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Protecting People and Buildings from Terrorism Technology Transfer for Blast-effects Mitigation Committee for Oversight and Assessment of Blast-effects and Related Research Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C.
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS ⢠2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. ⢠Washington, DC 20418 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee respon- sible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study was supported by Contract No. DSWA01-98-C-0075 between the Na- tional Academy of Sciences and the Defense Threat Reduction Agency. Partial support for the publication of this report was provided by Contract No. Salmec-01- H-0005 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Department of State. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project. International Standard Book Number 0-309-08286-2 Copyright 2001 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Available from: Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment National Research Council 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20418 Printed in the United States of America
National Academy of Sciences National Academy of Engineering Institute of Medicine National Research Council The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Acad- emy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engi- neers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineer- ing programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is presi- dent of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academyâs purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Coun- cil is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
COMMITTEE FOR OVERSIGHT AND ASSESSMENT OF BLAST-EFFECTS AND RELATED RESEARCH METE A. SOZEN, Chair, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana STEPHEN W. ATTAWAY, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico ERIK AUF DER HEIDE, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia W. GENE CORLEY, Construction Technology Laboratories, Skokie, Illinois EVE HINMAN, Hinman Consulting Engineers, Inc., San Francisco, California ROBERT P. KENNEDY, RPK Structural Mechanics Consulting, Escondido, California SAM A. KIGER, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia STUART L. KNOOP, Oudens and Knoop, Architects, PC, Chevy Chase, Maryland JOHANNA LAPIERRE, RTKL Associates, Inc., Washington, D.C. MARK LOIZEAUX, Controlled Demolition, Inc., Phoenix, Maryland J.L. MERRITT, J.L. Merritt Consulting Engineer, Yucaipa, California DAVID J. PELGRIM, E.K. Fox & Associates, Ltd., Fairfax, Virginia EUGENE SEVIN, Consultant, Lyndhurst, Ohio CHARLES H. THORNTON, Thornton/Tomasetti Engineers, New York, New York Staff RICHARD G. LITTLE, Director, Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment WILLIAM J. HALL, Consultant KIMBERLY GOLDBERG, Administrative Associate NICOLE LONGSHORE, Project Assistant iv
BOARD ON INFRASTRUCTURE AND THE CONSTRUCTED ENVIRONMENT RICHARD WRIGHT, Chair, National Institute of Standards and Technology (retired), Gaithersburg, Maryland MASOUD AMIN, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California GREGORY BAECHER, University of Maryland, College Park JONATHAN BARNETT, urban planner, Washington, D.C. MAX BOND, Davis, Brody, Bond, LLP, New York, New York MARY COMERIO, University of California, Berkeley PAUL H. GILBERT, Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade, and Douglas, Seattle, Washington YACOV HAIMES, University of Virginia, Charlottesville HENRY HATCH, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (retired), Oakton, Virginia JEREMY ISENBERG, Weidlinger Associates, New York, New York SUE McNEIL, University of Illinois, Chicago DOUGLAS SARNO, The Perspectives Group, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia WILL SECRE, Masterbuilders, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio DAVID SKIVEN, General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Michigan DEAN STEPHAN, Charles Pankow Builders (retired), Laguna Beach, California ERIC TEICHOLZ, Graphic Systems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts ZOFIA ZAGER, County of Fairfax, Fairfax, Virginia CRAIG ZIMRING, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta Staff RICHARD G. LITTLE, Director, Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment LYNDA STANLEY, Executive Director, Federal Facilities Council MICHAEL D. COHN, Project Officer KIMBERLY GOLDBERG, Administrative Associate NICOLE E. LONGSHORE, Project Assistant JASON DREISBACH, Research Assistant v
