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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2001. Research Needs for High-Level Waste Stored in Tanks and Bins at U.S. Department of Energy Sites: Environmental Management Science Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10191.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2001. Research Needs for High-Level Waste Stored in Tanks and Bins at U.S. Department of Energy Sites: Environmental Management Science Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10191.
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Page 88
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2001. Research Needs for High-Level Waste Stored in Tanks and Bins at U.S. Department of Energy Sites: Environmental Management Science Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10191.
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Page 89
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2001. Research Needs for High-Level Waste Stored in Tanks and Bins at U.S. Department of Energy Sites: Environmental Management Science Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10191.
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Page 90
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2001. Research Needs for High-Level Waste Stored in Tanks and Bins at U.S. Department of Energy Sites: Environmental Management Science Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10191.
×
Page 91
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2001. Research Needs for High-Level Waste Stored in Tanks and Bins at U.S. Department of Energy Sites: Environmental Management Science Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10191.
×
Page 92
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2001. Research Needs for High-Level Waste Stored in Tanks and Bins at U.S. Department of Energy Sites: Environmental Management Science Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10191.
×
Page 93
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2001. Research Needs for High-Level Waste Stored in Tanks and Bins at U.S. Department of Energy Sites: Environmental Management Science Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10191.
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References AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science). 2001. AAAS Research and Development Budget and Policy Program. Defi n itions. tOn I i net . Avai lable: http://www.aaas.org/spp/dspp/re/defi net htm tApri I 30, 2001 ~ . Agnew, S.F., ]. Boyer, R.A. Corbin, T.B. Duran, ].R. FitzPatrick, K.A. jurgensen, T.P. Ortiz, and B.L. Young. 1997. Hanford Tank Chemical and Radionuclide Inventories: HOW Model Rev. 4. LA-UR-96-3860. Los Alamos, N.M.: Los Alamos National Laboratory. Bailey, A.W. and P.R. Hrma. 1995. Waste loading maximization for vit- rified Hanford HLW blend. Ceramic Transactions 61:549-556. Benedict M., T.H. Pigford, and H.W. Levi. 1981. Nuclear Chemical Engineering, 2nd ea., pp. 467. NewYork, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill Book Company. Bibler, N.E., T.L. Fellinger, S.L. Marra, R.J. O'Driscoll, J.W. Ray, and W.T. Boyce. 2000. Tech neti u m-99 and Cesi u m-1 3 7 Vol ati I ity from the DWPF Production Melter During Vitrification of the First Macrobatch of HLW Sludge at the Savannah River Site. In Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings 608:697-702. Congress (U.S. Congress). 1996.A Bill Making Appropriations for Energy and Water Development for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 1996, and for Other Purposes. Energy and Water Development Appropriations Act. Public Law (P.L.) 104-47, November 13, 1995. Congress. 1982. Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982. This act consists of the act of lanuary 7, 1983 (P.L. 97-425; 96 Stat. 2201), as amended by P.L. 1 00-203 (December 22, 1 987) and P.L. 1 02-486 (Energy Policy Act of 1992, October 24, 1992~. The act is generally classi- fied to 42 U.S.C. 1 0101 and fol lowing. R e f e r e n c e s 87

