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APPENDIXES
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188
COAL WASTE IMPOUNDMENTS
suspended in ponded water in a small impoundment. The success of this
method is closely linked to the ratio of coarse to fine particles. It also
depends on gradation of the refuse (large gaps in particle size are not
acceptable) and proper particle shape (angular or "platy" particles cause
problems). Since the impounding structure is raised by deposition of
mostly coarse material, it does not compact as the structure increases in
elevation.
This method has been used primarily in sparsely populated areas
with Tow annual rainfall. Questions remain about its suitability for steep
hills with high annual rainfall. Unlike a conventional slurry
impoundment, which contains only fine refuse, the co-disposal system
places all refuse (both coarse and fine) in a slurry and deposits it behind
an impounding structure. Therefore, even though the refuse dewaters
more quickly and forms a stable bench, it requires more impoundment
storage volume than an impoundment designed only for fine refuse. So,
for steep terrains, this factor negates the advantage of less total storage
area by actually requiring more material (both coarse and fine) to be
placed in an impoundment. Its use would hinge on whether increased
stability of the refuse outweighs the additional volume of the
impoundment.
If an effective dewatering approach, such as paste thickening, is
used, the resulting waste can be disposed of by thickened high-density
residue stacking (tech Brzezinski, LSB Consulting Services, personal
communication, 20011. Deep cone paste thickeners produce a
homogeneous, non-segregating paste with a solids content of
approximately 60 percent. The degree of dewatering is determined by the
pumping capabilities. Under controlled conditions, the paste can be
deposited in thin layers over the disposal site at uniform slopes of 2 to 5
percent and does not require an impoundment structure. This method is
most suitable for homogeneous residues of fine gradation, where the
thickening process prevents segregation of the coarse and fine particles
during transportation.
Thickened high-density residue stacking was developed more than
20 years ago to handle red mud tailings generated by alumina plants. It
has been used for approximately 10 years for disposal of gold and base
PrepublicaVon Version - Subject to Further Editorial Correction
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Appendix A
Biographical Sketches of Committee Members
FRANKLIN M. ORR, JR., chair, is the Beat Professor and Dean of the
School of Earth Sciences at Stanford University. His research interests
include multicomponent fluid phase equilibrium and its interactions with
multiphase flow in porous media. Previously he served as chair of the
Petroleum Engineering Department at Stanford University and held
positions at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Shell
Development Company, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. He
is a member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, the American Institute
of Chemical Engineers, and the Society of Industrial and Applied Mathe-
matics. He is vice-chair of the board of directors of the Monterey Bay
Aquarium Research Institute and member of the board of directors of the
David and Lucite Packard Foundation Fellowships in Science and Engi-
neering. He is also a member of the National Academy of Engineering and
has served as chair on the Panel for Review of the Energy Resources
Program of the U.S. Geological Survey.
GARY A. DAVIS is the founder and director of the University of Tennessee
Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies, a senior fellow at the
University of Tennessee Energy, Environment, and Resources Center, and
an adjunct professor of environmental law at the University of Tennessee.
He holds a B.S. in chemical engineering from the University of Cincinnati
and a J.D. from the University of Tennessee. He has conducted research on
the life-cycle environmental impacts of products, substitutes for polluting
products, and policies to encourage the use of cleaner products and
processes. Mr. Davis has been working on technical and policy issues related
to pollution prevention for more than 20 years. He has published numerous
books and articles on a variety of environmental issues. He was previously
with the California Governor's Office, where he worked on hazardous waste
and hazardous substance policy. He has also practiced environmental law for
17 years.
189
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190
COAL WASTEIMPOUNDMENTS
BARBARA A. FILAS, P.E., vice president, Mining and Environment,
Knight Piesold Consulting, is a mining engineer with more than 20 years of
experience in surface and underground mine operations, engineering, and
regulatory support for coal, metals, and industrial mineral mining projects.
Knight Piesold is one of the top dam design consulting firms in the world.
Previously Ms. Filas was an engineer with Atlas Minerals, Summit Minerals,
Monterey Coal Company, and U.S. Steel Corporation with expertise in
waste containment facility design, reclamation plans and surety estimates,
environmental site and compliance audits, and storm water and sedimen-
tation control designs. Ms. Filas holds a B.S. in mining engineering from the
University of Arizona. She is a member of several professional organizations
such as the Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc. (having
served as chair of its Environmental Division and on its Board of Directors)
and the National Society of Professional Engineers, and currently serves as a
program reviewer for the Accreditation Board of Engineering and Tech-
nology. She has published numerous articles on environmental aspects of
new project development, environmental controls, and mine waste disposal
issues and mine closure and reclamation.
