Index
A
Abortion, social coercion, 23
Abstinence, postpartum, 47, 59, 243
Africa, 41
see also specific countries
economic theories, 51, 118, 254–261
Sub-Saharan, 43, 52, 58, 147, 220–221, 254–261
Age factors, 148, 185, 210, 254
Aggregate outcomes, 2, 7, 11, 42, 56, 67, 70, 73, 78, 79–81, 82, 98, 107, 121, 137
mass media, 214–215, 217–220, 222–223
Algeria, 52
Anthropological approaches, 11, 30, 40, 41, 48–49, 138–178
contraceptive use, 138, 143, 144–148, 153–154
economic factors, 134–135, 138–139
family planning, general, 138, 144–146, 158–165
geographic factors, 138, 139, 144, 149, 151–152, 154
historical perspectives, 139, 140–143, 147, 149
practice theory, 74, 75, 90, 106, 142
rural areas, 145, 147, 154–157
socioeconomic status, 138
temporal factors, 138, 143, 144, 145
see also East Asia;
specific countries
Attitudes and beliefs, 3, 6, 7, 30, 44, 103, 185–186, 187, 244–245, 252, 259
see also Cultural factors
about contraception, 3–4, 8, 10, 44, 46, 47–48, 49–50, 55–56, 148, 240–264
discrete choice models, 128
false uniqueness effect, 183
about health care providers, 55, 158–165
husband’s disapproval, 50, 56, 259, 260
ideational change, 9–13, 39–40, 230–231
mass media, 215, 216, 220, 225–226, 227, 228–231
religion-based, 2, 39, 49, 50, 52, 54, 155– 157, 244, 245, 259
social effects model, 25, 26, 28, 193, 194, 195–196
thresholds of resistance, 75, 93, 95–96, 100–101, 108
women’s attitudes toward male contraceptives, 49
Australia, 12
B
Benin, 48
Birth control,
see also Contraceptives and contraception;
Family planning
abortion, social coercion, 23
abstinence, postpartum, 47, 59, 243
lactation interruption, 59, 148, 243
Breastfeeding, see Lactation interruption
C
Cambodia, 20
Cognitive factors, 8, 17, 22, 29, 152, 179–207, 244–245, 245–263
see also Education;
Educational attainment;
Ideational change
Collective action theory, 68–70, 72, 77, 79– 86, 101
Colombia, 223
Complementarities, 125–127
Contagion models, 13, 17, 70, 78–79, 81, 86–89, 139, 182, 241
Contraceptives and contraception, 3–4, 6–11, 14, 45–49, 185
anthropological theory, 138, 143, 144–148, 153–154
attitudes and beliefs, 3–4, 8, 10, 44, 46, 47–48, 49–50, 55–56, 148, 240–264
cost of use, 17, 20–21, 23, 122–123, 139, 144, 259, 260
economic theory, 51–53, 122–123, 240–263
historical perspectives, vii, 3, 8, 39, 40, 43
interpersonal conversation about, 54–55, 139, 151–154, 192, 195, 217
mass media, 213, 215, 216, 220–223
parity-dependent birth control, 138, 144–145
psychic and social costs, 44–45
social effects model, 17, 20–21, 23, 122–123
social influence, 7, 14–17 (passim), 21, 22, 55–58
thresholds of use, 53–54
thresholds of resistance, 75, 93, 95–96, 100–101, 108
Cost and cost-benefit factors, 17, 18–20, 24, 188
childrearing, 2, 10, 11, 18, 24, 41–42, 51–52, 60, 67, 76, 120, 122–123, 133–134, 139, 144, 218–219, 242–243
collective action models, 81–82
communication technologies, 192, 210–211
contraceptive use, 17, 20–21, 23, 122–123, 139, 144, 259, 260
education, 51–52
family planning programs, 4, 122–123
mass media, 210, 211, 213, 218–221
microeconomic approaches, 2, 120–122, 133–134, 138–139, 145–146, 149– 154, 240–264
childrearing, 2, 10, 11, 18, 24, 41–42, 51–52, 60, 67, 76, 120, 122–123, 133–134, 139, 144, 218–219, 242– 243
mass media effects, 210, 219–221
sociological models, various, 67, 71, 73, 76, 81–82, 91, 93–94, 97, 101, 102– 109
Cultural factors, vii–viii, 2, 59, 69, 71, 95, 104, 194–196, 240–241
