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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2001. Science and Technology for Environmental Cleanup at Hanford. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10220.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2001. Science and Technology for Environmental Cleanup at Hanford. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10220.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2001. Science and Technology for Environmental Cleanup at Hanford. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10220.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2001. Science and Technology for Environmental Cleanup at Hanford. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10220.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2001. Science and Technology for Environmental Cleanup at Hanford. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10220.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2001. Science and Technology for Environmental Cleanup at Hanford. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10220.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2001. Science and Technology for Environmental Cleanup at Hanford. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10220.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2001. Science and Technology for Environmental Cleanup at Hanford. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10220.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2001. Science and Technology for Environmental Cleanup at Hanford. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10220.
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References Becker' Agnew, S.F.1997. Hanford Tank Chemical and Radionuclide Inventories (HDW Model Rev. 4~. Los Alamos, N.M.: Los Alamos National Laboratory. LA-UR-96-3860. Agnew, S.F, and R.A. Corbin.1998. Analysis of SX Farm Leak - Histories Historical Leak Model (HLM). Los Alamos, N.M.: Los Alamos National Laboratory. Anderson, F.J., and L. Soler.2000. Interim measures to limit the migration of radioactive contaminants through the vadose zone at Hanford's single shell tank farms [abstract]. EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union 81~48~: F413. Bechtel Hanford, Inc. (BHI).1996. Focused Feasibility Study of Engineered Barriers for Waste Management Units in the 200 Areas. Richland, Wash.: Bechtel Hanford, Inc. DOE/RL-93-33. Bechtel Hanford, Inc. (BHI).1999. Groundwater/\/adose Zone Integration Project: Preliminary System Assessment Capability Concepts for Architecture, Platform and Data Management, Richland, Wash.: Bechtel Hanford, Inc. C.D.1990. Aquatic Bioenvironmental Studies: The Hanford Experience 1944-1984. Studies in Environmental Science 39. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Brevick, C.H.1994. Historical Tank Content Estimate for the Northeast Quadrant of the Hanford 200 East Areas. Richland, Wash.: Brevick, Brevick, Westinghouse Hanford Company. WHC-SD-WM-ER-349 Rev 0. C.H.1995a. Historical Tank Content Estimate for the Southwest Quadrant of the Hanford 200 West Area. Richland, Wash.: Westinghouse Hanford Company. WHC-SD-WM-ER-352 Rev 0. C.H.1995b. Historical Tank Content Estimate for the Northwest Quadrant of the Hanford 200 West Area. Richland, Wash.: Westinghouse Hanford Company. WHC-SD-WM-ER-351 Rev 0. Brevick, C.H.1995c. Historical Tank Content Estimate for the Southeast Quadrant of the Hanford 200 East Areas. Richland, Wash.: Westinghouse Hanford Company. WHC-SD-WM-ER-350 Rev 0. Buesseler, K.O., M.H. Dai, S. Pike, J.M. Kelley, and OF Wacker. 2000. Speciation, Mobility and Fate of Actinide Element Isotopes in Groundwater. Presentation at EMSP Vadose Zone Principal Investigator Workshop, Nov. 28-Dec. 03, 2000. Capel, P.D., and S.J. Larson. 2001. Effect of scale on the behavior of atrazine in surface waters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35: 648-657 . 154