D'Entremont, P. D., ]. R. Hester, and T. B. Caldwel 1. 1 997a. Characterization of Tank 1 7 Residual Waste. WSRC-TR-97-0066. Revision 1. Aiken, S.C.: Westinghouse Savannah River Site Company. D'Entremont, P.D. and ].R. Hester. 1997b. Characterization of Tank 20 Residual Waste. WSRC-TR-97-0267. Revision 0. Aiken, S.C.: Westinghouse Savannah River Site Company. Demonie, M. 1996. Experience in Belgium. In Glass as a Wasteform and Vitrification Technology, pp. E40-41 . Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. DOE (U.S. Department of Energy). 1997. Record of Decision for the Tank Waste Remediation System, Hanford Site, Rich land, Washington. ROD 6450-01-P. February 20. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy. DOE. 1999. Implementation Guide for Use with DOE M 435.1. July 9, 1 999. Wash ington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy. DOE. 2000. DOE Research and Development Portfolio: Environmental Quality. Volume 2 of 4. February. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy. DOE-EMSP (Environmental Management Science Program). 2000. Reports and Pu bl ications. Envi ran mental Management Science Program Annual Report. FY 2000. DOE/EM-0569. tOnl inei. Available: http://emsp.em.doe.gov/pdfs/2000annual.pdf May 23, 2001 J. DOE-EMSP, 2001. Environmental Management Science Program. Science Advancing Solutions for Environmental Cleanup. tOnlinei. Available: http://emsp.em.doe.gov tMay 8, 2001~. DOE-ESPIP (Efficient Separations Program-lntegrated Program. Table of Content. tOn I i ne] . Avai lable: http://www.nttc.edu/env/ESPIP/ESPIP_TOC.html tMay 8, 2001 J . DOE-OCRWM (Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management). 1 999. Waste Acceptance System Requ i remeets Docu meet. Revision 3. DOE-RW-035 1 . Apri 1. Wash ington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy. DOE-ORP (Office of River Protection). 2000. DOE Reaches Cleanup Milestone in Hanford. In Hanford Press Release 2000 "Online]. Avai l able: http://www. hanford.gov/press/2000/orp/111 500.orp. htm l tJune 5, 2001~. DOE-TFA (Tanks Focus Area). 2000a. TFA Multlyear Program Plan FY01 -FY05 tOn I i ne] . Revised October 1 6. Avai lable: http://www.pnl.gov/tfa/program/fyO1 mypp/index.htm tiune 5, 2001~. DOE-TFA. 2000b. FY2001-FY2003 MultlyearTechnical Responses "Online]. Available: http://www.pnl.gov/tfa/program/fyO1 techresp/index.stm tJune 5, 2001 i. H ~ G H - L E V E E VV A 5 T E ~ A ~ 88

DOE-TFA, 2001 . Tanks Focus Area. Hanford Site. Waste Tanks. IOnlinel. Available: http://www.pnl.gov/tfa/sites/hanford/index.stm IJune 5, 20011. Donald, I.W., B.L. Metcalfe, and R.N.J. Taylor. 1997. Review: the Immobilization of High-Level Radioactive Wastes Using Ceramics and Glasses. Journal of Materials Science 32:5851-5887. EMAB (U. S. Department of Energy's Environmental Management Advisory Board), 2001. The Role and Status of Basic Science in Accompl ish i ng the Department of Energy's Envi ran mental Management Mission. Ad Hoc Committee on Science and I n novation of the Envi ran mental Management Advisory Board. Apri I, 2001. Washington, D.C.: Office of Environmental Management. EPA-SITE (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-Superfund innovative Technology Evaluation Program), 2001 . tOnlinei. Available: http://www.epa.gov/ORD/SITE tMay 7, 2001 ~ . ERDA (U.S. Environmental Research and Development Administration). 1 975. Final Environmental Statement, Waste Management Operations, Hanford Reservation: ERDA-1538. Richland, Wash.: U.S. Environmental Research and Development Administration. Fairhall, G.A. and C.R. Scales. 1996. Vitrification experience in the U.K. In Glass as a Waste Form and Vitrification Technology, pp. E48-49. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Federal Register. 2001. Office of Science and Office of Environmental Management; Office of Science Financial Assistance Program Notice 01-16: Environmental Management Science Program: Basic Science Research Related to High Level Radioactive Waste. Tuesday, January 16. Notices. Federal Register 66~10~: 3564-3571. Gephart, R.E. and R.E. Lundgren. 1998. Hanford Tank Cleanup: A Guide to Understanding the Technical Issues. PNL-1 0773. Richland, Wash.: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Gilbertson, M. 2001. Personal Communication, May 6, 2001. Hayward, P.J. 1988. The Use of Glass Ceramics for Immobilizing High- Level Wastes from Nuclear Fuel Recycling. Glass Technology 29:1 22-1 36. Hrma, P.R., ].D. Vienna, M. Mika, and TV. Crum. 1998. Liquidus Temperature Data for DWPF Glass. PN N L-11790. Richland, Washington: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Huntoon, C.L. 1 999. Letter to Bruce Alberts, president of the National Academies, requesting the present study. August 12, 1999. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy. R e f e r e n c e s 89

