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Internationa! Role of
U.S. Geoscience
Committee on Global and International Geology
Board on Earth Sciences
Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1987
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Medicine. The members of the committee
special competences and with regard for
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing
Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the
National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of
responsible for the report were chosen for their
appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures
approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of
Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of
distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the
furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the
authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1862, the Academy has a mandate
that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and-technical matters. Dr.
Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the
National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is
autonomous in its administration and in its selection of its members, sharing with the
National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The
National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting
national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements
of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences
to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of
policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the
responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be
an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of
medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Thier is president of the Institute
of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916
to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of
government. Functioning in accordance
the Council has become the principal
operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of
Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and
engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the
Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice
chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
furthering knowledge and of advising the federal
with general policies determined by the Academy,
Support for this project was provided under general funds for the Board on Earth
Sciences through the following agencies: the National Science Foundation, U.S. Geological
Survey, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Agency,
National Geodetic Survey (NOAA), Department of Energy, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
Available from
Committee on Global and International Geology
Board on Earth Sciences
2101 Constitution Avenue
Washington, D.C. 20418
Printed in the United States of America
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COMMITTEE ON GLOBAL AND INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGY
B. Clark Burchfiel, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chairman
Clarence R. Allen, California Institute of Technology
G. Arthur Barber, Deep Observation and Sampling of the Earth
Continental Crust (DOSECC), Washington, D.C.
Kevin Burke, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston
John C. Crowell, University of California, Santa Barbara
Doris M. Curtis (consulting geologist) Bellaire, Texas
Edward A. Flinn, National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
Washington, D.C.
L S
William K. Gealey (consulting geologist) Mill Valley, California
Linn Hoover, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia (deceased)
John A. Reinemund, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.
Sigmund Snelson, Shell Development Company, Houston
Liaison Member
William R. Greenwood, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia
Staff
William E. Benson, Senior Staff Officer
This report is dedicated to the late Linn Hoover. An editorial
written by Dr. Hoover, a member of this committee, in February 1985
focuses on international geoscience cooperation and is pertinent to
this report. His editorial is given in Appendix A.
. , .
111
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BOARD ON EARTH SCIENCES
W. G. Ernst, ~
Robin Brett, U.S. Geological Survey
Randolph W. Bromery, University of Massachusetts
Lawrence M. Cathles, Cornell University
Larry W. Finger, Carnegie Institution of Washington
Robert N. Ginsburg, University of Miami
Alexander F. H. Goetz, University of Colorado
Kate H. Hadley, Exxon Company, U.S.A.
Michel T. Halbouty, M. T. Halbouty Energy Company
Joseph V. Smith, University of Chicago
Sean C. Solomon, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Steven Stanley, Johns Hopkins University
George A. Thompson, Stanford University
Donald L. Turcotte, Cornell University
University of California, Los Angeles, Chairman
U.S. Geological
Ex-Officio Members
Paul B. Barton, Jr., U.S. Geological Survey
Donald M. Hunten, University of Arizona
Liaison Members
Miriam Baltuck, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Andrew Murphy, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Philip Cohen, U.S. Geological Survey
Bruce Doe, U.S. Geological Survey
Robert M. Hamilton, TT .R
~.v. Geological Survey
Bruce B. Hanshaw, 28th International Geological Congress
James F. Hays, National Science Foundation
John G. Heacock, Office of Naval Research
Donald F. Heinrichs, National Science Foundation
Marvin E. Kauffman, American Geological Institute
William M. Kaula, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Ben Kelly, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
George A. Kolstad, Department of Energy
Ian D. MacGregor, National Science Foundation
Dallas L. Peck, U.S. Geological Survey
John J. Schanz, Jr., Congressional Research Service
Shelby G. Tilford, NASA
Raymond Watts, U.S. Geological Survey
Kenneth N. Weaver, Maryland Geological Survey
Arthur J. Zeizel, Federal Emergency Management Agency
Joseph W. Berg, Jr., Staff Director
William E. Benson, Senior Staff Officer
iv
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COMMISSION ON PHYSICAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICS,
AND RESOURCES
Norman Hackerman, National Research Council, Chairman
Clarence R. Allen, California Institute of Technology
Thomas D. Barrow, Standard Oil Company (retired)
Elkan R. Blout, Harvard Medical School
George F. Carrier, Harvard University
Dean E. Eastman, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center
Joseph L. Fisher, Office of the President, George Mason University
William A. Fowler, California Institute of Technology
Gerhart Friedlander, Brookhaven National Laboratory
Mary L. Good, Allied Signal Corporation
Phillip A. Griffiths, Duke University
J. Ross Macdonald, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Charles J. Mankin, Oklahoma Geological Survey
Perry L. McCarty, Stanford University
William D. Phillips, Mallinckrodt, Inc.
