National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. A Modified Baseline Incineration Process for Mustard Projectiles at Pueblo Chemical Depot. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10181.
×

A MODIFIED BASELINE INCINERATION PROCESS FOR MUSTARD PROJECTILES AT PUEBLO CHEMICAL DEPOT

Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program

Board on Army Science and Technology

Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences

National Research Council

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. A Modified Baseline Incineration Process for Mustard Projectiles at Pueblo Chemical Depot. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10181.
×

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20418

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This is a report of work supported by Contract DAAD19-01-C-0001 between the U.S. Army and the National Academy of Sciences. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number 0-309-07612-9

Limited copies are available from:

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National Research Council

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Additional copies are available from:
National Academy Press
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Copyright 2001 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. A Modified Baseline Incineration Process for Mustard Projectiles at Pueblo Chemical Depot. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10181.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

National Academy of Sciences

National Academy of Engineering

Institute of Medicine

National Research Council

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M.Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm.A.Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M.Alberts and Dr. Wm.A.Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. A Modified Baseline Incineration Process for Mustard Projectiles at Pueblo Chemical Depot. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10181.
×

COMMITTEE ON REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF THE ARMY CHEMICAL STOCKPILE DISPOSAL PROGRAM

PETER B.LEDERMAN, Chair,

New Jersey Institute of Technology (retired), Newark

CHARLES I.McGINNIS, Vice Chair, Consultant,

Charlottesville, Virginia

DAVID H.ARCHER,

Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

PIERO M.ARMENANTE,

New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark

JERRY L.R.CHANDLER,

George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia

JOHN J.COSTOLNICK,

Exxon Chemical Company (retired), Houston, Texas

FRANK P.CRIMI,

Lockheed Martin (retired), Saratoga, California

MICHAEL R.GREENBERG,

Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick

DEBORAH L.GRUBBE,

DuPont Company, Wilmington, Delaware

DAVID A.HOECKE,

Enercon Systems, Inc., Elyria, Ohio

DAVID H.JOHNSON,

ABS Consulting, Irvine, California

GARY L.LAGE,

ToxiLogics, Inc., Titusville, New Jersey

JAMES F.MATHIS,

Exxon Corporation (retired), Houston, Texas

FREDERICK G.POHLAND,

University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

ROBERT B.PUYEAR, Consultant,

Chesterfield, Missouri

CHARLES F.REINHARDT,

DuPont Company (retired), Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania

KENNETH F.REINSCHMIDT, Consultant,

Littleton, Massachusetts

W.LEIGH SHORT,

URS Greiner Woodward-Clyde (retired), Mount Pleasant, South Carolina

JEFFREY I.STEINFELD,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

CHADWICK A.TOLMAN,

National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virginia

Board on Army Science and Technology Liaison

RICHARD A.CONWAY,

Union Carbide Corporation (retired), Charleston, West Virginia

Staff

DONALD L.SIEBENALER, Study Director

HARRISON T.PANNELLA, Program Officer

DANIEL E.J.TALMAGE, JR., Research Associate

JEFFREY L.CHATELLIER, Senior Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. A Modified Baseline Incineration Process for Mustard Projectiles at Pueblo Chemical Depot. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10181.
×

BOARD ON ARMY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

WILLIAM H.FORSTER, Chair,

Northrop Grumman Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland

JOHN E.MILLER, Vice Chair,

Oracle Corporation, Reston, Virginia

ROBERT L.CATTOI,

Rockwell International (retired), Dallas, Texas

RICHARD A.CONWAY,

Union Carbide Corporation (retired), Charleston, West Virginia

GILBERT F.DECKER,

Walt Disney Imagineering, Glendale, California

PATRICK F.FLYNN,

Cummins Engine Company, Inc. (retired), Columbus, Indiana

HENRY J.HATCH, Chief of Engineers,

U.S. Army (retired), Oakton, Virginia

EDWARD J.HAUG,

University of Iowa, Iowa City

GERALD J.IAFRATE,

North Carolina State University, Raleigh

MIRIAM E.JOHN,

California Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California

DONALD R.KEITH,

Cypress International (retired), Alexandria, Virginia

CLARENCE W.KITCHENS,

IIT Research Institute, Alexandria, Virginia

KATHRYN V.LOGAN,

Georgia Institute of Technology (professor emerita), Roswell, Georgia

JOHN W.LYONS,

U.S. Army Research Laboratory (retired), Ellicott City, Maryland

JOHN H.MOXLEY III,

Korn/Ferry International, Los Angeles, California

STEWART D.PERSONICK,

Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

MILLARD F.ROSE,

Radiance Technologies, Huntsville, Alabama

GEORGE T.SINGLEY III,

Hicks and Associates, Inc., McLean, Virginia

CLARENCE G.THORNTON,

Army Research Laboratories (retired), Colts Neck, New Jersey

JOHN D.VENABLES,

Venables and Associates, Towson, Maryland

JOSEPH J.VERVIER,

ENSCO, Inc., Indiatlantic, Florida

Staff

BRUCE A.BRAUN, Director

MICHAEL A.CLARKE, Associate Director

WILLIAM E.CAMPBELL, Administrative Coordinator

CHRIS JONES, Financial Associate

GWEN ROBY, Administrative Assistant

DEANNA P.SPARGER, Senior Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. A Modified Baseline Incineration Process for Mustard Projectiles at Pueblo Chemical Depot. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10181.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. A Modified Baseline Incineration Process for Mustard Projectiles at Pueblo Chemical Depot. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10181.
×