Huntoon, C.L. 2000. Approval of the Preferred Alternative for the Idaho High-Level Waste and Facilities Disposition Environmental Impact Statement. Memorandum from C.L. Huntoon to B. Cook, Manager of the Idaho Operations Office, October 20, 2000. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy. JEER (Institute for Energy and Environmental Research). 1996. Science for Democratic Action Vol. 5 No.1. The Purex Process. "Online]. Avai I able: http://www. ieer.org/sdafi les/vol_5/5-1 /pu reach. htm I tApri I 6, 2001 ]. Jain, V., S,M. Barnes, 1. Joseph, L.D. Pye, I.L. Pegg, and P.B. Macedo. 1993. Impact of heat-treatment on the chemical stability of nuclear waste glasses produced at the West Valley Demonstration Project (WVDP). Ceramic Transactions 30:367-70. Jain, V. and Y-M. Pan. 2000. Glass Melt Chemistry and Product Qualification. September 2000. CNWRA 2000-05. San Antonio, TX: Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analysis. Jain, V. 2001. Survey of Waste Solidification Process Technologies. N U REG/CR-6666, CNWRA 98-005. Wash i ngton, D.C.: U .S. N uclear Regulatory Commission. Jantzen, C.M. and D.F. Bickford. 1985. Leaching of Devitrified Glass Containing Simu lated SRP Nuclear Waste. I n Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management, V111, pp. 135-146. C.M. Jantzen, J.A. Stone and R.C. Ewing (eds.~. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Materials Research Society. Jantzen, C.M., N.E. Bibler, D.C. Beam, C.L. Crawford, and M.A. Pickett. 1 993a. Development and Characterization of the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) Environmental Assessment (EA) Glass Standard Reference Material (U). A paper proposed for publication in Environmental and Waste Management Issues in the Nuclear and Ceramic Industry. WSRC-MS-93-124. Aiken, S.C.: Westinghouse Savannah River Company. Jantzen, C.M., N.E. Bibler, D.C. Beam, C.L. Crawford, and M.A. Pickett. 1 993b. Characterization of the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) Environmental Assessment (EA) Glass Standard Reference Material, Report WSRC-TR-92-346, Rev. 1, Aiken, S.C.: Westinghouse Savannah River Company. Jantzen, C.M., K.G. Brown, T.B. Edwards, J.B. Pickett. 1998. Method of Determining Glass Durability (THERMO™~. U.S. Patent 5,846,278. December 8, 1 998. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Patent and Trade Office. H ~ G H - L E V E E W A S T E 90