see also Anthropological approaches;
terms beginning “Social…” and “Socio”
cultural lag, 12, 74, 217, 244
economic factors and, 52, 115–116, 134–135, 139, 241, 242, 244, 245–263
language factors, 42, 47, 68, 139, 142, 147–148, 149–153, 160–165, 181–182
religious factors, 2, 39, 49, 50, 52, 54, 155–157, 244, 245, 259
social effects model, 17–18
D
Demographic and Health Survey, 27, 30, 104
sampling, 57
E
East Asia, 12
Economic factors, 10, 12, 20, 24–25, 29, 41–42, 51–53, 58, 240–264
see also Cost and cost-effectiveness;
Socioeconomic status
anthropological theory, 134–135, 138–139
collective action models, 81–82
contraceptives and contraception, 51–53, 122–123, 240–263
cultural factors and, 52, 115–116, 134– 135, 139, 241, 242, 244, 245–263
educational attainment and, 51–52
social effects model, 20, 115–137
sociological theory and, 66, 67, 68, 69, 93, 103–104, 108, 115–137
thresholds of contraceptive use, 53–54
see also Mass media
anthropological theory, 142, 158–165
cost and cost-effectiveness, 51–52
social learning, 14, 22, 41, 71–72, 107, 150–152, 241, 242, 251–253
Educational attainment, 2, 45, 50, 51–52, 76, 252
Equations
cognitive factors, 181, 240–264
collective action theory, 83–86
complementarities, social interactions as, 125–127
discrete choice, 127–130
estimation, models, 26–28, 66, 81, 84, 86, 89, 94, 98–101 (passim), 104, 107, 128, 131–135
new behavioral forms, 20, 30, 240–264
social effects model, 19, 20, 21, 24–25, 26, 125–133, 241, 242
sociological theory, 73, 78, 80–81, 83–86, 89, 90–95, 97–100
violence, collective, 80–81
Estimation, models, 26–28, 66, 81, 84, 86, 89, 94, 98–101 (passim), 104, 107, 128, 131–135
Ethnographic approaches, see Anthropological approaches
Europe, 3, 4, 8, 12, 30, 39–40, 42, 46, 48, 51, 60, 69, 75, 102, 115, 117, 118, 120, 121, 135(n.3/4), 52
see also specific countries
European Fertility Project (Princeton), 2, 8, 42–43, 53, 103–105, 118, 121, 135(n.2), 167(n.2), 242, 244
Expected utility theory, 182–183
F
Family planning, 4–5, 8, 11, 41, 43, 44, 102–103, 258, 259
see also Contraceptives and contraception;
Education;
Mass media
anthropological theory, 138, 144–146, 158–165
attitudes about health care providers, 55, 158–165
cost and cost-effectiveness, 4, 122–123
gender factors, 50, 56, 145–146, 259, 260
government programs, 4, 27–28, 45, 122–123, 158–165
mass media, 45, 213, 222–231, 232–233
mass media, 45, 210, 213, 222–235
social effects model, 28, 244–245
Family size, vii, 8, 10, 42, 43, 45, 47, 49, 58–59
anthropological theory, 138, 144–145
attitudes toward, 54
gender factors, 145–146
noncontraceptive management, 59
abstinence, postpartum, 47, 59, 243
lactation interruption, 59, 148, 243
parity-dependent birth control, 138, 144–145
social effects model, 17, 19, 122–123
Feedback effects, 17, 20, 26, 93, 107, 108
Females, see Gender factors
France, 42
G
see also Marriage and marital status
children, parental biases, 145–146
discrete choice models, 128
educational attainment, 211, 212
family planning, general, 50, 56, 145–146, 259, 260
family planning workers, 50
female empowerment, 244
husband’s disapproval, 50, 56, 259, 260
interpersonal conversation, 54, 55
mass media, 211, 212, 220–221, 223–224, 229, 230–231
women’s attitudes toward male contraceptives, 49
Geographic factors, 42, 121, 192, 193
see also specific countries and continents
anthropological theory, 138, 139, 144, 149, 151–152, 154