Preface

The United States has maintained a stockpile of chemical warfare agents and munitions since World War I. In 1985, Public Law 99–145 mandated the expeditious destruction of M55 rockets containing chemical agents because of the chance they might self-ignite. The program was soon expanded into the Army’s Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program (CSDP), which was given the mission of disposing of the entire 31,496 tons of nerve and mustard agents in a chemical stockpile dispersed among nine storage sites, eight in the continental United States and one on Johnston Island (part of Johnston Atoll) in the Pacific Ocean southwest of Hawaii. The United States is a signatory to the Chemical Weapons Convention treaty, which requires that the entire stockpile be destroyed by April 29, 2007.

The Army leadership has sought outside, unbiased advice on how best to dispose of the stockpile. In 1987, at the request of the Under Secretary of the Army, the National Research Council (NRC) established the Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program (Stockpile Committee) to provide scientific and technical advice and counsel on the CSDP. The committee has since produced 25 full-length and letter reports covering the evolution of the CSDP from the design and construction of the first incineration-based chemical agent disposal facility on Johnston Island in 1990 to the present. The stockpile at Johnston Island has now been completely eliminated, and the facility there is entering its closure phase. A second incineration-based facility has been operating for more than four and one-half years at Tooele, Utah, adjacent to the largest stockpile site. Similar facilities are being constructed at Anniston, Alabama; Pine Bluff, Arkansas; and Umatilla, Oregon. Although details differ at the five sites, the basic technology is the same (the baseline incineration system). At two other sites—Aberdeen, Maryland, and Newport, Indiana—alternative technologies to incineration are being implemented. Facilities for the final two sites— Pueblo, Colorado, and Blue Grass, Kentucky—are in the technology selection process.

This report is concerned with the technology selection for the Pueblo site, where only munitions containing mustard agent are stored. The report assesses a modified baseline process, a slightly simplified version of the baseline incineration system that was used to dispose of mustard munitions on Johnston Island. A second NRC committee is reviewing two neutralization-based technologies for possible use at Pueblo. The evaluation in this report is intended to assist authorities making the selection. It should also help the public and other non-Army stakeholders understand the modified baseline process and make sound judgments about it.

The committee is grateful for the considerable assistance of the Office of the Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization and its contractors, which provided a great deal of useful information. The committee also greatly appreciates the assistance and contributions of NRC staff members Donald L.Siebenaler, Harrison T.Pannella, Daniel E.J. Talmage, Jr., and Carol R.Arenberg.

Peter B.Lederman, Chair

Charles I.McGinnis, Vice Chair

Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. A Modified Baseline Incineration Process for Mustard Projectiles at Pueblo Chemical Depot. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10181.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. A Modified Baseline Incineration Process for Mustard Projectiles at Pueblo Chemical Depot. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10181.
×

Acknowledgments

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

John H.Birely, independent consultant

Richard C.Dart, Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center

Harold B.Dellinger, Louisiana State University

Gene H.Dyer, consultant, Bechtel (retired)

Willard C.Gekler, independent consultant

J.Robert Gibson, DuPont Company

Todd A.Kimmell, Argonne National Laboratory

Charles E.Kolb, Aerodyne Research, Inc.

Kun-Chieh Lee, Union Carbide corporate fellow

Douglas M.Medville, MITRE (retired)

Kirk E.Newman, Naval Surface Warfare Center

William R.Rhyne, H&R Technical Associates, Inc.

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Hyla S.Napadensky (NAE), Napadensky Energetics, Inc. (retired), appointed by the NRC’s Report Review Committee, who was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. A Modified Baseline Incineration Process for Mustard Projectiles at Pueblo Chemical Depot. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10181.
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This page in the original is blank.
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Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. A Modified Baseline Incineration Process for Mustard Projectiles at Pueblo Chemical Depot. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10181.
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List of Figures and Tables

FIGURES

3–1

 

Pueblo modified baseline process,

 

16

A–1

 

105-mm howitzer projectile,

 

42

A–2

 

155-mm howitzer projectile,

 

42

A–3

 

4.2-inch mortar cartridge,

 

43

TABLES

2–1

 

Summary of 1992 Trial Burn Tests for the Treatment of HD Ton Containers in the MPF at JACADS,

 

9

2–2

 

Metal Emissions in 1992 Trial Burn Tests at JACADS on HD Ton Containers in the MPF,

 

10

2–3

 

Number of HD Items Destroyed at JACADS,

 

10

2–4

 

Results of the 1999 Trial Burn of Mustard-containing Projectiles at JACADS,

 

