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Choosing the Right Formula: Initial Report (2001)

Chapter: References and Bibliography

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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Research Council. 2001. Choosing the Right Formula: Initial Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10178.
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References and Bibliography

NOTE: Papers prepared for the Committee on National Statistics—marked by an asterisk (*)—are available from the committee, 2101 Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20418.

Adams, J., and A. Burnam
1995 Federal block grants: What do statisticians have to contribute? In Window on Washington, Constance F. Citro, Ed. Chance 8(4): 40-42.

Barro, S.M.
1993 Federal Policy Options for Improving the Education of Low-Income Students. Volume III, Countering Inequity in School Finance. Santa Monica, CA : RAND .

Bixby, L.E.
1977 Statistical Data Requirements in Legislation. Report prepared for the Committee on National Statistics, National Research Council. Washington, DC : National Academy Press .

Blumberg, L., J. Holahan, and M. Moon
1993 Options for Reforming the Medicaid Matching Formula. Washington, DC : The Urban Institute .

Break, G.F.
1980 Financing Government in a Federal System. Studies of Government Finance: Second Series. Washington, DC : The Brookings Institution .

Burnham, M.A., P. Reuter, J.L. Adams, A.R. Palmer, K.E. Model, J.E. Rolph, J.Z. Heilbrunn, G.N. Marshall, D. McCaffrey, S.L. Wenzel, and R.C. Kessler
1997 Review and Evaluation of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Block Grant Allotment Formula. RAND Drug Policy Research Center, MR-533-HHS. Santa Monica, CA : RAND .

Center for Governmental Research
1980 Formula Evaluation Project: Final Report. Report to the National Science Foundation. Rochester, NY : Center for Governmental Research .

Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Research Council. 2001. Choosing the Right Formula: Initial Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10178.
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Page 71

Center for Urban and Regional Study
1975 Alternative Formulas for General Revenue Sharing. Report to the National Science Foundation. Blacksburg, VA : Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University .

Ellett, C.
1976 A study of data requirements for population-based formula grants. Statistical Reporter 77: 48-57.

1978 Analysis of the Federal Medical Assistance Percentage (FMAP) Formula, Volume I: Executive Summary. Annandale, VA : JWK International Corporation .

Fay, R.E., and R.A. Herriot
1979 Estimates of income for small places: An empirical Bayes application of James-Stein procedures to census data. Journal of the American Statistical Association 78: 269-277.

Ghosh, M., and J.N.K. Rao
1994 Small-area estimation: An appraisal. Statistical Science 8(1): 55-93.

Goodnough, A.
2001 New York City is shortchanged in school aid, state judge rules. The New York Times, January 11.

Maurice, A.J., and R.P. Nathan
1982 The census undercount: Effects on federal aid to cities. Urban Affairs Quarterly 17(3): 251-284.

Moskowitz, J., S. Stullich, and B. Deng
1993 Targeting, Formula, and Resource Allocation Issues: Focusing Federal Funds Where the Needs Are Greatest. A Supplemental Volume to the National Assessment of the Chapter I Program. Washington, DC : U.S. Department of Education .

Nathan, R.
1980 The politics of printouts: The use of official numbers to allocate federal grants-in-aid. Pp. 331-342 in The Politics of Numbers, W Alonso and P. Starr, Eds. New York : Russell Sage Foundation .

National Research Council
1980 Estimating Population and Income of Small Areas. Panel on Small-Area Estimates of Income and Population, Committee on National Statistics. Washington, DC : National Academy Press .

1995 Measuring Poverty: A New Approach. Panel on Poverty and Family Assistance Concepts, C.F. Citro and R.T. Michael, Eds., Committee on National Statistics. Washington, DC : National Academy Press .

1997 Small-Area Estimates of Children in Poverty, Interim Report I, Evaluation of 1993 County Estimates for Title I Allocations. Panel on Estimates of Poverty for Small Geographic Areas, C.F. Citro, M.L. Cohen, G. Kalton, and K.K. West, Eds., Committee on National Statistics. Washington, DC : National Academy Press .

1998 Small-Area Estimates of Children in Poverty, Interim Report 2, Evaluation of Revised 1993 County Estimates for Title I Allocations. Panel on Estimates of Poverty for Small Geographic Areas, C.F. Citro, M.L. Cohen, and G. Kalton, Eds., Committee on National Statistics. Washington, DC : National Academy Press .

1999a Small-Area Estimates of Children in Poverty, Interim Report 3, Evaluation of Revised 1995 County and School District Estimates for Title I Allocations. Panel on Estimates

Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Research Council. 2001. Choosing the Right Formula: Initial Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10178.
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of Poverty for Small Geographic Areas, C.F. Citro and G. Kalton, Eds., Committee on National Statistics. Washington, DC : National Academy Press .

1999b Equity and Adequacy in Education Finance: Issues and Perspectives. Committee on Education Finance, H.F. Ladd, R. Chalk, and J.S. Hansen, Eds. Washington, DC : National Academy Press .

2000a Small-Area Income and Poverty Estimates: Priorities for 2000 and Beyond. Panel on Estimates of Poverty for Small Geographic Areas, C.F. Citro and G. Kalton, Eds., Committee on National Statistics. Washington, DC : National Academy Press .

