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NUTRITION ISSUES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
FOR rHE 1980s AND 1990s
PROCEEDINGS OF A SYMPOSIUM
Food and Nutrition Board
Commission on Life Sciences
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1986
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report
was approved by the Governing Board of the National
Research Council, whose members are drawn from the
councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the
National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of
Medicine.
This report has been approved by a group other than
the authors according to procedures approved by a Report
Review Committee consisting of members of the National
Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering,
and the Institute of Medicine.
The Research Council was established by the National
Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad
community of science and technology with the Academy's
purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the
federal government. The Research Council operates in
accordance with general policies determined by the
Academy under the authority of its congressional charter
of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a private,
nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The
Research Council has become the principal operating
agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the
National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their
services to the government, the public, and the
. It is administered jointly by
both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The
National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of
Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively,
under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences.
-
scientific communities
The work on which this publication is based was
supported by the National Research Council Fund--a pool
of private, discretionary, nonfederal funds that is used
to support a program of Academy-initiated studies of
national issues in which science and technology figure
significantly. The Fund consists of contributions from a
consortium of private foundations including the Carnegie
Corporation of New York, the Charles E. Culpeper
Foundation, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Andrew
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W. Mellon Poundation, the Rockefeller Poundation, and the
Alfred P. Sloan Poundation; the Academy Industry Program,
which seeks annual contributions from companies that are
concerned with the health of U.S. science and technology
and with public policy issues with technological content;
and the National Academy of Sciences and the National
Academy of Engineering endowments.
Copies available from:
National Research Council
Food and Nutrition Board
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20418
. . .
111
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FOOD AND NUTRITION BOARD
KURT J. ISSELBACHER (Chairman). Harvard Medical School
and Department of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
RICHARD J. HAVEL (Vice Chairman), Cardiovascular Research
Institute, University of California School of Medicine,
San Francisco, California
HAMISH N. MUNRO (Vice Chairman), U.S. Department of
Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging,
Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
WILLIAM E. CONNOR, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism,
and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Oregon
Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
PETER GREENWALD, Division of Cancer Prevention and
Control, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes
of Health. Bethesda, Maryland
M. R. C. GREENWOOD, Department of Biology, Vassar
College, Poughkeepsie, New York
JOAN D. GUSSOW, Department of Nutrition Education,
Teachers College, Columbia University, New York,
New York
JAMES R. KIRK, Research and Development, Campbell Soup
Company, Camden, New Jersey
BERNARD J. LISKA, Department of Food Science, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana
REYNALDO MARTORELL, Food Research Institute, Stanford
University, Stanford, California
WALTER MERTZ, Human Nutrition Research Center,
Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
v
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V1
FOOD AND NUTRITION BOARD
MALDEN C. NESHEIM, Division of Nutritional Sciences
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
RONALD C. SHANK, Department of Community and
Environmental Medicine and Department of Pharmacology,
University of California, Irvine, California
ROBERT H. WASSERMAN, Department/Section of Physiology,
New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York
MYRON WINICK, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of
Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York,
New York
J. MICHAEL McGINNIS (Ex Officio), Office of Disease
Prevention and Health Promotion, Department of Health
and Human Services, Washington, D.C.
ARNO G. MOTULSKY (Ex Officio), Center for Inherited
Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Staff
SUSHMA PALMER, Director, Food and Nutrition Board
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COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL NUTRITION PROGRAMS
MALDEN C. NESHEIM (Chairman), Division of Nutritional
Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
ALAN BERG, The World Bank, Washington, D.C.
WILLIAM P. BUTZ, Bureau of the Census, Department of
Commerce, Washington, D.C.
CUTBERTO GARZA, U.S. Department of Agriculture Children's
Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas
MARCIA GRIFFITHS, Manoff International Incorporated,
Washington, D.C.
REYNALDO MARTORELL, Food Research Institute, Stanford
University, Stanford, California
GRETEL PELTO, Departments of Nutritional Sciences and
Anthropology, University of Connecticut, Storrs,
Connecticut
PER PINSTRUP-ANDERSEN, Nutrition and Consumption Program,
International Food Policy Research Institute,
Washington, D.C.
Staff
VIRGINIA MIGHT LAUKARAN, Program Officer
LINDA MEYERS, Staff Officer (until February 1986)
. .
V11
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PARTICIPANTS
KURT J. ISSELBACHER (Chairman, Food and Nutrition
Board), Harvard Medical School and Department of
Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts
ABRAHAM HORWITZ (Chairman, Committee on Inter-
national Nutrition Programs), Pan American Health
Organization, Washington, D.C.
SOL H. CHAFKIN, Local Initiatives Support Corp.,
New York, New York
LINCOLN C. CHEN, The Ford Foundation, New Delhi, India
JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH, Harvard University, Cambridge,
Massachusetts
RICHARD JOLLY, UNICEF, New York, New York
PAUL LUNVEN, Food Policy and Nutrition Division, FAD,
Rome, Italy
HALFDAN MAHLER, World Health Organization, Geneva,
Switzerland
JOHN W. MELLOR, International Food Policy Research
Institute, Washington, D.C.
JOHN C. WATERLOW, London School of Hygiene and Tropical
Medicine, University of London, London, England
1X
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PREFACE
This symposium, which was held on December 9, 1985,
at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C.,
explored the critical issues for nutrition in developing
countries. The purposes of the meeting were to examine
the economic and environmental determinants of nutri-
tional problems and determine priorities for resolving
them and to explore prospects for the future.
The symposium was organized by the Committee on
International Nutrition Programs (CINP) of the Food and
Nutrition Board (FNB), which is an element of the
National Research Council's Commission on Life Sciences.
The committee, which hats existed since the i950s, has
prepared assessments on many important tonics in
inter
, , _
national nutrition, including priorities and directions
for programs, policy, and research.
To permit a broad and interdisciplinary view of
international nutrition issues, the participants were
drawn from the fields of nutritional sciences, agri-
cultural economics, and public health and included
persons who are active in research or in agencies that
have a role in international nutrition programs. Halfdan
Mahler examined the relationship of nutrition programs to
primary health care. John Galbraith discussed histori-
cal processes in the economic development of the western
nations and drew parallels to the agricultural economics
of the developing nations. John Mellor analyzed food
consumption and production trends in the developing
nations. John Waterlow outlined priorities for the
nutritional sciences over the next two decades and the
potential for biological research to assist in alle-
viating malnutrition. Lincoln Chen examined the role of
international agencies in solving nutrition problems of
developing countries.
FNB is grateful to the committee for assembling such
a distinguished roster of speakers and particularly to
Abraham Horwitz, the symposium chairman and former
chairman of CINP. The idea for the symposium was
developed by Sol Chafkin and Jean-Pierre Habicht, both
former members of CINP and FNB.
--a ~ rip r-A
X1
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PREFACE
The CINP and the FNB are grateful to Virginia Hight
Laukaran, who prepared the proceedings for publication;
to Sushma Palmer, Director of the FNB staff, and Linda
Meyers, formerly of the FNB staff, who, assisted by
Marianne La Veille, organized the sym.posium; and to Susan
Barron, of the FNB staff, and Michelle Daniel, who were
responsible for preparing the manuscript.
The Food and Nutrition Board hopes that the presenta-
tions and discussions that are recorded here will stimu-
late the application of current knowledge and the growth
of new methods to alleviate the food and nutrition
problems that persist in many parts of the developing
world.
Kurt J. Isselbacher, Chairman
Food and Nutrition Board
