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Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
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OCR for page 49
2
Fishing Methods and Gear
Traditional fishing arts have been developed over the years to
adapt to local conditions (such as the type of coast and nearshore
area), the species of fish desired, and the size targeted. The most
successful fishing methods of a given region are those that have
stood the test of time.
This chapter will describe some of the traditional fishing meth-
ods used around the world and consider their advantages and dis-
advantages. Each method shows a continuum of development with
evolution resulting from modernizing factors. Traditional fishing
arts in various stages of modernization could be transferred and
applied in new regions with the technical level appropriate for the
local conditions. The adaptation of new technologies could help
small-scale fisheries increase their catch. They could compete more
effectively with industrial fisheries or exploit a previously unex-
ploited resource. Energy-efficient technologies are recommended
where possible.
The introduction of any new fishing technology always de-
mands good national management and regulation. Vessels must
also be matched with new methods or gear. As gear becomes
more complex, it may require upgrading of vessels in size, power,
and design. The site specificity of fishing arts should always be
considered.
49
OCR for page 50
50 FISHERIES TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOP~G COUNTMES
PASSIVE GEAR
Passive gear is stationary. It does not have to be dragged
or towed to capture fish. Long lines, traps, weirs, and gill nets
effectively fish by themselves. The catch is recovered by simply
removing the gear from the water after a period of time.
Hooks and Ames
The simplest form of fishing requires only a line and a baited
hook. The line is cast into the water where the fish supposedly
are, the fish take the bait and are hauled in. Lines may be cast by
ingenious methods. In Oceania, the line is wound around a stone
and thrown from the shore into the water.
Hook and line fishing is inexpensive and easy. Almost any
boat or shoreline can be used and the catch is live and of high
quality. A wide variety of sizes and types of hooks and lures can
be used, allowing very selective fishing. Tuna fishing with poles
and lines continues to be widely practiced and productive.
In spite of these advantages, line fishing is labor intensive. A
very limited number of fish can be captured per line and usually
some type of bait is required.
Line-fishing methods can be made more efficient if multiple
hooks on a line are used (figure 2.1~. Often these are attached in
pairs to form balanced lines. A single, branched rod, used in Lake
Tanganyika fisheries, also allows one person to fish an increased
number of lines and hooks. However, the number of lines that one
person can hold is limited.
Set lines
The use of set lines can increase the number of lines deployed
without requiring the constant presence of the fisherman. Such
lines must be checked regularly because predators will devour any
fish caught if the lines are not promptly recovered. Fishing rods
can be set untended in shallow waters or on the beach. ~ the
ocean, set lines may be suspended from the surface.
[ongimes
I,onglines are unwatched lines with multiple hooks. They can
be used at the surface, suspended in the water columnm, or fixed
OCR for page 51
FISHING METHODS AND GEAR
4~
~1
-
1, ~ ... ,.
r~ W-1
Ace.
- ~~
. ~
FIGURE 2.1 Multiple-baited hooks on a line can increase the catch.
51
on or near the bottom (figure 2.2~. Japanese and Italian fishermen
use sailing rafts to tow longlines away from their boats. Longlines
may be set from the beach by means of sailing rafts or kites if
winds are favorable. Surface longlines are used to capture tuna,
shark, and billfish. Subsurface and bottom-set longlines are used
to catch cod, grouper, snapper, drum, bream, halibut, haddock,
hake, and Catfish.
OCR for page 52
52 FISHERIES TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
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FIGURE 2.2 Long lines of baited hooks can be deployed at the surface,
midwater, at the bottom, or vertically in the water column.
An alternative to bottom-set longlines ~ a vertical fish stick
(figure 2.3~. This device is hung from a surface float just off the
bottom. It has rigid branches to allow multiple hooks without
snagging. Fishermen can use local materials to fabricate this gear.
Hook-and-line fishing methods offer a number of advantages.
They involve low capital and energy investments and labor-inten-
sive operations. Species and size can be selected by the position of
the hook in the water column, the hook size, and by the bait type
OCR for page 53
FISHING METHODS AND GEAR
_,
3 5'
~3 l
\
\
53
V`,,
~ PVC Pipe
+' ~
Lead Weight
FIGURE 2.3 This 2.5-m rod has 5 rigid cross branches, each with 2 hooks.
Adjacent cross branches are set at about 90° to each other for greater spacing
between hooks. (Atlantic and Gulf Fishing Supply Corp.)
OCR for page 54
54 FISHERIES TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
and size. Small-scale fisheries using only open boats can easily
adopt hook-and-line methods.
