Index
A
Access restrictions, see Confidentiality and privacy; Eligibility; Program participation; Sanctions; Time limits
Administration for Children and Families (ACF)
well-being of children, 316–352
Administrative data and studies, 2, 6–7, 196–352
see also Caseload measures;
Program participation;
Taxation
access and confidentiality, see “confidentiality” infra
AFDC, 6, 200, 202, 203–204, 214, 225, 249, 276, 278, 283, 300, 355, 418–427
caseload heterogeneity, 473, 481–496
child well-being, 318, 324, 326, 329–338 (passim)
leavers, 8–9, 249, 388(n.1), 416, 417–472 (passim)
alcohol and drug abuse, 199, 249
birth certificates, 197, 202, 204, 221, 327
child abuse and neglect, 318, 323, 327, 331–337, 344, 345, 346
child well-being, 7, 251, 316–352, 504, 505
education, 316, 319, 328, 337–341, 344, 345
eligibility, 318, 321, 323, 324–325, 326, 329, 331
state government role, 318, 327–331
TANF, 316–317, 318, 324–325, 326, 327, 331–337 (passim), 343, 344, 346
children, data cleaning, 202–203
cleaning methods, 6, 197, 199–205, 211–212, 217, 304
confidentiality, 6–7, 220–274, 304, 305, 504
adolescents, educational records, 339–340
age factors, 228
Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 7, 238–239, 242
cost factors, 222, 258, 263, 273–274
criminal records, 238–239, 255–256, 263
educational attainment, 228, 338–340
legislation, 6–7, 222, 223–224, 232, 233–241, 246, 247, 255–257, 266–267, 268, 271–274
criminal penalties for breeches, 238–239, 254–256, 263, 268, 274
linkage of data and, 216–217, 220, 222–223
organizational factors, 243–254, 258–259, 262–264, 265, 266, 267–268
Institutional Review Boards, 88, 92, 125, 236–237, 266–267
private contract researchers, 239, 241, 243–254
socially sensitive data, 221, 230–231
state government role, 6–7, 222–223, 238–258, 267–268, 271–274
statistical analyses, 224–225, 255, 258–262, 267
technical assistance, 256–257, 267
cost factors, 199, 200, 201, 278
confidentiality, 222, 258, 263, 273–274
criminal records, 206, 238–239, 255–256, 263
eligibility, general, 220–274, 304, 305, 504
children, 318, 321, 323, 324–325, 326, 329, 331
linkage, 216–217, 220, 222–223
employment, 6, 7, 69, 228, 239, 275–279, 287–288, 289, 290–315, 400– 403, 406–408, 422–441 (passim), 505
Job Training Partnership Act, 246, 278, 291, 295–302, 310–312
leaver studies, 389, 394, 400–408, 412–413, 415, 416–443 (passim), 448, 453–463, 464, 468
survey data vs administrative data, 6, 275–279, 287–288, 289, 295–303, 311
unemployment insurance records, 7, 69, 132, 203, 225, 249, 276(n.3), 277, 278, 287, 290–312, 403, 406–408, 413, 417–422, 431–431, 442–445, 451, 462
families and households, general, 278, 317, 319, 320, 400, 473
food stamps, 283
child well-being, 318, 320, 324, 331, 343
cleaning and matching of data, 197, 203, 225, 226–227, 409
confidentiality, 225, 226–227, 240, 249
leaver studies, 401–402, 409, 432–435, 445, 446, 448–449, 450, 463
gender factors,
caseload heterogeneity, 473, 474, 478, 481, 482–499
linking, 25, 210, 212, 216, 229
geographic factors,
cleaning of data, 202–203, 212
juvenile justice system, 342
linkage of data, 207, 212, 216
incentives, survey data vs, 277
income and earnings, 7, 275, 329
caseload heterogeneity, 474, 478–479, 486, 488, 489, 492–496 (passim)
leaver studies, 389, 394, 409–411, 413, 416–417, 432–436, 439, 441–450, 454–464 (passim), 468, 469, 470, 472
survey data vs administrative data, 6, 275–279, 287–288, 289, 295–303, 311
unemployment insurance records, 7, 69, 132, 203, 225, 249, 276(n.3), 277, 278, 287, 290–312, 403, 406–408, 413, 417–422, 431, 442–445, 451, 462
in-person interviews and, 4, 89
leaver studies, 389, 390–393, 395–399, 400–408, 411–443 (passim), 448, 453–463, 464, 468
AFDC data, 8–9, 249, 388(n.1), 416, 417–472 (passim)
employment and income, 389, 394, 400–408, 412–413, 415, 416–443 (passim), 448, 453–463, 464, 468
food stamps, 401–402, 409, 432–435, 445, 446, 448–449, 450, 463
linkage/matching of data, 6, 7, 41, 49, 60, 93, 132, 134, 141, 143, 153, 154, 167–168, 171, 173, 174, 175, 197, 198, 204–219, 220, 222–223, 224–227, 228–229, 235–238, 241, 244, 252, 261, 264, 268, 276, 287–288, 298, 504
child well-being, 336, 343, 344, 346
gender factors, 210, 212, 216, 229, 252
leaver studies, 402–403, 408, 409, 411, 412, 417–422
longitudinal studies, 207, 336
statistical analyses, 205(n.2), 206, 209–211, 213–217
measurement error, 277, 292–295, 304–305
qualitative studies vs, 356, 357, 377, 378
race/ethnicity,
caseload heterogeneity, 482, 486, 488, 489, 493
confidentiality and privacy, 228–229
linking of data, 210, 212, 216, 228–229
sampling, 208, 261, 277, 278, 346
sharing of data, see “linkage…” supra
Social Security numbers, 58, 60, 69, 74, 208, 209, 210, 211, 214–216, 228, 238, 239, 287–288, 298, 343, 402–403
standards, 211–212, 233–237, 243–258
state government role, 6–7, 56–58, 69, 138–139, 142–143, 218, 222–223, 225–226, 292
child well-being, 318, 327–331
confidentiality issues, 6–7, 222–223, 238–258, 267–268, 271–274
statistical analyses, 224–225
confidentiality, 224–225, 255, 258–262, 267
linkage, 205(n.2), 206, 209–211, 213–217
survey data vs administrative data,
child well-being, 324, 338, 346
income and employment, 6, 275–279, 287–288, 289, 295–303, 311
leaver studies, 406–408
survey respondents, error of measurement, 167–168, 171, 173, 174, 175, 182
survey response and, 27, 50, 57, 132, 133–134, 142–143, 287–288, 411
TANF, 6, 134, 200, 201, 203, 204, 205, 214, 224, 225, 249, 278, 283, 355, 400–403, 431, 432, 437, 445, 446
child well-being, 316–317, 318, 324–325, 326, 327, 331–337 (passim), 343, 344, 346
telephone surveys and, 57, 58, 60, 69, 70–71, 74
unemployment insurance records, 7, 69, 132, 203, 225, 249, 276(n.3), 277, 278, 287, 290–312, 403, 406–408, 413, 417–422, 431–431, 442–445, 451, 462
vital statistics, 75, 225, 323, 327–331
Adolescents
education, privacy rights, 339–340
educational attainment, 228
incentives, surveys, 106–107, 121
income and employment, 300–301
juvenile justice system, 7, 75, 328, 341–343, 344, 345
qualitative studies, 375
AFDC, see Aid to Families with Dependent Children
African Americans, see Black persons
Age factors
see also terms beginning “Child” and “Children”
caseload heterogeneity, 482
confidentiality and privacy, 228
elderly persons, 33, 111, 171, 368