References 155 Carroll, S., C.l. Steefel, and P. Zhao. 2000. Cesium transport in Hanford secliments: Integration of batch and column experiments [abstract]. EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 81~48~: F405. Payer, M.J., E.M. Murphy, J.L. Down, F.O. Khan, C.W. Lindenmeier, and B.N. Bjornstad. 1999. Recharge Data Package for the Immobilized Low-Activity Waste 2001 Performance Assessment. Richland, Wash.: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. PNNL- 1 3033. Farris, W.T., B.A. Napier, T.A. Ikenberry, J.C. Simpson, and D.B. Shipler. 1994. Atmospheric Pathway Dosimetry Report, 1944-1992. Richlancl, Wash.: Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories. PNWD- 2228 HEDR. Flury, M., J. Mathison, and J. Harsh. 2000. In situ mobilization of colloids in Hanford sediments during tank leakage [abstract]. EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union 81~48~: F414-F415. Frissell, C.A., W.J. Liss, C.E. Warren, and M.D. Hurley.1986. A hierarchical framework for stream habitat classification: Viewing streams in a watershed context. Environmental Management 10: 199-214. Gephart, R.E. 1999. A short history of plutonium production and nuclear waste generation, storage, and release at the Hanford Site. Richland, Wash.: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. PNNL- SA-321 52. Gephart R.E., and R.E. Lundgren. 1998. Hanford Tank Cleanup: A Guide to Understanding the Technical Issues. Columbus, Ohio: Battelle Press. PNL-10773. Gerber, M.S. 1992. Legend and Legacy: Fitty Years of Defense Production at the Hanford Site. Richland, Wash.: Westinghouse Hanford Company. WHC-MR-0293. Rev. 2. Gorelick, S., C. An drews, and J. Mercer. 1999. Report of the Peer Review Panel on the Proposed Hanford Site-Wide Groundwater Model. On-line. Available at http://terrassa.pnl.gov:2080/ gwmodeling/peerreport.html. Accessed October 26, 2000. Hanlon, B.M. 2000. Waste Tank Summary Report For Month Ending July 31, 2000. Richland, Wash.: CH2MHill Hanford Group, Inc. HNF- EP-0182 Rev.148. Hartman, M.~., L.F Morasch, and W.D. Webber, eds., 2000. Hanford Site Groundwater Monitoring for Fiscal Year 1999. Richland, Wash.: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. PNNL-131 16. Heeb, C.M. 1994. Radionuclide Releases to the Atmosphere from Hanford Operations, 1944-1972. Richland, Wash.: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. PNWD-2222-HEDR.

156 Science and Technology for Environmental Cleanup Heeb, C.M., and D.J. Bates. 1994. Radionuclide Releases to the Columbia River from Hanford Operations, 1944-1971. Richland, Wash.: Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories. PNWD-2223- HEDR. Kerans, B.L., and J.R. Karr. 1994. A benthic index of biotic integrity (B- IBl) for rivers of the Tennessee Valley. Ecological Applications 4: 768-785. Kersting, A.B., D.W. Efurd, D.L. Finnegan, D.J. Rokop, D.K. Smith, and J.L. Thompson. 1999. Migration of plutonium in ground water at the Nevada Test Site. Nature 397~6714~: 56-59. Kincaid, C.T., P.W. Eslinger, W.E. Nichols, A.L. Bunn, R.W. Bryce, T.B. Miley, M.C. Richmond, S.F. Snyder, R.L. Aaberg. 2000. Groundwater/\/adose Zone Integration Project System Assessment Capability (Revision 0~: Assessment Description, Requirements, Software Design, and Test Plan. Richland, Wash.: Bechtel Hanford, Inc. BHI-01365. Meinzer O.E., and L.K. Wenzel. 1942. Movement of ground water and its relation to head, permeability, and storage: in Meinzer, O.E., ea., Hydrology: National Research Council, Physics of the Earth 9: 444~77. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. Minshall, G.W. 1988. Stream ecosystem theory: a global perspective. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 74~4~: 263-288. Myers, D.A., and G.W. Gee. 2000, Moisture distribution in Hanford's SX Tank Farm [abstract]. EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 81~48~: F386. Napier, B.A. 1992. Determination of Radionuclides and Pathways Contributing to Cumulative Dose; Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction Project Dose Code Recovery Activities- Calculation 004. Richland, Wash.: Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories. BN-SA-3673 HEDR. National Research Council (NRC). 1994a. The Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction Project: A Review of Four Documents. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. National Research Council (NRC). 1994b. Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. National Research Council (NRC). 1995. A Review of Two Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction Project (HEDR) Dosimetry Reports: Columbia River Pathway and Atmospheric Pathway. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