Richard J. Reed, University of Washington
Robert E. Sievers, University of Colorado
Edward C. Stone, Jr., California Institute of Technology
Karl K. Turekian, Yale University
George W. Wetherill, Carnegie Institution of Washington
Irving Wladawsky-Berger, IBM Corporation
Raphael C. Rasper, Executive Director
Lawrence E. McCray, Associate Executive Director
v
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PREFACE
During the past decade increasing concern has been expressed over
the deteriorating position of U.S. geoscientists in international
activities, such as the inadequacy of U.S. support for the
International Geological Correlation Program (IGCP). Our competitive
position has been steadily eroded through declining U.S. activities at
the same time that other countries (e.g., France, Federal Republic of
Germany, the United Kingdom, Japan, and the USSR) are mounting vigorous
international programs with broad government support.
H. D. Hedberg, originator of the IGCP, and W. G. Ernst, then
chairman of the Geology Section of the National Academy of Sciences,
requested an evaluation of the situation. Initial response involved a
workshop on U.S. participation in International Cooperation in Science
and Technology.
A more complete response assigned the study of the international
situation to the Geological Sciences Board, now the Board on Earth
Sciences. The board in turn established the Committee on Global and
International Geology and charged it to report on all aspects of
American participation in international geologic activities--academic,
governmental, and industrial--and to recommend how current involvement
could be improved and strengthened.* The full committee met three
times and consulted with numerous other geoscientists in gathering the
data for its report and recommendations.
This report primarily addresses decision-makers in governmental and
nongovernmental organizations. Support of the Board on Earth Sciences
and this committee by the following federal agencies is gratefully
acknowledged: National Science Foundation, U.S. Geological Survey,
Department of Energy, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA), Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers.
*The full charge to the committee is given in Appendix B.
. .
V11
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CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION
2. INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE ACTIVITIES IN U.S.
FOREIGN POLICY
Background and Significance, 7
Evolution of the Geoscience Role in Mineral Policy, Foreign
Policy, and National Security, 9
Mineral Policy, 9
Foreign Policy, 12
Summary, 15
1
5
3. INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE ACTIVITIES IN U.S. ECONOMIC
INTERESTS 16
Background, 16
Evolution of Geoscience Activities Abroad in Relation to
U.S. Economic Interests, 17
Energy and Mineral Resources, 18
Seabed Resources, 22
Polar Studies, 23
Geologic Hazards and the Environment, 23
Remote Sensing 9&
Summary, 26
~ -
~ cat, —
Contractual Services and Equipment Market, 26
INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE ACTIVITIES IN U.S. SCIENTIFIC
INTERESTS 28
Background, 28
Evolution of International Geoscience Activities, 30
The International Geological Congress, 30
The International Union of Geological Sciences, 31
The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, 32
The IGY and Its Successors, 32
1X
Sciences, 31
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The International Geological Correlation Program, 33
Earth System Science, 33
Intergovernmental Activities, 34
Agency-Sponsored Programs, 34
The Situation Today, 35
Summary, 35
SUMMARY OF NEEDS
Summary of Needs, 37
Recommendations, 38
REFERENCES
APPENDIXES
A The View from the Moscow Meeting, by Linn Hoover, 47
B Charge to the Committee on Global and International
Geology, 49
C Evolution and Importance of International Activitie
in the Geosciences, A Background Paper by John C.
Crowell, William E. Benson, and John A. Reinemund, 50
D A More Global Tech View, by Eugene B. Skolnikoff, 5
E Statement on Science in the International Setting a
Adopted by the National Science Board, 61
F Letter to G.A. Barber Listing Banks with Interests
Foreign Minerals, 66
G Minerals Industry Status Report, by G.A. Barber, 68
H A Partial Survey of Production and Availability of
Foreign Geoscience Maps, compiled by D.M. Curtis, 71
Statement of William P. Pendley, Deputy Assistant
Secretary, Energy and Minerals, Department of the
Interior, Before the Committee on Science and
Technology, July 28, 1981, 74
J U.S. Geological Survey International Cooperative
Agreements Currently in Force, 78
K Cooperative Science with Hungary, 82
L Participating Agency Service Agreement (PASA)
Between the Agency for International Development and
U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 87
M Fourth International Symposium on Mineral Resources of
the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural
Resources (Geo-Resources and Environment), 91
N International Centre for Training and Geological
Exchanges (ICTGE), 93
x
37
41
45