leaver studies, 428, 447–448, 451, 456, 467
survey respondents, error of measurement, 167–168, 171, 176
survey response, general, 29, 33, 37, 43, 135–136, 137–138, 142, 167–168, 171, 176
Aggregation and disaggregation of data, 205, 220, 252, 259, 260, 286
see also Matching, administrative data
Aid to Families with Dependent Children, 1, 220, 316
see also Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
administrative data, 6, 200, 202, 203–204, 214, 225, 249, 276, 278, 283, 300, 355, 418–427
caseload heterogeneity, 473, 481–496
child well-being, 318, 324, 326, 329–338 (passim)
leavers, 8–9, 249, 388(n.1), 416, 417–472 (passim)
income and employment data, 276, 278–283 (passim), 289, 300, 303, 306–310, 311, 418–427, 445–458, 462–463
program participation, 276, 280
leavers, 8–9, 249, 388(n.1), 416, 417–472 (passim), 481–496 (passim)
qualitative studies, 375–376
survey data, 276, 278–283 (passim), 289, 300
survey respondents, error of measurement, 171–173
waivers, 317
Alcohol and drug abuse
administrative data, general, 199, 249
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 134
child well-being, 316, 323, 327
qualitative studies, 368
survey respondents, error of measurement, 177, 184–185
state income tax records, 57–58
Supplemental Security Income, 92, 134
American Association of Public Opinion Research, 86
Archives, see Data archives
Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE)
access and confidentiality issues, 7, 238–239, 242
child health status, 329–330
leavers, 8, 9, 67, 238–239, 242, 388, 430–431
telephone surveys, 67
Attitudes
child well-being and, 319, 320
interviewers, 95, 97, 99, 110–111
Survey of Consumer Attitudes, 121
survey respondents, 30, 35, 36, 37, 39, 43, 96–97
error of measurement, 157, 159, 164–165, 177–178, 194–186
incentives and, 105–106, 110–111, 113–114, 116–119, 121
socially sensitive questions, 5, 37, 66, 106, 157, 159, 164–165, 177–178, 184–186
B
Benefit penalties, see Sanctions
telephone surveys, 55, 56, 68, 72–75, 78, 79, 86
Best Practices Booklet, 86
Birth certificates, 197, 202, 204, 221, 327
Black persons, 21, 90, 91, 93, 115, 135, 136, 370, 371, 451, 454, 461, 486, 488, 493
Block grants, child health, 328–329
Bureau of the Census, 87, 88, 382
see also Current Population Survey;
Survey of Income and Program Participation
Census of Population, 275
data cleaning, 212
data confidentiality, 262–263
data linkage, 216
C
Caseload measures, 3, 220, 276, 306, 311, 327, 355, 371, 377, 415–499
child well-being, 324, 333–334, 335–336
educational attainment, 473, 474–475, 478–479, 486, 488, 489, 493, 496
heterogeneity of caseload, 473–499
gender factors, 9, 473, 474, 478, 481, 482–499
leaver studies, 387, 389, 415–473, 474, 477–478, 480
Census Bureau, see Bureau of the Census
Census of Population, 275
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 134
Child abuse and neglect, 199, 207–208, 226
see also Child protective services
administrative data, 318, 323, 327, 331–337, 344, 345, 346
qualitative studies, 356
Child care services, 203, 204, 205, 206, 226, 249, 319, 367, 368, 377, 416
Child protective services, 226, 318, 332, 333–334, 335–336, 345
foster care, 26, 179, 182, 202–208 (passim), 317, 318, 329, 333
Child support, 69, 74, 171–178, 225, 240, 249
Child well-being
administrative data, 7, 251, 316–352, 504, 505
caseload measures, 324, 333–334, 335–336
education, 316, 319, 328, 337–341, 344, 345
eligibility, 318, 321, 323, 324–325, 326, 329, 331
program participation, 324, 333, 337–338, 341, 342, 344–345
state government role, 318, 327–331
TANF, 316–317, 318, 324–325, 326, 327, 331–337 (passim), 343, 344, 346
alcohol and drug abuse, 316, 323, 327
health insurance, 318, 320, 321, 323, 329
Medicaid, 318, 320, 321, 323, 324–326, 328, 329, 330, 331, 343
mortality rates, 317, 320, 322, 323, 327–328, 341
health status, general, 318, 320, 321–331, 344–345;
see also Child abuse and neglect
leaver studies, 8–9, 394–395, 396–397, 399–400, 416, 427, 428, 431
qualitative studies, 356, 366, 367
sanctions and, 336, 343, 399–400
waiver programs, 317
Children
see also Aid to Families with Dependent Children;
Juvenile justice system
access to telephone by families with, 87
administrative data cleaning, 202–203
foster care, 26, 179, 182, 202–208 (passim), 317, 318, 329, 333
in-person surveys, 90
leavers studies, 8–9, 394–395, 396–397, 399–400, 416, 427, 428, 447–448, 451, 454, 467
Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), 318–326 (passim), 329
Cognitive factors, surveys
see also Language factors
comprehension of items, 5, 161, 173, 178–180, 189
memory, 5, 159, 161, 162, 163–164, 168, 175, 176–177, 180–184, 404, 408
respondents, error of measurement, 157, 159, 160–164, 165, 167–168, 174–175, 176–177, 178–184, 187–189
Cohort comparison studies
child health status, 330–331
income and employment, 279, 280, 406
leavers, 8–9, 397, 398–399, 401–405, 406, 407, 413, 415–416, 417–422
National Longitudinal Surveys, 275, 476;
see also National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
Community factors, see Local-level effects
Computer-assisted personal interviewing, 88, 89, 90, 160, 177–178, 376–377
Computer-assisted telephone interview, 111
Computerized databases, see Databases
Confidentiality and privacy
administrative data, 6–7, 220–274, 304, 305, 504
adolescents, educational records, 339–340
Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 7, 238–239, 242
cost factors, 222, 258, 263, 273–274
criminal records, 238–239, 255–256, 263
educational attainment, other, 228
food stamps, 225, 226–227, 240, 249
linkage, 216–217, 220, 222–223
legislation, 6–7, 222, 223–224, 232, 233–241, 246, 247, 255–257, 266–267, 268, 271–274
criminal penalties for breeches, 238–239, 254–256, 263, 268, 274
organizational factors, 243–254, 258–259, 262–264, 265, 266, 267–268
Institutional Review Boards, 88, 92, 125, 236–237, 266–267
private contract researchers, 239, 241, 243–254
socially sensitive data, 221, 230–231
state government role, 6–7, 222–223, 238–258, 267–268, 271–274
statistical analyses, 224–225, 255, 258–262, 267
technical assistance, 256–257, 267
best practices, 86
computer-assisted questionnaires, 177–178
definitional issues, 228–231
homeless persons, 92