Canteen, C.M., K.G. Brown, and T.B. Edwards. 1999. Predicting Phase Separation in Nuclear Waste Glasses (U). A paper for presentation at the 101 th American Ceramic Society Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, April 28, and for publication in Symposium on Waste ManagementTechnologies in Ceramic and Nuclear Industries.WSRC-MS-99-00333, Revision 1. Aiken, S.C.: Westinghouse Savannah River Company. Jantzen, C.M. and YE. Laurinat. (in press). Thermodynamic Modeling of the SRS Evaporators; Part 1. The 2H and 2F Systems. WSRC-TR- 2000-00293. Aiken, S.C.: Westinghouse Savannah River Company. louan, A., T. Flament, and H. Binninger. 1996. Vitrification Experience in France: Development and perspectives. In Glass as a Wasteform and Vitrification Technology, pp. E42-45. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Kot, W.K. and l.L. Pegg, 2001. Glass Formulation and testing with RPP- WPP HEW Simulants. VSL-OIR 2540-2. February 2001. Washington, D.C.: The Cathol ic U n iversity of America. Lutze, W. and R.C. Ewing. 1988. Radioactive Waste Forms for the Future. Amsterdam: North-Hol land Press. Mahoney, L.A., Z.l. Antoniak, W.B. Barton, J.M. Conner, N.W. Kirch, C.W. Stewart, and B. E. Wel Is. 2000. Resu Its of Waste Transfer and Back-Di lotion in Tanks 241 -SY-101 and 241 -SY-102. PN N L-13267 Rich I and, Wash.: Pacific Northwest N ational Laboratory. Majer, E.L., Fir. Brockman, T.M. Daley, and YE. Peterson. 2000. High- . Resolution Definition of Subsurface Heterogeneity for Understanding the Biodynamics of Natural Field Systems: Advancing the Ability for Scaling to Field Conditions. EMSP Project 55264, Figure 5. Atlanta, Gal: EMSP Workshop. tOnlinei. Available: http://emsp.em.doe.gov. tApri I 30, 2001 ~ . Marasinghe, G.K., M. Karabulut, C.S. Ray, G. Allen, A. Bucher, N.M. Edelstein, D. K. Shuh, Y.S. Badyal, M.-L. Saboungi, M. Grimsditch, S. D. Shastri, and D. Haeffner. 1999. Effects of Nuclear Waste Components on Redox Equilibria, Structural Features and Crystallization Characteristics of Iron Phosphate Glasses. Ceramic Transactions 93:1 95-200. N RC (National Research Counci 1~. 1 995. Al locating Federal Funds for Science and Technology. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 1 996a. Glass as a Waste Form and Vitrification Technology: Summary of an International Workshop. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. N RC. 1 996b. Environmental Management Technology-Development Program at the Department of Energy. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. - R e f e r e n c e s 91

NRC. 1 996c. The Hanford Tanks: Environmental Impact and Policy Choices. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 1996d. Rock Fractures and Fluid Flow: Contemporary Understanding and Applications. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 1 997a. Building an Effective Environmental Management Science Program. Final Assessment, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 1997b. BarrierTechnologies for Environmental Management. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 1998. Research Reactor Aluminum Spent Fuel. Treatment Options for Disposal. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 1 999a. An End State Methodology for Identifying Technology Needs for Environmental Management, with an Example from the Hanford Site Tanks. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 1 999b. Alternative High-Level Waste Treatments at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 1 999c. Decision Making in the U.S. Department of Energy's Envi ran mental Management Office of Science and Tech nology. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. N RC. 1 999d. Groundwater and Soi I Cleanup: I mproving Management of Persistent Contaminants. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 2000a. Research Needs in Subsurface Science: U.S. Department of Energy Environmental Management Science Program. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 2000b. Alternatives for High-Level Waste Salt Processing at the Savannah River Site, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 2000c. Long-Term Research Needs for Deactivation and Decommissioning at Department of Energy Sites: Interim Report. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 2000d. Long-Term Institutional Management of U.S. Department of Energy Legacy Waste Sites. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 2000e. Seeing into the Earth. Noninvasive Characterization of the Shallow Subsurface for Environmental and Engineering Application. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 2001 a. Evaluation of Criteria for Selecting a Salt Processing Alternative for High-Level Waste at the Savannah River Site. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 2001 b. Research Opportunities for Deactivating and Decommissioning Department of Energy Facilities. Final Report. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. H ~ G H - L E V E E W A S T E 92

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The United States Department of Energy (DOE) has approximately 400 million liters (100 million gallons) of liquid high-level waste (HLW) stored in underground tanks and approximately 4,000 cubic meters of solid HLW stored in bins. The current DOE estimate of the cost of converting these liquid and solid wastes into stable forms for shipment to a geological repository exceeds $50 billion to be spent over several decades (DOE, 2000). The Committee on Long-Term Research Needs for Radioactive High-Level Waste at Department of Energy Sites was appointed by the National Research Council (NRC) to advise the Environmental Management Science Program (EMSP) on a long-term research agenda addressing the above problems related to HLW stored in tanks and bins at DOE sites.

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