C. DAVID HENRY is vice president of operations, Beard Technologies,
Inc. There his focus is to develop coal recovery operations through the
utilization of advanced technologies and to produce a high-grade fine coal
product to be sold in the general coal market. Previously, he held
engineering positions at C.D.H. Consulting and Mineral Development
Corporation. His area of expertise includes recovery and reclamation of coal
slurry impoundments, testing and analysis of coal slurry samples, slurry
pond reclamation design, and coal preparation. He has designed a sampling
system to extract slurry materials from impoundment structures and a
dredging unit.
NORBERT R. MORGENSTERN is a university professor of civil engi-
neering (emeritus), University of Alberta, and an internationally recognized
authority in the field of geotechnical engineering. He was key to the
development of one of the leading geotechnical schools, bringing about the
foundation of modern practice in permafrost engineering and slope design.
Professor Morgenstern has received numerous awards, among them: the
Walter Huber Engineering Research Prize from the American Society of
Civil Engineers, the Canadian Geotechnical Society Prize, including the
Legget Award, the Alberta Order of Excellence, and the Order of Canada.
His publications number approximately 300, dealing with foundation
engineering, environmental issues, mine abandonment, soil and rock
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APPENDIXA
191
mechanics, embankment dams, and arctic soils and excavation. He is
affiliated with several professional associations and has served on various
committees, including the International Society for Soil Mechanics and
Foundation engineering (past president), the Engineering Institute of Canad
(past president), the Canadian Geoscience Council (past president), the
Canadian Geotechnical Society, the Association of Engineering Geologists,
and the Geological Society of London. Professor Morgenstern has consulted
on projects in 35 countries and has assisted in technology transfer to
developing countries through the United Nations and other agencies. He is
also a member of the National Academy of Engineering and a fellow of the
National Academies of Engineering in Canada, the United Kingdom, and
India.
DAVID A. NEWMAN, P.E., P.G., is president of Appalachian Mining and
Engineering, Inc./Geolab and president of Newman Engineering, PSC. From
1984 to 1988, he was an assistant professor of mining engineering at the
University of Kentucky. He holds a Ph.D. in mining engineering from
Pennsylvania State University. Dr. Newman's areas of expertise include
rock and soil mechanics, geotechnical engineering, subsidence prediction
and abatement, slope stability, analysis of refuse impoundment stability,
underground mine stability, and evaluation of underground mine workings
beneath coal refuse impoundments. He holds patent disclosures for sampling
devices and mining equipment. He has directed a number of projects on
slope stability, focusing on computer-based analysis of soil slopes and
impoundments; operational and regulatory considerations for a slurry
impoundment; and slurry reclamation. Dr. Newman's memberships in
professional societies include the Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and
Exploration, Inc., serving on the Rock Mechanics Award Committee, as
chair and the Professional Engineering Examination Committee; and the
Acid Mine Drainage Committee of the National Coal Association.
RAJA V. RAMANI, P.E., holds the Anne B. and George H. Jr. Deike Chair
in mining engineering at the Pennsylvania State University where he has
been on the faculty since 1970 and is a professor of mining and geo-
environmental engineering. His research activities include 6 years of
experience in the coal mining industry, flow mechanisms of air, gas, and
dust in mining environs, innovative mining methods, and health, safety,
productivity, and environmental issues in the mineral industry. He has
published more than 200 research papers, contributed to 25 books, and
edited the proceedings of 15 national and international symposiums. Dr.
Ramani has been a consultant to the United Nations and the World Bank and
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COAL WASTEIMPOUNDMENTS
has received numerous awards from academic and technical and professional
societies. He was the 1995 president of the Society for Mining, Metallurgy,
and Exploration, Inc. He served on the U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services' Mine Health Research Advisory Committee (1991-1998~.
He was the chair of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences' Committee on
Post Disaster Survival and Rescue (1979-1981), and served on the NAS
Committee on Mining Technologies (2000-2001) and the Health Research
Panel of the NAS Committee on the Research programs of the U.S. Bureau
of Mines (1994~. He was a member of the Department of the Interior's
Advisory Board to the Director of U.S. Bureau of Mines (1995), and a
member of the Secretary of Labor's Advisory Committee on the Elimination
of Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis (1995-1996~.
ROBERT L. SCHUSTER, P.E., P.G., is an engineering geology and
geotechnical engineering consultant. He retired from the U.S. Geological
Survey in 1995 but continues to serve that agency as a scientist emeritus. His
research interests include slope failure, engineering geologic aspects of
natural, water-storage, and tailings dams, and geologic hazards mitigation.