collective action theory, 85–86
global ecumene, 149
local, 13, 24, 25–26, 57, 151–152, 154–157, 192
long-distance, 25–26, 57, 192;
see also Mass media
rural areas,
anthropological theory, 145, 147, 154–157
social influences, 57
socioeconomic status, 53–54
social networks, general, 69, 94, 95, 197
urban areas, 2, 41, 45, 104, 120, 211, 232, 252
Germany, 57
see also Political factors
contraception, antipathy to, 52
family planning programs, 4, 27–28, 45, 122–123, 158–165
mass media, 45, 213, 222–231, 232– 233
political factors, 42, 50, 52, 54, 59–60, 68–69
Guatemala, 223–224
H
Historical perspectives, vii, 1–4, 8, 17, 22, 27, 29, 30, 41, 240, 252
see also Europe;
European Fertility Project (Princeton)
anthropological theory, 139, 140–143, 147, 149
baby boom, 118
contraceptives and contraception, vii, 3, 8, 39, 40, 43
ideational change theory, 10, 39–42, 46, 48, 49, 59
mass media, 222–223
sociological explanations, 17, 22, 27, 77–79, 101, 108, 118
thresholds of contraceptive use, 53
Households, see Microeconomic approaches
Human Development Index, 120
I
Ideational change, 9–13, 18, 21, 22, 29, 106–107, 138, 179–207
see also Cognitive factors;
Education;
Mass media
attitudes and beliefs, 9–13, 39–40, 230–231
Income, see Socioeconomic status
India, 49
Individual utility maximization model, 42
International Union for the Scientific Study of Population, 3
Internet, 192
Iran, 223
J
Japan, 145
Jordan, 54
K
Kenya, 26, 50, 58, 159–162, 228
Korea, 57
L
Lactation interruption, 59, 148, 243
Language factors, 42, 47, 68, 139, 142, 147–148, 149–153, 160–165, 181–182
see also specific countries
socioeconomic status, 53–54
Life expectancy, vii, 59, 60, 102, 118
M
Males, see Gender factors
Marriage and marital status, 23, 30, 40, 41, 45, 47, 121, 254–261
anthropological theory, 138
mass media programs and nonmarital/ marital sex, 210–211, 212, 226–227
thresholds of contraceptive use, 53–54
Mass media, viii, 3, 10, 14, 15–16, 44, 45, 77, 92, 191–192
aggregate outcomes, 214–215, 217–220, 222–223
attitudes and beliefs, 215, 216, 220, 225–226, 227, 228–231
contraceptives and contraception, 213, 215, 216, 220–223
cost and cost-effectiveness, 210, 211, 213, 218–221
economic factors, general, 210–211, 212
family planning, general, 45, 210, 213, 222–235
government programs, 45, 213, 222–231, 232–233
gender factors, 211, 212, 220–221, 223–224, 229, 230–231
Internet, 192
microeconomic effects, 210, 212, 219–221
mortality rates, 212
nonmarital/marital sex, 210–211, 212, 226–227
radio, 223–224, 225, 226–227, 230
social effects model, 17, 21, 25–26, 28, 29–30, 208–239
television, 209, 210–213, 218–219, 224– 225, 229, 230, 232
temporal factors, 210–211, 217–218, 234
Mathematical models, see Equations
Mexico, 21
Microeconomic approaches, 2, 120–122, 133–134, 138–139, 145–146, 149–154, 240–264
childrearing, 2, 10, 11, 18, 24, 41–42, 51–52, 60, 67, 76, 120, 122–123, 133–134, 139, 144, 218–219, 242–243
mass media effects, 210, 219–221
Mortality rates, 2, 5, 59, 60, 102, 117, 118–119
see also Life expectancy
anthropological theory, 144, 145
mass media, 212
Multiphasic response theory, 60
N
National Sample Survey, 146
O
Organization theory, 28, 67, 72, 75, 76, 77, 81, 86–89, 94, 107, 108–109
P
Pakistan, 20
see also Social networks, general
Peru, 223
Philippines, 54
Political factors, 42, 50, 52, 54, 59–60, 68–69
see also Government role
Population Communication Services Program, 224–225
Practice theory, 74, 75, 90, 106, 142