informed consent and notification, 4, 57–58, 68, 96, 125, 199, 231–232, 237, 258, 266–267
in-person interviews, 86, 89, 92, 96
respondents’ attitudes about, 106
school records, 339–341
Consent, see Informed consent and notification
Continuous welfare leavers, 183, 332, 396–397, 399, 421–422, 441
see also Time limits
Cost and cost-effectiveness
administrative data,
confidentiality, 222, 258, 263, 273–274
program participation studies, 199
vs survey data, 278
incentives, surveys, 117, 120–122, 124–125
in-person interviews, 89, 91, 97, 100, 101, 102–103
mail, 59
qualitative studies, 380–381
survey response, general, 37, 39, 41, 46, 49, 283
telephone surveys, 56, 59–61, 78–83
tracing and tracking, surveys, 30, 59–61, 79–81, 101
unemployment data, use of, 292
Council of Professional Associations on Federal Statistics, 115
CPS, see Current Population Survey
Crime and criminal justice system
see also Alcohol and drug abuse;
Child abuse and neglect;
Sanctions
administrative data confidentiality breeches, 238–239, 254–256, 263, 268, 274
administrative data linkage, 206
caseload heterogeneity, 474
income and employment, 300–301
in-person interviews, 89, 93, 94
juvenile, 7, 75, 328, 341–343, 344, 345
qualitative studies, 368–369
survey respondent incentives, interviewer at risk, 124
survey respondent involvement in, 30, 36, 86, 162, 164
Cultural factors, 4
see also Language factors;
Race/ethnicity;
Social factors
Current Population Survey (CPS)
cognitive interviews, 281
error of measurement, 158, 168, 169, 175
income and employment data, 275, 277, 279–290 (passim), 294, 310
response rates, 21
Cyclic welfare users, 9, 89–91, 206, 396–397, 399, 422–426, 430, 431, 433, 434, 438–445, 451, 454, 456, 457–459, 462–464, 468, 471, 472, 478
caseload heterogeneity, 474, 480, 481–482, 485–499 (passim)
D
Data archives
cleaning methods, 6, 197, 199–205, 212
confidentiality issues, 249–250, 268
matching of data, 6, 7, 41, 49, 60, 93, 132, 134, 141, 143, 153, 154, 167–168, 171, 173, 174, 175, 197, 205–218, 304
Data Matching and Privacy Protection Act, 234, 235–236
Databases, 30
see also Confidentiality and privacy
child well-being, 328, 344–346
cleaning methods, 6, 197, 199–205, 211–212, 217, 225, 226–227, 304, 409
confidentiality and access, 57, 60
credit, 69
juvenile justice system, 342
mailing addresses, 91
matching/linking of data, 6, 7, 41, 49, 60, 93, 132, 134, 141, 143, 153, 154, 167–168, 171, 173, 174, 175, 197, 205–218, 220, 222–223, 224–227, 228–229, 235–238, 241, 252, 261, 264, 268, 276, 287–288, 298, 504
child well-being, 336, 343, 344, 346
leaver studies, 402–403, 408, 409, 411, 412, 417–422
longitudinal studies, 207, 336
statistical analyses, 205(n.2), 206, 209–211, 213–217
telephone surveys, 30, 57, 58, 59, 60, 69, 70–71
Demographic factors
see also Age factors;
Gender factors;
Geographic factors;
Marriage and marital status;
Race/ethnicity;
Socioeconomic status
administrative data cleaning, 200, 304
error of measurement, 159
heterogeneity of caseload, 473–499 (passim)
incentives for survey respondents, 105–106, 114, 115–116
income and employment, survey data, 282, 304, 305
leaver, definition, 419
qualitative studies, 359–361
survey nonresponse, 37, 41, 42, 133, 135–140, 142, 143, 145, 146
Department of Health and Human Services
see also Administration for Children and Families;
Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation
privacy and confidentiality of data, 233, 240
Department of Labor, 378–380
Diet, see Nutrition
Disaggregation, see Aggregation and disaggregation of data
Drug abuse, see Alcohol and drug abuse
E
Early Screening and Periodic Screening and Diagnostic Testing, 324
Earned Income Tax Credits (EITC), 275, 305–306, 446–447
Earnings, see Income and earnings, general
Econometric modeling, 481
see also Caseload measures
Economic incentives, see Incentives, surveys
Education and training, 1
adolescents, record confidentiality, 339–340
child well-being,
administrative data, 316, 319, 328, 337–341, 344, 345
Head Start, 329
interviewers, 4, 5, 31–32, 40, 43–46, 47, 51, 159–160
in-person surveys, 92, 94–98, 99, 101, 102–103
telephone surveys, 63–64, 66, 67, 68
Job Training Partnership Act, 246, 278, 291, 295–302, 310–312
qualitative studies, researchers, 381–382
Educational attainment
caseload heterogeneity, 473, 474–475, 478–479, 486, 488, 489, 493, 496
confidentiality and privacy, 228, 339–340
incentives, surveys, 113, 114–115, 116
leaver studies, 428, 447–448, 451, 454, 467
National Adult Literacy Survey, 121
survey nonresponse, 24–25, 142, 151
survey respondents, error of measurement, 167–168, 173
Educational testing data, 338–339
Elderly persons, 33
incentives, surveys, 111
qualitative studies, 368
survey respondents, error of measurement, 171
Eligibility
see also Leaver studies;
Program participation;
Sanctions;
Time limits
administrative data, 202, 226–227, 252, 278–279
administrative data, child well-being, 318, 321, 323, 324–325, 326, 329, 331
caseload heterogeneity, 479
income and employment data, 276
survey response and, 113, 145, 154
Employment, 5
see also Income and earnings, general;
Leaver studies
access to telephone, 87
administrative data, 7, 69, 228, 239, 275, 290–312, 400–403, 406–408, 422–441 (passim), 505
child well-being and, 316–317, 319, 321, 329, 332, 341, 343, 346
leaver studies, 389, 394, 400–408, 412–413, 415, 416–443 (passim), 448, 453–463, 464, 468
unemployment insurance records, 7, 69, 132, 203, 225, 249, 276(n.3), 277, 278, 287, 290–312, 403, 406–408, 413, 417–422, 431, 442–445, 451, 462
adolescents, 300–301
caseload heterogeneity, 473, 475–476, 478, 486, 488, 489, 492–496
child well-being and, administrative data, 316–317, 319, 321, 329, 332, 341, 343, 346
cohort comparison studies, 279, 280, 406
Current Population Survey (CPS), 275, 277, 279–290 (passim), 294, 310
gender factors, 21, 173, 176, 280, 281, 300–301, 473, 475–476, 478, 486, 488, 489, 492–496
health insurance, employer-provided, 321
interviewer recruitment/supervision, 95–96, 98–100, 101, 102–103
interviewer training, 4, 5, 31–32, 40, 43–46, 47, 51, 159–160
in-person surveys, 92, 94–98, 99, 101, 102–103
telephone surveys, 63–64, 66, 67, 68
Job Training Partnership Act, 246, 278, 291, 295–302, 310–312
qualitative studies, 357, 359–361, 366–367, 378, 382