He holds a Ph.D. from Purdue University in civil engineering. He has served
as professor of civil engineering at the University of Colorado, professor and
head of the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Idaho, and chief
of the Engineering Geology Branch, U.S. Geological Survey. Among other
honors, Dr. Schuster has been awarded the Distinguished Service Award of
the U.S. Department of the Interior, the International Meritorious Service
Award of The Japan Landslide Society, a NATO Senior Fellowship in
Science to the University of London, and a Senior Fulbright Scholarship to
MacQuarie University, Australia. He is a member or fellow of numerous
professional societies and has served on several NRC boards and
committees. Dr. Schuster has written or edited more than 250 papers, texts,
and reports on topics in engineering geology and geotechnical engineering.
MADAN M. SINGH, P.E., is president of Engineers International, Inc. He
has held research positions at the Pennsylvania State University and IIT
Research Institute. Dr. Singh's research interests and expertise encompass
diverse aspects of rock mechanics, mining, hydrogeology, and geotechnical
engineering. He developed a graduate-level course in mine subsidence
engineering at the Pennsylvania State University and acted as advisor during
the drafting of subsidence-control legislation in He Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania. He has a Ph.D. in mining engineering from the Pennsylvania
State University. Dr. Singh has served in several capacities for professional
societies, including national director of the American Consulting Engineers
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APPENDIXA
193
Council, president of the Consulting Engineers Council of Illinois, member
of the Board of Directors of the Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and
Exploration, Inc. (SME), chair of the SME Coal Division, and chair of the
American Society for Testing and Materials subcommittee on rock strength.
He has authored more than 100 technical papers, in addition to serving as
chapter author on mine subsidence in the SME Mining Engineering
Handbook (also associate editor) and Mining Environmental Handbook and,
as editor of the "Legislative Update" for the Hazardous Waste Action
Coalition. Dr. Singh has served on two NAS/NRC committees, the U.S.
National Committee on Rock Mechanics (1977-1980) and the U.S. National
Committee on Tunneling Technology (1974-1976~. He was named a
Centennial Fellow by the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences (1996) and
honored with the Robert Stefanko Distinguished Achievement Award by the
Department of Energy and Geoenvironmental Engineering (1999), both at
the Pennsylvania State University. He won the Howard N. Eavenson Award
of SME in 2000.
DON W. STEEPLES, is currently Dean A. McGee Distinguished Professor
of Applied Geophysics, Department of Geology at the University of Kansas,
and president of Great Plains Geophysical, Inc. Previously, he held positions
at the Kansas Geological Survey. He holds a Ph.D. in geophysics from
Stanford University. Dr. Steeples is involved in the development and appli-
cation of noninvasive geophysical techniques, specifically, shallow seismic
reflection methods applied to environmental and groundwater problems. He
has served on several NAS/NRC committees, such as the Committee for
Noninvasive Characterization of the Shallow Subsurface for Environmental
and Engineering Applications, the Geotechnical Board, and the Committee
to Examine the Research Needs of the Advanced Extraction and Process
Technology Program. He has published more than 100 articles on the
application of geophysical methods and is currently an editorial referee for
more than 20 scholarly journals, including Geophysical Journal International,
Geology, Geophysics, Journal of Applied Geophysics, Journal of Contaminant
Hydrology, Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, and
Journal of Geophysical Research.
CLINTON L. STRACHAN, P.E., senior geotechnical engineer, Shepherd
Miller Incorporated, is a civil engineer with a specialty in geotechnical
engineering. Mr. Strachan has been involved with mining and geotechnical
engineering projects worldwide. Project experience includes site selection,
site exploration, material characterization, design, permitting, construction,
and reclamation. Mr. Strachan holds a B.S. in agricultural engineering
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COAL WASTEIMPOUNDMENTS
(1972) and a M.S. in civil engineering (1979), both from Colorado State
University. He is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers and
the Society of Mining Engineers, and chair of the Tailings Dam Committee,
U.S. Society on Dams (formerly the U.S. Commission on Large Dams). Mr.
Strachan has authored several papers on mine facilities, site investigation,
design, and reclamation.
RICHARD J. SWEIGARD, P.E., is chair and professor in the Department
of Mining Engineering, University of Kentucky. Prior to his academic
positions, he was an engineer for Consol Coal Company and a consulting
engineering geologist. Dr. Sweigard's research falls under the category of
environmental impacts of mining, including the alleviation of excessive
compaction of reconstructed soil, postmining land use, slope stabilization on
abandoned mine lands, and disposal of coal combustion by-products. He is a
registered engineer in Pennsylvania. His professional activities include
membership in the Society of Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, and the
American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation; and formerly the
American Society of Civil Engineers.