At the same time, the hooks generally require bait (which may
be expensive) and baiting is time consurn~ng. It may be difficult to
store longlines and their catch on a small vessel. Moreover, a high
degree of skill is involved in deploying and retrieving longlines,
unless expensive mechanized equipment is used.
Modernization in longline fisheries generally involves the mech-
anization of hauling. If available, hydraulic or electrical drives offer
better control, lower maintenance, and variable power.
Simple mechanical hauling techniques can increase the range
and depth of hand-line fishing. Manually operated reels can be
constructed of local materials and used to reduce the effort needed
to handle gear. A vehicle wheel (from a bicycle or automombile)
can be fitted with a handle and mounted on the boat to create
a simple roller, which facilitates handling lines or nets. A simple
wooden hand hauler can also be constructed (figure 2.4~. The
placement, design ant] dimensions of the hauler can vary according
to the size and length of line, and the type and depth of fishing.
Maps and Pots
Maps are devices that fish or shellfish enter in search of shelter
or food, or because an obstacle is placed in the fish's normal path
of migration. They are designed so that getting out is harder than
getting in. Traditional techniques employing traps and pots have
developed in aD regions of the world to catch demersal species.
Their design and operation match the specific conditions and be-
havior of fish in a given area. Hence the importance of local
knowledge in design and placement cannot be overemphasized.
Maps and pots can be quite specifically tailored to species and
size. They may be constructed of local materials, generally at Tow
cost, and usually require no bait. An additional advantage of this
fishing method is the high quality of the live catch.
At the same time, their construction requires skill and knowI-
edge of fishing conditions. Maps and pots are bulky and can
occupy considerable space on a vessel. Handling is difficult, and
manual hauling is arduous. A major disadvantage of this technique
is the high loss of gear due to theft, storm damage, degradation of
materials, and the inability to locate the gear once it is deployed.
OCR for page 55
FISHING METHODS AND GEAR
At/
55
.
By/.
Can
i, Y. ~
/( ~;
~ / /N ~
FIGURE 2.4 A simple wooden handreel can ease landing larger fish. (D.
C. Cook)
A lost trap may continue to operate ("ghost fishing"), depleting
marine resources.
Traps increasingly tend to be constructed of more durable
materials, such as wire mesh and vinyI-ciad wire netting, instead of
traditional woods and fibers. Electrical, mechanical, and hydraulic
hauling techniques are also modernizing this fishing system. There
are thousands of trap designs throughout the world, many of which
would be innovative outside of their region of use.
OCR for page 56
56 FISHERIES TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
/
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i 40m l
1 1
,
255
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300
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FIGURE 2.5 Cuban fishermen cover their crab traps with mangrove
branches to provide a shady enticement. These traps are set in long rows,
about 40 m apart.
The use of mangrove boughs to cover trap roofs provides
attractive shade and shelter for some species. Cuban cylindrical
or box crab traps, made of wire mesh, are lined with boughs and
are set out in long rows of 5~60 traps, about 40 m apart (figure
2.5~. The traps are checked every 2 or 3 days.
The "curiosity trap, used throughout the Caribbean, has
curved surfaces, which seem to attract snapper, grouper, jack, and
other bottom species. The trap is fished in sandy bottoms near
reefs or rocks in water depths between 3 and 80 m and requires no
OCR for page 57
FISHING METHODS AND GEAR
57
bait. Made of wire netting, it has two funnel entries, which turn
down. Since the trap measures approximately 2 x 3 x 1 m and
has large funnel openings (11 x 20 cm), fish weighing up to 12 kg
can enter. It is usually pulled and cleared every third day.
Variations of Caribbean Island fish traps incorporate exterior
funnels leading into a cone-shaped interior funnel that is often
turned down to prevent escape. These traps are generally rect-
angular, although they may be cylindrical or have pointed roofs.
Traditionally, cane fibers were used in construction (figure 2.6),
but marine mesh and galvanized chicken wire are increasingly pop-
ular. Fishermen report that such traps catch lobster as well as all
types of bottom fish, such as snapper, grouper, and blue runner.
A trash can is used in Hawaii to catch deepwater shrimp. The
bottom is cut out of a ligation trash can and is replaced by a
3/4-inch nylon fishnet funnel, which is the only entry. A part of
the lid is also cut out and replaced with a 1/2-inch wire mesh.
This trap is light, economical, and obtains profitable catches.
Whippy bough traps catch fish by the elastic power of a bent
bough. When the fish takes the bait, it releases a holding mech-
anism, which causes the rod to straighten and the catch to be
suspended out of the water, clear of predators. This automatic
fishing line is common in Java, Thailand, and Europe.