survey data, 275, 277, 279–290, 295–303, 403–408, 505
survey nonresponse, 21, 22, 24–25, 30, 138, 142, 159, 151
survey respondents, error of measurement, 7, 164–171, 173–177, 277, 282–290, 292–295, 304–305
unemployment insurance records, 7, 69, 132, 203, 225, 249, 276(n.3), 277, 278, 287, 290–312, 403, 406–408, 413, 417–422, 431, 442–445, 451, 462
welfare-to-work, see Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act;Temporary Assistance for Needy Families;Time limits
Ethical issues, see Confidentiality and privacy
Ethnicity, see Race/ethnicity
Ethnographic studies, 90, 199, 356, 357, 359–360, 365–369, 375, 382
Experimental methods
income and employment, 278
juvenile justice system, 342–343
qualitative, 360
F
Face-to-face interviews, see In-person interviews
Families and households
see also Current Population Survey;
Demographic factors;
Marriage and marital status;
Qualitative studies;
Sampling and sample size;
Single mothers;
Socioeconomic status;
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families;
terms beginning “Child…”
access to telephone, 87
administrative data, general, 317, 319, 320, 400, 473
administrative vs survey data, 278
income and employment, survey data,
general, 278, 280–282, 284, 303, 304–305, 306–309
leaver studies, 388, 394, 400, 404, 415
qualitative studies, 8, 359–361, 363, 366–367, 371, 372–373, 382
survey respondents, error of measurement, 171–173, 178
survey response, 30, 35, 37–43
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, 339–341
Federal Communications Commission, 87
Fees for survey respondents, see Incentives, surveys
Females, see Gender factors
Focus groups, 8, 43, 52, 357, 361–362
administrative data, child well-being, 318, 320, 324, 331, 343
administrative data, general, 283
cleaning and matching of, 197, 203, 225, 226–227, 409
confidentiality, 225, 226–227, 240, 249
leaver studies, 401–402, 409, 432–435, 445, 446, 448–449, 450, 463
income and employment, survey data, 280, 283
nonresponse to surveys, 26
Foster care, 26, 179, 182, 202–208 (passim), 317, 318, 329, 333
Funding
administrative data confidentiality and privacy and, 236, 242, 246
administrative data linkage, 207
block grants, child health, 328–329
leaver studies, 9, 67, 242, 288
G
administrative data cleaning, 204, 212
administrative data linking, 210, 212, 216, 229, 252
caseload heterogeneity, 9, 473, 474, 478, 481, 482–499
doctor visits, 21
incentives, surveys, 109
income and employment, 21, 173, 176, 280, 281, 300–301, 473, 475–476, 478, 486, 488, 489, 492–496
in-person interviews, sample lists, 89, 90
qualitative studies, 363–364, 368, 373
survey respondents, error of measurement, 173, 176
survey response, 21, 37, 41, 109, 135–136, 137–138, 142, 143, 144, 146, 151
Geographical factors
see also Rural areas;
State-level issues;
Urban areas
administrative data cleaning, 202–203, 212
administrative data confidentiality and privacy, 228, 261
administrative data linkage, 207, 212, 216
income and employment data, 312
juvenile justice system, administrative data, 342
leaver studies, 388(n.1), 428, 467
survey respondent error of measurement, 167–168
survey response, 13, 29–31, 33, 57, 58–59, 87, 91, 133, 142, 143
H
Head Start, 329
Health and Retirement Survey, 110
Health insurance
see also Medicaid
children, 318, 320, 321, 323, 329
leaver studies, 394
Health status and care, 368
see also Medicaid;
Mental health and illness
caseload heterogeneity, 474
child well-being, 318, 320, 321–331, 344–345
mortality rates, 317, 320, 322, 323, 327–328, 341
vital statistics, 75, 225, 323, 327–331
Healthy People 2000, 322
Hispanics, 56, 88, 91, 140, 370, 451, 454, 486, 488, 489, 493
Historical perspectives, 1, 275, 316, 371, 387, 473
caseload measures, 473–496
income and employment data, 275, 276, 286–287, 288
in-person interviews, 90
Households, see Families and households
I
Immigrants, 88, 90, 93, 366, 454, 457
see also Hispanics;
Language factors
Imputation, 3, 25–26, 28, 48, 52, 78, 131, 154, 262, 277, 285
Incentives, surveys, 3, 4–5, 51, 105–128, 131, 379
administrative data vs survey data, 277
cost factors, 117, 120–122, 124–125
demographic factors, 105–106, 114, 115–116
educational attainment, 113, 114–115, 116
gifts vs money, 5, 38, 107, 108
in-person interviews, 89, 90, 101, 108, 110–111, 117–118, 120–121
item nonresponse effects, 111–113
local community level effects, 116–117, 121
prepaid, 3–4, 59, 82, 105, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 117, 118, 120–122, 123–124
response distribution effects, 113–115
standards, 124–125
telephone interviews, 4–5, 70–71, 72, 82–83, 106, 108, 110, 111
Income and earnings, general
see also Aid to Families with Dependent Children;
Earned Income Tax Credits;
Supplemental Security Income;
Taxation;
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families;
Unemployment insurance records
administrative data, 7, 275, 329
caseload heterogeneity, 474, 478–479, 486, 488, 489, 492–496 (passim)
leaver studies, 389, 394, 409–411, 413, 416–417, 432–436, 439, 441–450, 454–464 (passim), 468, 469, 470, 472
adolescents, 300–301
AFDC, 276, 278–283 (passim), 289, 300, 303, 306–310, 311, 418–427, 445–458, 462–463
child well-being, 329
cohort comparison studies, 279, 280, 406
Current Population Survey (CPS), 275, 277, 279–290 (passim), 294, 310
gender factors, 21, 173, 176, 280, 281, 300–301, 473, 475–476, 478, 486, 488, 489, 492–496
historical perspectives, 275, 276, 286–287, 288
leaver studies, 276, 389, 394, 400–413, 416, 417–422, 426
local community effects, 275–276, 279, 282
longitudinal studies, 275, 277, 279–280
national-level studies, general, 275, 277, 279–290, 310, 311
Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), 275, 279, 280–281, 284, 288, 289–290, 363
survey data, general, 275
survey design/response, 5, 30, 38, 86–87, 138, 142, 143–144
Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), 363
incentives for respondents, 109–110
income and employment data, 275, 277, 279, 280–281, 284–290, 310, 311
survey respondents, error of measurement, 164–165, 166–171, 178
In-depth interviews, 77, 88, 93, 357, 359–361, 370, 372
Informed consent and notification, 4, 57–58, 68, 96, 125, 199, 231–232, 237, 258, 266–267
In-person interviews
children, 90
computer-assisted personal interviewing, 88, 89, 90, 160, 177–178, 376–377