Preface The report that follows was completed in July 2001. It is an effort to find ways and means for the civilian infrastructure to benefit from the technology developed in the course of the Blast Mitigation for Structures Program of the U.S. Department of Defense. As of September 11, 2001, the arithmetic governing the intersection of probability and harmful conse- quence has gone totally out of reckoning. What the Committee for the Oversight and Assessment of Blast-effects and Related Research considered and thought to be unthinkable threats have paled in comparison with what actually came to pass. The recommendations in this report, originally ad- dressed to the prudent and potentially targeted, have now assumed compel- ling urgency for us all. The overall concern of the committee for appropriate and balanced action to protect people in buildings has not changed. There is a host of nonintrusive changes in construction techniques, materials, and building management practices that will result in the least harm to architectural expression and cost and provide the greatest good for protection. Some of the solutions, active and passive, are already directly evident in the results of the Blast Mitigation for Structures Program. In this report the committee makes recommendations for appropriate mechanisms to achieve effective and rapid transfer of research results and existing technologies to the civil- ian infrastructure. With the wish that none of the precautionary methods developed and solutions implemented will ever be needed, the committee importunes gov- ernmental bodies and the industries to rethink their building codes and vii
viii PREFACE sponsor development of the necessary and appropriate techniques to ensure that attractive and functional buildings can fulfill their first duty of protect- ing the people within them. Mete Sozen, Chair Committee for the Oversight and Assessment of Blast-effects and Related Research
Acknowledgment of Reviewers This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with proce- dures approved by the NRCâs Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evi- dence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the delibera- tive process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report: John Chapman, Karn Charuhas Chapman & Twohey, Andrea Dargush, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Timothy E. Davis, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, John Haltiwanger, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Jeremy Isenberg, Weidlinger Associates, Inc., John Karagozian, Karagozian and Case Structural Engineers, and Christopher Rojahn, Applied Technology Council. Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Lloyd A. Duscha, ix
x ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF REVIEWERS National Academy of Engineering. Appointed by the National Research Council, he was responsible for making certain that an independent exami- nation of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional proce- dures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibil- ity for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 1 INTRODUCTION 7 Background, 7 Involvement of the National Research Council, 8 Statement of Task, 8 Protecting People and Buildings from Bomb Damage, 9 Organization of This Report, 10 References, 10 2 INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY NEEDS OF STAKEHOLDERS 11 Owners and Users, 12 Building System Designers, 13 Structural Designers, 15 Emergency Medicine and Search and Rescue Personnel, 16 Reference, 18 3 TRANSLATING BLAST-EFFECTS RESEARCH INTO PRACTICE 19 The Government Role in Technology Transfer, 20 Academic Involvement, 22 A Strategy for the Blast Mitigation for Structures Program, 23 xi
xii CONTENTS Summary, 36 References, 38 4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 40 Conclusions, 40 Recommendations, 42 APPENDIXES A Biographies of Committee Members 47 B Workshop Agenda 53 C Workshop Keynote Address, Dr. Jay Davis, Director, DTRA 61 D Workshop Synopsis 66 E Selected Annotated Bibliography 79
Figures and Table FIGURES 3.1 Overall strategy for technology transfer for the Blast Mitigation for Structures Program, 27 3.2 A performance-based multihazard mitigation model, 30 TABLE 3.1 A Technology Transfer Framework for Blast-effects Mitigation, 28 xiii
Acronyms ACI American Concrete Institute AIA American Institute of Architects AISC American Institute of Steel Construction ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ATC Applied Technology Council ATF Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms BMAG Blast Mitigation Action Group BSSC Building Seismic Safety Council CCB Construction Criteria Base COSEPUP Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy COTS commercial off-the-shelf DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DoD U.S. Department of Defense DTRA Defense Threat Reduction Agency DTRIAC Defense Threat Reduction Information Analysis Center FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency FFC Federal Facilities Council xv
xvi ACRONYMS NEHRP National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology NRC National Research Council NSF National Science Foundation SAVIAC Shock and Vibration Information Analysis Center TSWG Technical Support Working Group
