent bis (2-chloroethyl)sulfide and 40 percent bis[2(2-chloroethylthio)ethyl] ether
IMPA isopropyl methylphosphonic acid
IT-SIMS ion-trap secondary ion mass spectometry
JACADS Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System
MDB munitions demilitarization building
MPA methylphosphonic acid
NOx nitrogen oxide
NRC National Research Council
OPIDN organophosphorous-induced delayed neuropathy
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PAS pollution abatement system
PDAR process data acquisition recording
PMCD Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization
PRP personnel reliability program
QAPP Quality Assurance Program Plan
QRA quantitative risk assessment
SCWO supercritical water oxidation
SOPC substance of potential concern
T bis[2(2-chloroethylthio)ethyl] ether
TOCDF Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility
VX a nerve agent