References National Research Council (NRC).1996. The Hanford Tanks: Environmental Impacts and Policy Choices. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. National Research Council (NRC).1997. Building an Effective Environmental Management Science Program: Final Assessment. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. National Research Council (NRC).1998. Peer Review in Environmental 157 Technology Development Programs: The Department of Energy's Office of Science and Technology. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. National Research Council (NRC).1999a. An End State Methodology for Identifying Technology Needs for Environmental Management, with an Example from the Hanford Site Tanks. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. National Research Council (NRC).1999b. Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities: Risk-Based Methods. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. National Research Council (NRC). 2000a. Research Needs in Subsurface Science. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. National Research Council (NRC). 2000b. Hanford Thyroid Disease Study Draft Final Report. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. National Research Council (NRC). 2000c. Long-Term Institutional Management of U.S. Department of Energy Legacy Waste Sites. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL).1999. Hanford Site Environmental Report for Calendar Year 1998: Richland, Wash.: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. PNNL-12088. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). 2000a. Hanford Site Environmental Report for Calendar Year 1999: Richland, Wash.: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. PNNL-12088. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). 2000b. Answers to Questions Concerning the Hanford Site from National Research Council Committee Meeting #2, June 20-22. Richland Wash.: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Rhodes, R.1986. The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon and Schuster. Rickard, W.H., and R.H. Gray.1995. The Hanford Reach of the Columbia River: A refuge for fish and riverine wildlife and plants in eastern Washington. Natural Areas Journal 15~1): 68-74. Rickard, W.H., and D.G. Watson.1985. Four decades of environmental change and their influence upon native wildlife and fish on the mid-Columbia River, Washington, USA. Environmental Conservation 12~3~: 241-248.

158 Science and Technology for Environmental Cleanup Rohay, V.J. 2000. Performance Evaluation Report for Soil Vapor Extraction Operations at the Carbon Tetrachloride Site, February 1992 - September 1999. Richland, Wash.: Bechtel Hanford, Inc. BHI-00720 Rev. 4. Rosenberg, D.M., and V.H. Resh, eds., 1993. Freshwater Biomonitoring and Benthic Macroinvertebrates. New York: Chapman and Hall. Schaeffer, D.J., E.E. Herricks, and H.W. Kerster. 1988. Ecosystem Health: 1. Measuring Ecosystem Health. Environ. Management 12~4~: 445-456. Schaeffer, D.~J., and E.E. Herricks. 1993. Biological Monitors of Pollution, in M. Corn, ea., Handbook of Hazardous Materials. New York: Academic Press: 69-80. Stonestrom, D.A. 1996. An overview of unsaturated-flow theory as applied to the phenomena of infiltration and drainage: in Stevens, P.R., and T.J. Nicholson, ads., Joint U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Workshop on Research Related to Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 95- 401: 83-90. TechCon. 1999a. Forum Proceedings Volume 1, May4-6, 1999. Reducing Water Infiltration Around Hanford Tanks. Hills Conference Center, Richland, Wash. TechCon. 1 999b. Forum Proceedings Volume 2, May 4-6, 1999. Reducing Water Infiltration Around Hanford Tanks. Hills Conference Center, Richland, Wash. Thompson, J.N., O.J. Reichman, P.J. Morin, G.A. Polls, M.E. Power, R.W. Sterner, C.A. Couch, L. Gough, R. Holt, D.U. Hooper, F. Keesing, C.R. Lovell, R.T. Milne, M.C. Molles, D.W. Roberts, and S.Y. Strauss. 2001. Frontiers of Ecology. Bioscience 51~1~:15-24. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).1992a. 200 East Groundwater Aggregate Area Management Study Report. Richland, Wash.: U.S. Department of Energy. DOE/RL-92-19. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).1992b. 200 West Groundwater Aggregate Area Management Study Report. Richland, Wash.: U.S. Department of Energy. DOE/RL-92-16. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).1996. SX Tank Farm Report: Grand Junction, Col.: U.S. Department of Energy. DOE/ID-12584-268. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). 1 997a. History of the Plutonium Production Facilities at the Hanford Site Historic District, 1943- 1990: Richland, Wash.: U.S. Department of Energy. DOE/RL-97-