Octopus pots are artificial caves where these animals find
refuge, but are free to leave at will. Earthenware pots with handles
(Italy, Malta) or without handles (Japan, Korea), are strung singly
or on longlines with up to 100 pieces. If the pots are hauled neck
down, the octopuses will remain in their shelter.
Sections of PVC pipe are used by the Japanese as octopus
pots. Two sections of pipe, 15 cm in diameter and 75 cm long, are
attached side by side. A 5-cm cement plug bisects each section.
This pot offers four dens for octopus and lies flat on the bottom
(figure 2.7~.
An equally effective pot can be made from old tires. The tires
arecut in thirds, the rims laced together with wire, and a circular
wooden disk nailed to one end (figure 2.8~. Tire pots have been
fished extensively in Venezuela. These pots as well as the PVC
pipe pots are fished from bottom longlines at intervals of about 8
m. Buoys mark both ends of the line so that the gear can be easily
located and recovered after a fishing period of several days.
Timed-float releases or pop-ups can also be attached to the
traps (figure 2.9~. The pop-ups corrode in saltwater after a given
OCR for page 58
58 FISHERIES TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Of':'.
;~
FIGURE 2.6 Traditional and commercial fish traps operate side by side in
the Caribbean. The entry to the woven trap is at the top center (D. Suman).
The metal trap is large enough (2.0 X 1.1 X 0.6 m) to hold 180 kg of fish.
A section of one of its panels is biodegradable to avoid "ghost fishingn if the
trap is lost.
number of days, and the increased rope length permits the pre-
viously submerged float to ascend to the surface. This allows
concealed traps and reduces poaching, theft, or cut-off floats.
Corrosion is always a serious problem with metal traps. One
solution is to use marine mesh, which combines the strength of
OCR for page 59
FISHING METHODS AND GEAR
1 _ ~
_ _ bolt |
rod ~
concrete
Hi ~i"
. it' _
my,
OK
~ \ ~
\
59
\= longline
~ snap
:1 ~
\ \
~ /gangion
/
\
~ >
my
FIGURE 2.7 Sections of plastic pipe can be used as octopus pots. This
design creates four chambers, each about 15 x 35 cm, by dividing two pipes
in half with a concrete plug.
/ 1 ~
~ 1 ~
car tire ~
cut in thirds I
\
lac ing
nail
/ - '
wood disk ~
Gang ion
J
FIGURE 2.8 For use as octopus pots, discarded tires can be cut in thirds,
laced into cylinders, and closed at one end with a wooden disc.
OCR for page 74
74 FISHERIES TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
i.
,_ ~:
FIGURE 2.22 Smaller beach seines can be a two-person operation, useful
for catching bait fish.
_ - ~
~r~
FIGURE 2.23 Large boat seines are used by anchoring one end of the seine,
sailing in a circle back to the anchor point, and hauling the net.
The purse seine can be set with one or two boats and must be
fished quickly. Those that are operated with two boats are called
ring nets. Light may also be used to attract the target species.
Purse seines are highly mobile and can capture whole large
OCR for page 75
FISHING METHODS AND GEAR
75
in,
FIGURE 2.24 Small boat seines can be handled by two fishermen without
mechanization.
schools of pelagic species that gill nets and beach seines could not.
Hauling can be done manually, and the catch is live.
Nevertheless, purse seines are costly and require highly skilled
operators. Purse seining with two boats (ring netting) enables
small, artisanal fishing craft to take advantage of this method
(figure 2.26~.
Bottom Bawling
Trawls may be towed behind one or two boats or, in shallow
waters, even dragged by a fisherman (figure 2.27~. Trawl nets
generally have a cone-shaped body with a wide opening between
two wings. In bottom trawling, the net is towed on the bottom in
order to capture shrimp and demersal fish.
Pair Trawling
Pair trawling uses two small boats to tow the trawl, one on
OCR for page 76
76 FISHERIES TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
FIGURE 2.25 Purse seines have a line at their bottom edge that can be
drawn to close off the base of the net. (FAO photo)
each side (figure 2.28~. Having two boats keeps the trawl net open.
This method also permits boats with small (5 hp) engines to trawl
and allows small-scale fishermen to compete with larger trawlers.
With the same total horsepower, more fish can be caught with
pair trawling than if a single boat tows the net. Whereas the noise
from a single engine directly in front of the trawl net can frighten
fish from the path of the net, the noise from two engines on either
side of the opening will scare some fish towards the center, directly
into the net.