confidentiality and privacy, 86, 89, 92, 96
cost factors, 89, 91, 97, 100, 101, 102–103
criminal histories, 89, 93, 94
focus groups, 8, 43, 52, 357, 361–362
historical perspectives, 90
incentives, 89, 90, 101, 108, 110–111, 117–118, 120–121
interviewer training, 92, 94–98, 99, 101
leaver studies, 403–406
local community factors, 4, 91, 102
mail contacts and, 89, 91, 92, 102
organizational factors, 98–100, 101, 103
qualitative studies, 356, 357, 358–372, 375–377
ethnographic, 90, 199, 356, 357, 359–360, 365–369, 375, 382
focus groups, 8, 43, 52, 357, 361–362
respondents/interviewers, error of measurement, 157–189 (passim)
response rates, 3, 4, 31–50, 69, 77, 78, 86–104, 502
tracing and tracking, 61, 74, 92–94, 96, 101, 102
teamwork, 100
tracking and tracing, 61, 74, 92–94, 96, 101, 102
urban areas, 87, 90, 93, 96, 97
Institutional factors, see Organizational factors
Institutional Review Boards, 88, 92, 125, 236–237, 266–267
Insurance, see Health insurance; Unemployment insurance records
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 7, 285–286, 302, 303–309, 312
Internet
data confidentiality, 265, 267
prison inmates, 93
Interviews, 3, 31–50, 69–73, 86–104
see also In-person interviews;
Panel studies;
Response rates;
Telephone surveys;
Tracing and tracking
administrative data vs, 199
attitudes of interviewees, 30, 35, 36, 37, 39, 43, 96–97
error of measurement, 157, 159, 164–165, 177–178, 194–186
incentives and, 105–106, 110–111, 113–114, 116–119, 121
socially sensitive questions, 5, 37, 66, 106, 157, 159, 164–165, 177–178, 184–186
attitudes of interviewers, 95, 97, 99, 110–111
error of measurement, interviewers as source of, 159–160, 161
focus groups, 8, 43, 52, 357, 361–362
followup, 4, 33, 48, 74, 75, 81, 88, 116, 131;
see also Tracing and tracking
incentives, general, 107, 110–111, 112, 113–114, 120, 122
protocols, standardized, 93, 96, 186
recruitment/supervision of interviewers, 95–96, 98–100, 101, 102–103
refusal conversion, 4, 5, 25, 36, 42, 50, 63, 64, 65, 66–67, 68, 75, 99
incentives, monetary, 107, 115–116, 124
training of interviewers, 4, 5, 31–32, 40, 43–46, 47, 51, 159–160
in-person surveys, 92, 94–98, 99, 101, 102–103
telephone surveys, 63–64, 66, 67, 68
J
Job Training Partnership Act, 246, 278, 291, 295–302, 310–312
Joint Center for Poverty Research, 225
Juvenile justice system, 7, 75, 328, 341–343, 344, 345
L
Language factors, 4, 56–57, 88, 130, 141–142
administrative data confidentiality statutes, 257
error of measurement, 158–159, 160–161
focus groups, 361
National Adult Literacy Survey, 121
Law enforcement, see Crime and criminal justice system
Leaver studies, 2, 8–9, 86, 356, 366–367, 382, 387–472
see also Cyclic welfare users;
Sanctions;
Short-term welfare users;
Time limits
administrative vs survey data, 276, 278
AFDC administrative data, 8–9, 249, 388(n.1), 416, 417–472 (passim)
age factors, 428, 447–448, 451, 456, 467
Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 8, 9, 67, 238–239, 242, 388, 430–431
caseload measures, 387, 389, 415–473, 474, 477–478, 480
child well-being, administrative data, 324, 331
children, 8–9, 394–395, 396–397, 399–400, 416, 427, 428, 447–448, 451, 454, 467
cohort comparison studies, 8–9, 397, 398–399, 401–405, 406, 407, 413, 415–416, 417–422
data access and confidentiality issues, 6–7, 230–231, 241–258
definition of leavers, 395–400, 418–419, 460–462, 466–471, 472
educational attainment, 428, 447–448, 451, 454, 467
employment, administrative data, 389, 394, 400–408, 412–413, 415, 416–443 (passim), 448, 453–463, 464, 468
food stamps, administrative data, 401–402, 409, 432–435, 445, 446, 448–449, 450, 463
geographic factors, 388(n.1), 428, 467
see also “Medicaid” infra
historical perspectives, 387, 389, 472
homeless persons, 92
incentives, 107
income and earnings, administrative data, 389, 394, 409–411, 413, 416–417, 432–436, 439, 441–450, 454–464 (passim), 468, 469, 470, 472
income and earnings data, 276, 389, 394, 400–413, 416, 417–422, 426
mail contacts, 404–405
matching of data, 402–403, 408, 409, 411, 412, 417–422
Medicaid, 394, 401–402, 409, 432, 435–438, 448, 449, 463
state government, 388, 395–407, 410, 413–431
state-level factors, other, 388, 389, 390–393, 395–407, 410, 417–422
statistical analysis, 450–464
Supplemental Security Income (SSI), 427, 431, 451, 454, 460–461, 462
survey nonresponse, 30, 406, 409–412, 413
survey respondents, error of measurement, 170
telephone surveys, 2, 3–4, 55, 57, 67–75, 78–79, 403–406
urban areas, 427–472 (passim)
Leavers, see Continuous welfare leaver; Cyclic welfare users; Long-term welfare users; Short-term welfare users; Stayers
Legal issues, see Confidentiality and privacy
Legislation
administrative data, confidentiality and access, 6–7, 222, 223–224, 232, 233–241, 246, 247, 255–257, 266–267, 268, 271–274
criminal penalties for breeches, 238–239, 254–256, 263, 268, 274
Data Matching and Privacy Protection Act, 234, 235–236
educational testing, standardized, 338–339
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, 339–341
Freedom of Information Act, 233
Job Training Partnership Act, 246, 278, 291, 295–302, 310–312
Paperwork Reduction Act, 124–125
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), 1, 2, 8, 55, 275, 316–321, 330, 387, 394, 415–416, 431;
see also Temporary Assistance for Needy Families;
Time limits;
Waiver programs;
Work requirements
Privacy Act, 233, 234–235, 237, 239, 240
Linguistic factors, see Language factors
Linkage, data, see Matching, administrative data
Local-level effects
see also Qualitative studies
child well-being, 322, 329, 343
incentives, surveys, 116–117, 121
income and employment data, 275–276, 279, 282
survey nonresponse, 30
Longitudinal studies, 68, 103, 104–123
see also Bureau of the Census;
Cohort comparison studies;
Panel studies;
Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP)
administrative data linkage, 207, 336
child well-being, 324, 334, 335, 336
data sets, 203
error of measurement, 160
income and employment, 275, 277, 279–280
Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), 275, 279, 280–281, 284, 288, 289–290, 363
qualitative, general, 357, 360, 362–365
Long-term welfare users, 9, 163, 341, 371, 400, 419–447 (passim), 451–458 (passim), 462–464, 466, 471, 472, 475, 476, 477, 480–499 (passim)