References 1947. On-line. Available at http://www.hanford.gov/docs/rl-97- 1047/index.htm. Accessed March 2, 2001. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).1997b. Tank Waste Remediation System Vadose Zone Contamination Issue: Independent Expert Panel Status Report. Richland, Wash.: U.S. Department of Energy. DOE/RL-97-49 Rev. 0. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).1997c. Waste Site Grouping for 200 Areas Soil Investigations. Richland, Wash.: U.S. Department of Energy. DOE/RL-96-81 Rev. 0. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).1997d. Linking Legacies: Connecting the Cold War Nuclear Weapons Production Processes to Their Environmental Consequences. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy. DOE/EM-0319. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).1998a. GroundwaterNadose Zone Integration Project: Background Information and State of Knowledge: Richland, Wash.: U.S. Department of Energy. DOE/RL-98-48 Vol. ll Rev 0. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).1998b. Accelerating Cleanup: Paths to Closure. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy. DOE/EM-0362. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).1998c. Management and Integration of Hanford Site Groundwater and Vadose Zone Activities. Richland, Wash.: U.S. Department of Energy. DOE/RL-98-03. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).1998d. GroundwaterNadose Zone Integration Project Specification. Richland, Wash.: U.S. Department of Energy. DOE/RL-98~8. Draft C. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).1998e. Accelerating Cleanup: Paths to Closure, Hanford Site. Richland, Wash.: U.S. Department of Energy. DOE/RL-97-57. Rev. 0. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).1998f. Hanford Site Historic District: Reactor Operations. Richland, Wash.: U.S. Department of Energy. DOE/RL-97-lnternet-1047. On-line. Available at hKp://www. hanford.gov/docs/rl-97- 1047/reactor_ops/contributions.htm. Accessed March 2, 2001. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).1998g. Commercial Nuclear Fuel from U.S. and Russian Surplus Defense Inventories: Materials, Policies, and Market Effects. Washington, DC.: Energy Information Administration. DOE/EIA-0619. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).1999a. Final Hanford Comprehensive Land-Use Plan Environmental Impact Statement: Richland, Wash.: U.S. Department of Energy. DOE/EIS-0222F. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).1999b. GroundwaterNadose Zone Integration Project Science and Technology Summary 159

160 Science and Technology for Environmental Cleanup Description. Richland, Wash.: U.S. Department of Energy. DOE/RL-98-48. Vol. lilt Rev. 0 . U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).1999c. GroundwaterNadose Zone Integration Project Inventory Scoping Study for the System Assessment Capability. Richland, Wash.: U.S. Department of Energy. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).1999d. 200-BP-1 Prototype Barrier Treatability Test Report. Richland, Wash.: U.S. Department of Energy. DOE/RL-99-11. Rev. 0. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).1999e. Richland Environmental Restoration Project. 2000 Cost Account Scope Statement. Richland, Wash.: U.S. Department of Energy. DOE/RL-97-44 Vol. 3 Rev. 2. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).1999f. From Cleanup to Stewardship. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy. DOE/EM-0466. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). 2000a. GroundwaterNadose Zone Integration Project Science and Technology Summary Description. Richlancl, Wash.: U.S. Department of Energy. DOE/RL-98-48. Vol. lilt Rev.1. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). 2000b. Hanford Science and Technology Needs Statements. Richland, Wash.: U.S. Department of Energy. DOE/RL-98-01 Rev. 2. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). 2000c. Hanford Site GroundwaterNadose Zone Integration Project Semi-Annual Report, October 1999 - March 2000. Richland, Wash.: U.S. Department of Energy/Bechtel Hanford, Inc. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).2000d. Risk Assessment Science and Technology Plan. Richland, Wash.: U.S. Department of Energy. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). 2000e. Fiscal Year 1999 Annual Summary Report for the 200-UP-ZP-1, and 100-NR-2 Pump-and- Treat Operations and Operable Units. Richland, Wash.: U.S. Department of Energy. DOE/RL-99-97. Rev. 0. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). 2000f. Hanford Site-Columbia River Corridor Cleanup (Draft). Richland, Wash.: U.S. Department of Energy. DOE/RL-2000-66. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). 2000g. Richland Environmental Restoration Project.2001 Cost Account Plan. Richland, Wash.: U.S. Department of Energy. DOE/RL-97-44 Vol. 3 Rev. 3. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). 2000h. Buried Transuranic- Contaminated Waste Information for U.S. Department of Energy Facilities. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy.