11

2–5

 

Comparison of Limits from the JACADS RCRA Permit and Results of 1992 and 1999 Trial Burns,

 

11

2–6

 

Comparison of Selected Emissions (including those exceeding permit limits) for JACADS Trial Burns,

 

12

3–1

 

Comparison of Major Features of the Baseline Incineration System and the Modified Baseline Process,

 

15

3–2

 

Summary of Materials to Be Processed in a Four-zone MPF at Pueblo,

 

19

3–3

 

MPF Design Throughput Rates for Processing Munitions,

 

22

4–1

 

Summary of Results of Phase 1 QRAs for Baseline Incineration Systems at Several Sites,

 

27

A–1

 

Pueblo Chemical Depot Munitions,

 

41

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. A Modified Baseline Incineration Process for Mustard Projectiles at Pueblo Chemical Depot. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10181.
×

Acronyms


ACAMS

automatic continuous air monitoring system

ACWA

Assembled Chemical Weapons Assessment


BRA

brine reduction area


CAC

Citizens Advisory Commission

CDTF

Chemical Demilitarization Training Facility

CHB

container handling building

CII

Construction Industry Institute

CSDP

Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program

CSEPP

Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program

CWC

Chemical Weapons Convention


DAAMS

depot area air monitoring system

DFS

deactivation furnace system

DoD

U.S. Department of Defense

DPE

demilitarization protective ensemble

DPHE

Department of Public Health and Environment (Colorado)

DRE

destruction and removal efficiency


ECR

explosive containment room

EDS

explosive destruction system

EIS

environmental impact statement

EMC

emergency management coordinator

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency


GB

a nerve agent


HD

distilled mustard: bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide

HEPA

high-efficiency particulate air

HRA

health risk assessment

HT

vesicant mixture: 60 percent bis(2-chloroethyl)-sulfide and 40 percent bis[2(2chloroethylthio)ethyl] ether


JACADS

Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System


LIC

liquid incinerator


MACT

maximum achievable control technology

MAV

modified ammunition van

MDB

munitions demilitarization building

MDM

multipurpose demilitarization machine

MPF

metal parts furnace


NEPA

National Environmental Policy Act

NOI

notice of intent

NRC

National Research Council


OMB

Office of Management and Budget

ONC

on-site container

OVT

operational verification testing


PAS

pollution abatement system

PCD

Pueblo Chemical Depot

PFS

PAS filter system

PIC

product of incomplete combustion

PMACWA

Program Manager for Assembled Chemical Weapons Assessment

PMCD

Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization

PMD

projectile/mortar disassembly

PUCDF

Pueblo Chemical Agent Disposal Facility


QRA

quantitative risk assessment


RCRA

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act


SAIC

Science Applications International Corporation

SDS

spent decontamination solution


TOCDF

Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility

TSDF

treatment, storage, and disposal facility

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. A Modified Baseline Incineration Process for Mustard Projectiles at Pueblo Chemical Depot. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10181.
×

VX

a nerve agent


WIP

work in progress

WIPT

working integrated project team

3X

The 3X decontamination level refers to solids decontaminated to the point that the agent concentration in the headspace above the encapsulated solid does not exceed the health-based, eight-hour, time-weighted average limit for worker exposure. The limit for HD is 3.0 μg per cubic meter of air. Materials classified as 3X may be handled by qualified plant workers using appropriate procedures but may not be released to the environment or sold for general public reuse. In specific cases in which approval has been granted, a 3X material may be shipped to an approved hazardous waste treatment facility for disposal in a landfill or for further treatment.

5X

The use of 5X indicates that an item has been decontaminated completely of the indicated agent and may be released for general use or sold to the general public in accordance with all applicable federal, state, and local regulations. An item is decontaminated completely when the item has been subjected to procedures that are known to completely degrade the agent molecule, or when analyses, submitted through Army channels for approval by the Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board, have shown that the total quantity of agent is less than the minimal health effects dosage as determined by the Surgeon General. A 5X condition must be certified by the commander or designated representative. One approved method is heating the item to 538°C (1,000°F) for 15 minutes. This is considered sufficient to destroy chemical agent molecules.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2001. A Modified Baseline Incineration Process for Mustard Projectiles at Pueblo Chemical Depot. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10181.
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The United States has maintained a stockpile of chemical warfare agents and munitions since World War I. The Army leadership has sought outside, unbiased advice on how best to dispose of the stockpile. In 1987, at the request of the Under Secretary of the Army, the National Research Council (NRC) established the Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program (Stockpile Committee) to provide scientific and technical advice and counsel on the CSDP. This report is concerned with the technology selection for the Pueblo site, where only munitions containing mustard agent are stored. The report assesses a modified baseline process, a slightly simplified version of the baseline incineration system that was used to dispose of mustard munitions on Johnston Island. A second NRC committee is reviewing two neutralization-based technologies for possible use at Pueblo. The evaluation in this report is intended to assist authorities making the selection. It should also help the public and other non-Army stakeholders understand the modified baseline process and make sound judgments about it.

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