M
Mail contacts, 131
address databases, 91
cost factors, 59
incentives, 4–5, 70–71, 72, 82, 102, 106–109, 110–111, 112, 120, 122, 123
in-person interviews and, 89, 91, 92, 102
leaver studies, 404–405
telephone surveys and, 58–59, 66–73 (passim), 82
Males, see Gender factors
Marriage and marital status
see also Single mothers
child well-being, 331, 336, 345
leaver studies, 440
qualitative studies, 356
survey nonresponse, 30, 37, 142–143
survey respondents, error of measurement, 167–168
Matching, administrative data, 6, 7, 41, 49, 60, 93, 132, 134, 141, 143, 153, 154, 167–168, 171, 173, 174, 175, 197, 198, 204–219, 220, 222–223, 224–227, 228–229, 235–238, 241, 252, 261, 264, 268, 276, 287–288, 298, 504
child well-being, 336, 343, 344, 346
gender factors, 210, 212, 216, 229, 252
leaver studies, 402–403, 408, 409, 411, 412, 417–422
longitudinal studies, 207, 336
statistical analyses, 205(n.2), 206, 209–211, 213–217
Maternal and Child Health Block Grant, 328–329
Maternal and Child Health Bureau, 322
Measurement error, 3, 5, 157–194
administrative data, 277, 292–295, 304–305
alcohol and drug abuse, 177, 184–185
autobiographical information, 160–171
cognitive factors, 157, 159, 160–164, 165, 167–168, 174–175, 176–177, 178–184, 187–189
Current Population Survey (CPS), 158, 168, 169, 175
definitional issues, 158
employment and income data, 7, 164–171, 173–177, 277, 282–290, 292–295, 304–305
geographic factors, 167–168
language of question, 158–159, 160–161
survey data, 157–174, 277, 282–290 (passim), 406, 408, 409
AFDC, 171–173
age factors, 167–168, 171, 176
educational attainment, 167–168, 173
race/ethnicity, 164, 171, 173, 176
urban areas, 167–168
Medicaid, 26, 69, 197, 202, 203, 226–227, 249
child well-being, 318, 320, 321, 323, 324–326, 328, 329, 330, 331, 343
leaver studies, 394, 401–402, 409, 432, 435–438, 448, 449, 463
Memory, survey respondents, 3, 5, 159, 161, 162, 163–164, 168, 175, 176–177, 180–184, 404, 408
Men, see Gender factors
Mental health and illness
see also Alcohol and drug abuse;
Child abuse and neglect
qualitative studies, 356
Minimum work requirements, see Work requirements
Minorities, see Race/ethnicity
Mortality rates, children, 317, 320, 322, 323, 327–328, 341
Moving to Opportunity experiment, 342–343
N
National Adult Literacy Survey, 121
National Assessment of Educational Progress, 121
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 91
National Change of Address, 91
National Health Interview Survey, 21
National Institute on Aging, 262
National-level studies
see also Current Population Survey;
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth;
Survey of Income and Program Participation
data sets, 203
income and employment, 275, 277, 279–290, 311
National Adult Literacy Survey, 121
National Assessment of Educational Progress, 121
National Health Interview Survey, 21
National Survey of America’s Families, 50, 66–67
National Survey of College Graduates, 116
National Survey of Family Growth, 177
Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), 275, 279, 280–281, 284, 288, 289–290, 363
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), 363
caseload heterogeneity, 482
education, 338
income and employment data, 279, 280, 284, 289, 417, 422–423
National Opinion Research Center (NORC), 4, 87, 88, 93, 96, 97, 98–99, 101, 103
National Survey of America’s Families (NSAF)
interview techniques, 66–67
response rate, 50
National Survey of College Graduates, 116
National Survey of Family Growth, 177
Noncash benefits
see also Education and training;
Food stamps
child care services, 203, 204, 205, 206, 226, 249, 319, 367, 368, 377, 416
transportation assistance, 367
Nonresponse adjustment, 3, 5, 13–54, 62, 86, 129, 130–131, 132, 133, 134–154
see also Response rates
imputation and weighting, 25–28, 131, 138–155
leaver studies, 30, 406, 409–412, 413
population-based, 147–152
state government, 132, 138–139, 140, 142–143, 411
Nutrition, 197
children, general, 322
food stamps
School Lunch Program, 203
WIC, 203, 204, 214, 249, 318, 320, 324, 343
O
Office of Management and Budget, 88, 92
incentives, surveys, 123, 124–125
Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance, 171
Open-ended questions, 357, 358–359, 375, 376, 380, 381
Organizational factors
administrative data, confidentiality issues, 243–254, 258–259, 262–264, 265, 266, 267–268
Institutional Review Boards, 88, 92, 125, 236–237, 266–267
child well-being, services fragmentation, 318
error of measurement, 160
in-person interviews, 98–100, 101, 103
qualitative studies, 381–382
Outcome data, general, 416
Outcome measures, 276–277
see also Caseload measures;
Child well-being;
Employment;
Income and earnings;
Leaver studies;
Nutrition;
Well-being
administrative data confidentiality, 251–252
administrative data linkage, general, 207
caseload heterogeneity, 473, 474
TANF administrative data linkage, 205
P
Panel studies
see also National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY);
Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID);
Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP)
qualitative, 360, 363–365, 382
Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), 275, 279, 280–281, 284, 288, 289–290, 363
Paper and pencil interviewing, 88, 89, 90, 160
Participation, see Program participation; Response rates
Penalties, see Sanctions
Personal interviews, see In-person interviews
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), 1, 2, 8, 55, 275, 316–321, 330, 387, 394, 415–416, 431
see also Temporary Assistance for Needy Families;
Time limits;
Waiver programs;
Work requirements
Postal surveys, see Mail contacts
Privacy, see Confidentiality and privacy
Privacy Act, 233, 234–235, 237, 239, 240
Private sector
confidentiality issues, researchers, 239, 241, 243–254
contractor monitoring, survey response rates, 55, 81, 94
Program participation, 198, 229, 276, 277, 356, 401–402
see also Caseload measures;
Cyclic welfare users;
Eligibility;
Leaver studies;
Short-term welfare users;
Stayers;
Survey of Income and Program Participation
leavers, 8–9, 249, 388(n.1), 416, 417–470 (passim)
child well-being, administrative data, 324, 333, 337–338, 341, 342, 344–345
continuous welfare leavers, 183, 332, 396–397, 399, 421–422, 441