References 161 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).2000i. Hanford 2012: Accelerating Cleanup and Shrinking the Site. Richland, Wash.: U.S. Department of Energy. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). 2001. A Report to Congress on Long- Term Stewardship: Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy. DOE/EM-0563 (2 Voles.. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2000a. Guidance for the Data Quality Objectives Process. Washington, D.C.: Office of Environmental Information. EPA QA/G-4. EPA/600/R-96/055. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2000b. Guidance for the Data Quality Objectives Process for Hazardous Waste Sites. Washington, D.C.: Office of Environmental Information. EPA QAJG-4HW Final. EPA/600/R-00/007. U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA).1975. Final Environmental Statement, Waste Management Operations, Hanford Reservation. Richland, Wash.: U.S. Environmental Research and Development Administration. ERDA-1538 (2 voles.. U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO).1992. Nuclear Waste: Improvements Needed in Monitoring Contaminants in Hanford Soils. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office. RCED- 92-149. U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO).1998. Nuclear Waste: Understanding of Waste Migration at Hanford is Inadequate for Key Decisions: Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office. RCED-98-80. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC), 1998. Peer Review for High-Level Nuclear Waste Repositories: Generic Technical Position. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. NUREG-1297. Vaughan, B.E., and J.L. Hebling.1975. A bibliography of environmental research: Ecosystems Department 1952-1975. Richland, Wash.: Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories. BNWL-SA-4655. Waite, J.L.1991. Tank Wastes Discharged Directly to the Soil at the Hanford Site: Richland, Wash.: U.S. Department of Energy. Office of Environmental Restoration. WHC-MR-0227. Waitt, R.B., Jr.1985. Case for periodic, colossal jokulhlaups from Pleistocene glacial Lake Missoula. Geological Society of America Bulletin 96:1271 -1286. Wan, J., T.K. Tokunaga, E. Saiz, and K. Olson. 2000. Colloid formation and permeability reduction during infiltration of waste tank solutions into Hanford sediments [abstract]. EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 81~48~: F405-406. Ward, J. V.1989.The four-dimensional nature of lotic ecosystems. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 8~2~: 2-8.

162 Science and Technology for Environmental Cleanup Williams R.N., P.A. Bisson, C.C. Coutant, D. Goodman, J. Lichatowich, W. Liss, L. McDonald, P. Mundy, B. Riddell, R.A. Whitney. 1998. Recommendations for stable spring flows in the Hanford Reach during the time when juvenile Fall Chinook are present each spring. Portland, Or.: Independent Scientific Advisory Board, Northwest Power Planning Council, National Marine Fisheries Service. On-line. Available at http://www.nwppc.aa.psiweb.com: 80/98-5hanf.htm. Accessed July 27, 2001. Wodrich, D. 1991. Historical Perspective of Radioactivity Contaminated Liquid and Solid Wastes Discharged or Buried in the Ground at Hanford: Richland, Wash.: Westinghouse Hanford Company. TRAC-01 51 -VA. Zorpette, G. 1996. Hanford's nuclear wasteland. Scientific American (May): 88-97.

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The Hanford Site was established by the federal government in 1943 as part of the secret wartime effort to produce plutonium for nuclear weapons. The site operated for about four decades and produced roughly two thirds of the 100 metric tons of plutonium in the U.S. inventory. Millions of cubic meters of radioactive and chemically hazardous wastes, the by-product of plutonium production, were stored in tanks and ancillary facilities at the site or disposed or discharged to the subsurface, the atmosphere, or the Columbia River.

In the late 1980s, the primary mission of the Hanford Site changed from plutonium production to environmental restoration. The federal government, through the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), began to invest human and financial resources to stabilize and, where possible, remediate the legacy of environmental contamination created by the defense mission. During the past few years, this financial investment has exceeded $1 billion annually. DOE, which is responsible for cleanup of the entire weapons complex, estimates that the cleanup program at Hanford will last until at least 2046 and will cost U.S. taxpayers on the order of $85 billion.

Science and Technology for Environmental Cleanup at Hanford provides background information on the Hanford Site and its Integration Project,discusses the System Assessment Capability, an Integration Project-developed risk assessment tool to estimate quantitative effects of contaminant releases, and reviews the technical elements of the scierovides programmatic-level recommendations.

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