JACK TISDALE is a self-employed coal mine safety specialist, with a
specialty in mine safety programs, Mine Safety and Health Administration
(MSHA) regulations, and accident analysis. He is retired from MSHA,
where he became chief of the Safety Division and program manager of the
Accident Investigation (1991-1997) and worked as a safety specialist (1988-
1991~. He received the Department of Labor Award for Distinguished
Career Service (19944. While working at MSHA, he also directed several
major MSHA special projects including the Bleeder and Gob Ventilation
Training Course, the Surface Haulage Task Force, and the implementation
of the 1992 Mine Ventilation Regulations. Previously, he developed safety
and training programs while working for several companies within the coal
mining industry, including Eastem Associated Coal Corporation (1977-
1982), Pennsylvania Mines Corporation (1982-1985), and Island Creek
Corporation (1986-1988~. Mr. Tisdale earned a B.S. degree in mining
engineering from the University of Illinois. He served as a commissioned
officer with the U.S. Navy Reserve (1955-1957~. He was a federal coal mine
inspector for the Bureau of Mines in Kentucky, Virginia, and Indiana (1962-
1971) and the sub-district manager and district manager in Pennsylvania and
northern West Virginia (1971-1977~.
DAVID R. WIJNSCH, P.G., is currently the state geologist and director of
the New Hampshire Geological Survey. He is also an adjunct professor at
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APPENDIXA
195
Dartmouth College and the University of New Hampshire. Previously, he
was the coordinator of the Coal-Field Hydrology Program at the Kentucky
Geological Survey, and an adjunct professor at the University of Kentucky,
where he taught courses in applied hydrogeology and low-temperature
geochemistry. He holds a Ph.D. in hydrogeology from the University of
Kentucky, Lexington. His area of expertise includes mine hydrology and
reclamation, geologic hazards, groundwater exploration, and groundwater
geochemistry. Dr. Wunsch served as a congressional science fellow, where
he advised the U.S. House of Representatives' Subcommittee on Energy and
Mineral Resources. He has authored more than 40 technical publications
related to coalfield hydrology, and has served on numerous state and federal
task forces and committees, including the Kentucky Ground Water
Monitoring Committee, and an OSM task force charged with preparing a
technical guidance document to aid in the prevention of hydraulic blow-outs
from underground coal mines. He is a member of several professional
organizations, including the Association of American State Geologists, the
American Geophysical Union, the Geological Society of America, Sigma
Xi, and the Association of Ground Water Scientists and Engineers. Dr.
Wunsch was chosen as Outstanding Kentucky Geologist, 1999, by the
Kentucky Chapter of the American Institute of Professional Geologists, and
by the John Webster Foster Memorial Lecturer, Illinois State University. Dr.
Wunsch is a registered professional geologist in the Commonwealth of
Kentucky.
NRC Staff
TAMARA L. DICKINSON, study director, is a Senior Program Officer
with the National Research Council's Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,
responsible for managing the Earth Resources activities of the Board. She
has served as program director for the Petrology and Geochemistry Program
in the Division of Earth Sciences at the National Science Foundation. She
has also served as discipline scientist for the Planetary Materials and
Geochemistry Program at NASA Headquarters. As a post-doctoral fellow at
the NASA Johnson Space Center, she conducted experiments on the origin
and evolution of lunar rocks and highly reduced igneous meteorites. She
holds a Ph.D. and an M.S. in geology from the University of New Mexico
and a B.A. in geology from the University of Northern Iowa.
KAREN L. IMHOF is a senior project assistant for the Board on Earth
Sciences and Resources of the National Research Council. She previously
=
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COAL WASTEI`~POUNDMENTS
worked on the Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources. Before coming
to the Academies, she worked as a staff and administrative assistant in
diverse organizations, including the National Wildlife Federation, and the
Three Mile Island nuclear facility.
KRISTEN L. KRAPF is a research associate for the Board on Earth
Sciences and Resources of the National Research Council. She holds a B.A.
and an M.S. in environmental sciences from the University of Virginia.
Previously, she was the director of programs at the Renewable Natural
Resources Foundation in Bethesda, Maryland.
MONICA R. LIPSCOMB is a research assistant for the Board on Earth
Sciences and Resources of the National Research Council. She is completing
a master's degree in urban and regional planning at Virginia Polytechnic
Institute. Previously, she served as a Peace Corps volunteer in the Ivory
Coast and worked as a biologist at the National Cancer Institute. She holds a
B.S. in environmental and forest biology from the State University of New
York at Syracuse.
KERI H. MOORE is a research associate for the Board on Earth Sciences
and Resources at the National Research Council. She holds an M.S. in
geology from the Colorado School of Mines and a B.S. in geology with a
minor in Russian studies from the College of William and Mary. Previously,
she worked as a consulting geologist for mineral exploration companies in
Denver and Vancouver.
WINFIELD SWANSON is a self-employed editorial consultant who writes,
edits, does research, manages projects, and compiles indexes primarily for the
scientific community in Washington, DC. From 1984 until 1995, she served
as managing editor of the National Geographic Society's scholarly quarterly,
Research & Exploration'. She has a B.A. in biology from Adelphi University.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
earth sciences