definitional issues, 479–480, 490, 492, 493, 498–499
income and employment data, 275, 276
long-term welfare users, 9, 163, 341, 371, 400, 419–447 (passim), 451–458 (passim), 462–464, 466, 471, 472, 475, 476, 477, 480–499 (passim)
PSID, see Panel Study of Income Dynamics
Q
Qualitative studies, 8, 355–383
AFDC, 375–376
alcohol and drug abuse, 368
child abuse and neglect, 356
child well-being, 356, 366, 367
cost, 380–381
employment, 357, 359–361, 366–367, 378, 382
ethnographic studies, 90, 199, 356, 357, 359–360, 365–369, 375, 382
focus groups, 8, 43, 52, 357, 361–362
gender factors, 363–364, 368, 373
panel studies, 360, 363–365, 382
questionnaires, 337, 358–359, 375–377
race/ethnicity, 363–364, 370, 371, 373, 382
researcher training, 381–382
sanctions, 379
socioeconomic status, 363–364, 375–376
survey data and, 356, 357, 358–359, 377, 378
TANF, 355, 356, 359, 369, 370, 371
urban areas, 359–360, 366, 368, 370–374, 382
Questionnaires
computer-assisted personal interviewing, 88, 89, 90, 160, 177–178
computer-assisted telephone interview, 111
Current Population Survey (CPS), 281
error of measurement, 158–159, 160, 170–171, 177–180
language issues, 4, 56–57, 88, 158–159, 170–171, 178–180, 184, 187
leaver studies, 389
open-ended questions, 357, 358–359, 375, 376, 380, 381
qualitative items, 337, 358–359, 375–377
socially sensitive items, 5, 37, 66, 106, 157, 159, 164, 174–175, 177–178, 184–186
standards, interviewing protocols, 93, 96, 186
telephone interviews, 64–66, 68, 78
R
Race/ethnicity
see also Cultural factors;
Language factors
administrative data cleaning, 204, 212
administrative data linking, 210, 212, 216, 228–229
black persons, 21, 90, 91, 93, 115, 135, 136, 370, 371, 451, 454, 461, 486, 488, 493
caseload heterogeneity, 482, 486, 488, 489, 493
confidentiality and privacy, 228–229
employment, 21, 24–25, 171, 176, 482, 486, 488, 489, 493
focus groups, 362
Hispanics, 56, 88, 91, 140, 370, 451, 454, 486, 488, 489, 493
immigrants, 88, 90, 93, 366, 454, 457
incentives, surveys, 111, 115, 123
leaver studies, 428, 451, 454, 457, 467
qualitative studies, 363–364, 370, 371, 373, 382
survey respondents, error of measurement, 164, 171, 173, 176
survey response, 21, 24–25, 41, 87, 111, 115, 123, 135–136, 137–138, 140, 142, 143, 144, 146, 151
Recall, survey respondents, see Memory, survey respondents
Referral and Monitoring Agencies, 134
Regression analysis, 3, 23–25, 152, 494–496
Reporting requirements
administrative data vs survey data, 277
TANF, 275
see also Incentives, surveys;
Nonresponse adjustment
administrative data and, 27, 50, 57, 132, 133–134, 142–143, 287–288, 411
error of measurement, 167–168, 171, 173, 174, 175, 182
age factors, 29, 33, 37, 43, 135–136, 137–138, 142
cost factors, 37, 39, 41, 46, 49, 283
demographic factors, 37, 41, 42, 133, 135–140, 142, 143, 145, 146
educational attainment, 24–25, 142, 151
employment information, 21, 22, 24–25, 30, 138, 142, 159, 151
followup strategies, 4, 33, 48, 74, 75, 81, 88, 116, 131
food stamp users, 26
gender factors, 21, 37, 41, 109, 135–136, 137–138, 142, 143, 144, 146, 151
geographic factors, 13, 29–31, 33, 57, 58–59, 87, 91, 133, 142, 143
income and employment data, 296, 297, 410–411
in-person interviews, 3, 4, 31–50, 69, 77, 78, 86–104, 502
item nonresponse effects, 111–113, 130
leaver studies, 30, 57, 67–75, 78–79, 86, 92, 107, 404–405, 406, 408–412
locating sample persons, 29–31
marriage and marital status, 30, 37, 142–143
qualitative studies, 380
race/ethnicity, 21, 24–25, 41, 87, 111, 115, 123, 135–136, 137–138, 140, 142, 143, 144, 146, 151
refusal an refusal conversion, 4, 5, 25, 36, 42, 50, 63, 64, 65, 66–67, 68, 70–71, 75, 99, 408–409
rural areas, 3–4, 31, 32–33, 34, 37, 56–67, 70–75 (passim), 78–83, 87, 93, 141, 404–405, 502
social factors, 30, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 106
socioeconomic status, 37, 41, 50, 133, 142–143, 145
Supplemental Security Income (SSI), 26, 92, 94, 134–136
telephone interviews, 3–4, 31, 32–33, 34, 37, 56–67, 70–75 (passim), 78–83, 87, 93, 141, 404–405, 502
tracing and tracking, surveys, 30, 59–61, 68, 70–72, 73–75
urban areas, 21, 33, 36, 87, 142–143
welfare leavers, 3–4
Rural areas, nonresponse, surveys, 21, 33, 142
S
Sampling and sample size, 2, 3, 50, 86, 408–412
see also Caseload measures;
Response rates
administrative data, child well-being, 346
administrative data confidentiality, 261
administrative data linking, 208
administrative data vs survey data, 277, 278
alcohol and drug abuse, 93, 94
state income tax records, 57–58
Supplemental Security Income, 92, 134
focus groups, 362
incentives, 115
income and employment data, 277–284 (passim), 290, 306
in-person interview surveys, 89–94, 100
leaver studies, 9, 396–397, 401–405, 406, 418
see also Nonresponse adjustment
qualitative studies, 359–361, 362, 369–375, 379–380, 382
sample mean, 14–18
telephone surveys, 55–85
Sanctions, 395, 396–397, 399, 472, 448, 451, 454, 457, 461
child well-being and, 336, 343, 399–400
data confidentiality breaches, 238–239, 254–256, 263, 268, 274
income and employment data, 275
qualitative studies, 379
School Lunch Program, 203
Sensitivity analysis, 52
Short-term welfare users, 8, 176, 306, 400, 411, 419–420, 424–445 (passim), 456–459 (passim), 462, 466–470, 471, 472
see also Cyclic welfare users
caseload heterogeneity, 474, 480, 483–499 (passim)
child abuse, administrative data, 331, 336
income, administrative data, 306–309
qualitative studies, 366–367, 382
SIPP, see Survey of Income and Program Participation
Social factors, 4
see also Attitudes;
Cultural factors;
Language factors;
Local-level effects
child well-being, 316
confidentiality, sensitive data, 221, 230–231
qualitative studies, 356
survey nonresponse, 30, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 106
survey respondents, error of measurement, 157, 159, 160, 164, 174–175, 184–186
surveys, sensitive questions, 5, 37, 66, 106, 157, 159, 164, 174–175, 177–178, 184–186
Social Security Administration, 276, 288, 323
Social Security numbers, 58, 60, 69, 74, 208, 209, 210, 211, 214–216, 228, 238, 239, 287–288, 298, 343, 402–403
Socioeconomic status
see also Educational attainment;
Employment;
Income and earnings, general
error of measurement, 159, 164–171