Princeton European Project, see European Fertility Project (Princeton)
Q
Qualitative approaches, 228–231
see also Anthropological approaches
R
Radio, 223–224, 225, 226–227, 230
Religious factors, 2, 39, 49, 50, 52, 54, 155–157, 244, 245, 259
Rural areas
anthropological theory, 145, 147, 154–157
social influences, 57
socioeconomic status, 53–54
S
Social effects model, 6, 15, 17–28
attitudes and beliefs, 25, 26, 28, 193, 194, 195–196
complementarities, 125–127
contraception and contraceptives, 17, 20–21, 23, 122–123
economic theory and, 115–137
equations, 19, 20, 21, 24–25, 26, 125–133, 241, 242
family planning, general, 28, 244–245
feedback effects, 17, 20, 26, 93, 107, 108
mass media, 17, 21, 25–26, 28, 29–30, 208–239
Social influence, 7, 14–17 (passim), 21, 22, 55–58, 71–72, 81–89, 93–94, 106– 107, 108, 115–137, 150–152, 193, 242, 251–253
see also Anthropological approaches
collective action theory, 68–70, 72, 77, 79–86, 101
contagion models, 13, 17, 70, 78–79, 81, 86–89, 139, 182, 241
contraceptives and contraception, 7, 14–17 (passim), 21, 22, 55–58
rural areas, 57
temporal factors, 57–58, 74, 76, 92
Social learning, 14, 22, 41, 71–72, 107, 150–152, 241, 242, 251–253
see also Cognitive factors;
Mass media
Social networks, general, 2–3, 7, 13–17, 19, 25–26, 44, 66, 91–95, 97–101, 252
see also Cultural factors
collective action theory, 82, 83, 85
contraception and, 3–4, 45, 46–47, 56, 187–190
geographic factors, 69, 94, 95, 197
informal vs formal, 3, 14, 15, 25, 27–28, 45, 46–47, 54–55, 73, 77
interpersonal conversations about contraception, 54–55, 139, 151–154, 192, 195, 217
mass media and, 15–16, 214–215, 229
Socioeconomic status, vii–viii, 8, 12, 42, 53–54, 67, 68, 69, 71, 76, 93, 95, 103, 105, 117–118, 243, 252
see also Educational attainment
anthropological theory, 138
collective action theory, 82, 84
rural areas, 53–54
television access, 211–212, 232
Sociological approaches, 11, 13, 19–20, 24, 29, 40, 41, 66–114, 244
collective action theory, 68–70, 72, 77, 79–86, 101
contagion models, 13, 17, 70, 78–79, 81, 86–89, 139, 182, 241
cost and cost-effectiveness factors, 67, 71, 73, 76, 81–82, 91, 93–94, 97, 101, 102–109
economic factors and, general, 66, 67, 68, 69, 93, 103–104, 108, 115–137
equations, 73, 78, 80–81, 83–86, 89, 90–95, 97–100
historical perspectives, 17, 22, 27, 77–79, 101, 108, 118
organizational theory, 28, 67, 72, 75, 76, 77, 81, 86–89, 94, 107, 108–109
South Africa, 52
Spatial factors, see Geographic factors
Stress, psychological, 184–185
Sub-Saharan Africa, 43, 52, 58, 147–148, 220–221, 254–261
see also specific countries
T
Thailand, 20, 49, 50, 52, 57, 154–157
Thresholds
of resistance, 75, 93, 95–96, 100–101, 108
of use, 53–54
anthropological theory, 138, 143, 144, 145
lactation interruption, 59, 148, 243
communication technology, 191
cultural lag, 12, 74, 217, 244
institutional constraints, 74
mass media, 210–211, 217–218, 234
social indulgences, 57–58, 74, 76, 92
thresholds of diffusion, 53–54
Total fertility rates, vii, 118, 119
Tunisia, 52
U
United Kingdom, 42
United Nations, 117
United States Agency for International Development, 222, 224
Urban areas, 2, 41, 45, 104, 120, 211, 232, 252
V
Violent behaviors, model of collective, 79–81
W
Women, see Gender factors
World Fertility Survey, 27, 43, 48, 104, 244–245
family size desired, 58
sampling, 57
World Wide Web, see Internet
Y
Yemen, 48
Z
Zambia, 225–226
Zimbabwe, 52