2000b Small-Area Estimates of School-Age Children in Poverty: Evaluation of Current Methodology. Panel on Estimates of Poverty for Small Geographic Areas, C.F. Citro and G. Kalton, Eds., Committee on National Statistics. Washington, DC : National Academy Press .

Orland, M.E.
1988 Relating school district resource needs and capacities to Chapter I allocations: Implications for more effective service targeting. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 10(1): 23-36.

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
2000 Effect of Census 2000 Undercount on Federal Funding to States and Local Areas, 2002-2012. Washington, DC : PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP .

Schirm, A.L.
1995 State Estimates of Infants and Children Income Eligible for the WIC Program in 1992. Washington, DC : Mathematica Policy Research .

Smith, W., and A. Parker *
2000 An Overview of Formulas for Allocation of Funds. Paper prepared for the Workshop on Formulas for Allocating Program Funds, Committee on National Statistics, April 26-27, National Research Council, Washington, DC.

Spencer, B.
1980a Benefit-Cost Analysis of Data Used to Allocate Funds. New York : Springer .

1980b Implications of equity and accuracy for undercount adjustment: A decision-theoretic approach. Pp. 204-216 in Conference on Census Undercount: Proceedings of the 1980 Conference. Washington, DC : U.S. Census Bureau .

1982a Technical issues in allocation formula design. Public Administration Review 42: 524-529.

1982b Concerning dubious estimates of the effects of census undercount adjustment of federal aid to cities. Urban Affairs Quarterly 18: 145-148.

1985 Avoiding bias in estimates of the effect of data error on allocations of public funds. Evaluation Review 9: 511-518.

Stanford Research Institute
1974 General Revenue Sharing Data Study. Menlo Park, CA : Stanford Research Institute .

Straf, M.
1981 Revenue allocation by regression: National Health Service Appropriations for Teaching Hospitals. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A 144(1): 80-84.

Stutzer, M.
1981 Parametric Properties of Tax Effort Revenue Sharing. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Document SR-86.

Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Research Council. 2001. Choosing the Right Formula: Initial Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10178.
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U.S. General Accounting Office
1983 Changing Medicaid Formula Can Improve Distribution of Funds to States. GAO/GGD-83-27. Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .

1991 Formula Programs—Adjusted Census Data Would Redistribute Small Percentage of Federal Funds to States. GAO/GGD-92-12. Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .

1991 Medicaid—Alternatives for Improving the Distribution of Funds. GAO/HRD-91-66FS. Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .

1996 Federal Grants Design Could Help Federal Resources Go Further. AIMD-97-7. Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .

1997 School Finance—State Efforts to Reduce Funding Gaps Between Poor and Wealthy Districts. GAO/HEHS-97-31. Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .

1998 School Finance—State and Federal Efforts to Target Poor Students. GAO/HEHS-98-36. Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .

1999 Formula Grants: Effects of Adjusted Population Counts on Federal Funding to States. GAO/HEHS-99-69. Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .

U.S. General Services Administration
1998 1998 Formula Report to the Congress. Washington, DC : U.S. General Services Administration .

U.S. Office of Statistical Policy and Standards
1978 Report on Statistics for Allocation of Funds. Statistical Policy Working Paper 1. Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology, Subcommittee on Statistics for Allocation of Funds. Washington, DC : U.S. Department of Commerce .

Zaslavsky, A., and A. Schirm *
2000 Interaction Between Survey Estimates and Federal Funding Formulae. Paper presented at the Workshop on Formulas for Allocating Program Funds, Committee on National Statistics, April 26-27, National Research Council. Washington, DC.

Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Research Council. 2001. Choosing the Right Formula: Initial Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10178.
×

Page 74

Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Research Council. 2001. Choosing the Right Formula: Initial Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10178.
×
Page 70
Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Research Council. 2001. Choosing the Right Formula: Initial Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10178.
×
Page 71
Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Research Council. 2001. Choosing the Right Formula: Initial Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10178.
×
Page 72
Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Research Council. 2001. Choosing the Right Formula: Initial Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10178.
×
Page 73
Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Research Council. 2001. Choosing the Right Formula: Initial Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10178.
×
Page 74
Next: Appendix A: Workshop Agenda and Participants »
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The workshop was a direct outgrowth of a previous study by the CNSTAT Panel on Estimates of Poverty for Small Geographic Areas. That panel, established under a 1994 act of Congress, began its work with a very specific mission: to evaluate the suitability of the U.S. Census Bureau's small-area estimates of poor school-age children for use in the allocation of funds to counties and school districts under Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act.

In carrying out their assignment, panel members came to realize that the properties of data sources and statistical procedures used to produce formula estimates, interacting with formula features such as thresholds and hold-harmless provisions, can produce consequences that may not have been anticipated or intended. It also became evident that there is a trade-off between the goals of providing a reasonable amount of stability in funding from one year to the next and redirecting funds to different jurisdictions as true needs change. In one instance, for example, the annual appropriation included a 100 percent hold-harmless provision, ensuring that no recipient would receive less than the year before. However, there was no increase in the total appropriation, with the result that new estimates showing changes in the distribution of program needs across areas had no effect on the allocations.

Choosing the Right Formula provides an account of the presentations and discussions at the workshop. The first three chapters cover the overview, case studies, and methodological sessions, respectively. Chapter 4 summarizes the issues discussed in the roundtable and concluding sessions, with emphasis on the identification of questions that might be addressed in a panel study.

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