qualitative panel studies, 363–364, 375–376
survey nonresponse, 37, 41, 50, 133, 142–143, 145
Soundex, 216–217
Spanish-speaking persons, see Hispanics
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC), 203, 204, 214, 249, 318, 320, 324, 343
SSI, see Supplemental Security Income
State data
administrative data, 6–7, 56–58, 69, 138–139, 142–143, 218, 222–223, 225–226, 292
child well-being, 318, 327–331
confidentiality issues, 6–7, 222–223, 238–258, 267–268, 271–274
tax records, 57–58, 239, 293, 303–309, 311, 312
block grants, child health, 328–329
criminal justice system data, 93
juvenile justice system, 7, 75, 328, 341–343, 344, 345
leaver studies, 388, 395–407, 410, 413–431
nonresponse adjustments, 132, 138–139, 140, 142–143, 411
qualitative studies, 382
unemployment insurance records, 7, 69, 132, 203, 225, 249, 276(n.3), 277, 278, 287, 290–312, 403, 406–408, 413, 417–422, 431, 442–445, 451, 462
waivers, 317
State-level issues, other, 2
caseload heterogeneity, 474, 481–482
income and employment data, 275–276, 279, 282, 284, 290–309, 417–422
leaver studies, 388, 389, 390–393, 395–407, 410, 417–422
Stayers, 9, 86, 424–429, 433–446 (passim), 450–458 (passim), 463–464, 466, 468, 471, 472
caseload heterogeneity, 474, 480–499 (passim)
Substance abuse, see Alcohol and drug abuse
Supplemental Security Income
child health status, 323
leaver studies, 427, 431, 451, 454, 460–461, 462
response to surveys, 26, 92, 94, 134–136
Survey data, 1, 3–5, 13–194, 356
see also Cognitive factors, surveys;
Incentives, surveys;
In-depth interviews;
In-person interviews;
Interviews;
Mail contacts;
National-level studies;
Questionnaires;
Response rates;
Sampling and sample size;
Telephone surveys;
specific surveys
administrative data vs,
child well-being, 324, 338, 346
error of measurement, 167–168, 171, 173, 174, 175, 182
income and employment, 6, 275–279, 287–288, 289, 295–303, 311
leaver studies, 406–408
AFDC, 276, 278–283 (passim), 289, 300
age factors, 29, 33, 37, 43, 135–136, 137–138, 142, 167–168, 171, 176
best practices, surveys, 3, 9, 55, 56, 68, 72–75, 78, 79, 86
child well-being, 324
employment and income, 6, 275, 276–290, 295–303, 403–408, 409–411
leaver studies, 2, 390–393, 403–412
measurement error, 157–194, 277, 282–290 (passim), 406, 408, 409
AFDC, 171–173
age factors, 167–168, 171, 176
educational attainment, 167–168, 173
paying respondents for participation, 105–128
qualitative studies and, 356, 357, 358–359, 377, 378
socially sensitive items, 5, 37, 66, 106, 157, 159, 164, 174–175, 177–178, 184–186
TANF, 6, 26–27, 134, 170, 278, 280, 282–283, 403, 409, 412
telephone surveys, response rates, 55–85
Survey of Consumer Attitudes, 121
Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), 363
incentives for respondents, 109–110
income and employment data, 275, 277, 279, 280–281, 284–290, 310, 311
T
TANF, see Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
Taxation
administrative data vs survey data, 277, 278, 285–286
Earned Income Tax Credits (EITC), 275, 305–306, 446–447
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 7, 285–286, 302, 303–309, 312
state income tax data, 57–58, 239, 293, 303–309, 311, 312
Technical assistance, administrative data confidentiality, 256–257, 267
Telephone surveys, 31, 32–33, 34, 37, 49, 55–85, 90, 98–100, 101, 103
access to telephones by householders, 87, 98–100, 133
answering machines, 4, 32, 48, 62–63
best practices, 55, 56, 68, 72–75, 78, 79, 86
computer-assisted telephone interview, 111
cost factors, 56, 59–61, 78–83
databases, 30, 57, 58, 59, 60, 69, 70–71
incentives, 4–5, 70–71, 72, 82–83, 106, 108, 110, 111
interviewer training, 63–64, 66, 67, 68
leaver studies, 2, 3–4, 55, 57, 67–75, 78–79, 403–406
mail contacts and, 58–59, 66–73 (passim), 82
random digit dialing (RDD) methods, 55–56, 63, 65, 76–78, 82–83, 106, 111
refusal conversion, 4, 5, 25, 36, 42, 50, 63, 64, 65, 66–67, 68, 70–71, 75, 99
response rates, 3–4, 31, 32–33, 34, 37, 56–67, 70–75 (passim), 78–83, 87, 93, 141, 404–405, 502
sampling, 55–85
tracing and tracking, 59–61, 68, 70–72, 73–75, 79–81, 98–99
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), 1, 220, 275, 387
administrative data, 6, 134, 200, 201, 203, 204, 205, 214, 224, 225, 249, 278, 283, 355, 400–403, 431, 432, 437, 445, 446
administrative data, child well-being, 316–317, 318, 324–325, 326, 327, 331–337 (passim), 343, 344, 346
caseload heterogeneity, 482
child well-being, qualitative data, 356
income and employment data, 275, 276, 278, 280, 282–283, 290, 310, 311–312
leaver studies, 8, 26–27, 72, 170, 205, 249, 356, 359, 388–403 (passim), 409, 412, 431, 432, 437, 445, 446
noncoverage, surveys, 134
program participation, 276, 280
qualitative studies, 355, 356, 359, 369, 370, 371
survey data, general, 278, 280, 282–283, 403, 409, 412
survey nonresponse, 6, 26–27, 134
survey respondents, error of measurement, 170
waivers, 317
Three-City Study, 372–373
child well-being, 343
income and employment data, 275
Tracing and tracking, 30
cost factors, 30, 59–61, 79–81, 101
followup, 4, 33, 48, 74, 75, 81, 88, 116, 131
in-person surveys, 61, 74, 92–94, 96, 101, 102
telephone surveys, 59–61, 68, 70–72, 73–75, 79–81, 98–99
Training, see Education and training
Transportation assistance, 367
U
Unemployment insurance records, 7, 69, 132, 203, 225, 249, 276(n.3), 277, 278, 287, 290–312, 403, 406–408, 413, 417–422, 431, 442–445, 451, 462
Urban areas
in-person surveys, 87, 90, 93, 96, 97
leaver studies, 427–472 (passim)
nonresponse, surveys, 21, 33, 36, 87, 142–143
qualitative studies, 359–360, 366, 368, 370–374, 382
survey respondent error of measurement, 167–168
Three-City Study, 372–373
tracing and tracking, 75
Urban Change project, 371–372, 375–376
Urban Institute, see National Survey of America’s Families
V
Vital statistics, 75, 225, 323, 327–331
W
Waiver programs, 317
Weighting, 25–28, 131, 138–155, 252, 290
Well-being, general, 389, 394–395, 406
see also Child well-being;
Health status and care;
Income and earnings, general;
Leaver studies
administrative data, 197
telephone surveys, 78
Welfare leavers, see Leaver studies
Welfare stayers, see Stayers
WIC, see Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children
Women, see Gender factors
child health status and, 321
World Wide Web, see Internet