Pair trawling has limitations. Two boats must cooperate and
work as a team. The fishing area is limited to smooth bottoms.
Even in ideal areas, the net can be damaged or lost on a wreck or
a rock.
OCR for page 77
FISHING METHODS AND GEAR
77
_~_ ~~ T_
~ . _ ~ ~ ~
FIGURE 2.26 Purse seining with two boats (ring netting) allows smaller
boats to use this technique.
The value of the catch must be at least equal to the sum of
the value of the two vessels' catches if they fished alone.
If the boats have engines stronger than 8 hp. they are strong
enough to tow sweeplines. These lines are made of heavy rope and
are towed on the bottom in front of the wings of the trawl net.
They serve to scare fish from a wider area into the net.
Single Boat Trawling
A single vessel with an adequate power source may also tow
a trawl, but otter boards or a beam are required to open the net
horizontally.
Beam trawls are the simplest trawls and are used primarily to
capture Catfish and shrimp (figure 2.29~. The horizontal opening
for these nets is provided by a beam made of wood or metal that
can measure up to 10 m in length.
Smaller beans, about 2 m in length, are used with rowboats
in Portuguese rivers. Although small beam trawls might be used
by artisanal fishermen, they obviously lack the fishing spread of
larger trawls, which require power and mechanization.
Otter trawling is a more complex fishing system. These trawI-
ing nets have their horizontal opening maintained by the shearing
OCR for page 78
78 FISHERIES TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
..
C
- ~
,_\
FIGURE 2.27 Trawl nets can be pulled by one or two boats or, in shallow
water, dragged by a fisherman.
action of the heavy otter boards (figure 2.30~. Demersal or pelagic
species can be captured by this fishing method in shallow waters.
Otter trawling gives fishermen broad access to marine re-
sources. But the high costs, large energy requirements, and the
specialized skills required to maintain the equipment and use it
effectively make it feasible for small-scale fisheries only under very
favorable conditions. The minimum power for an otter trawling
boat is 30-40 hp with a relatively high gear ratio flow propeller
rpm) and a large propeller diameter to provide maximum towing
power.
Electronic Equipment
Much marine electronic equipment was initially developed for
military use in communications, navigation, and underwater re-
connaissance during World War IT. Postwar growth in the elec-
tronics industry resulted in lower costs for this type of equipment
and ocean-going fishermen began to use it. As costs decreased
OCR for page 79
FISHING METHODS AND GEAR
79
...,.—--
j ~ {--air
Al
Q~
l
/~-Q-
Q
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~ _ my ..k
.
~ g
FIGURE 2.28 Boats without enough power to trawl singly can often trawl
in padre. Using two boats allows a wider area to be covered and makes it
easier to keep the net open.
OCR for page 80
80 FISHERIES TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
me.
Sinker Square
\ ~
Cod end (shrimp)
Warp: 200300 m
Bridle: each 50 m
Wing: Height 90 270 cm, length 60-70 m
Bag: Length 10 m
@~
Be\a~
Bridled _
Bag
Cod end (for shrimp: 5 m)
Cod end (for debris: 2 m)
Beam: Length 10 m
Float: 1~17 floats made of Styrofoam
Cod end
(debris)
FIGURE 2.29 Beam trawling is accomplished from a single boat. An 8-
to 10-m pole (beam) is used to keep the net open horizontally to capture
catfish or shrimp.
even more, the market has broadened to include smaller-scale
commercial and sport fishermen.
Although probably still beyond the reach of most individual
fishermen in developing countries, some of this equipment may be
cost effective for shared use in villages or cooperatives.
Perhaps the most useful for nearshore fishermen would be
aids to fish location. The simplest of these is an electronic ther-
mometer. Seawater temperature can markedly affect fish-feeding
habits, and in thermally stratified water, species may concentrate
OCR for page 81
FISHING METHODS AND GEAR
Tow line
81
Float line
_Float
Swivel
/Otter board Sinker line
FIGURE 2.30 In otter trawling, two Bat (otter) boards are used at either
end of the net to hold it open.
at depths based on temperature. In addition to the value of know-
ing absolute temperature and its relationship to fish feeding and
depth, changes in temperature are also important. Seawater tem-
perature can remain constant over a wide area; a change of a
degree or even less can indicate an upwelling or current boundary
where fish may cluster. Stem thermometers that rely on liquid
or metal expansion and contraction for temperature readings are
not responsive enough for this application. Simple digital readout
electronic thermometers can display instantaneous temperature
changes of tenths of a degree. These are available for less than
$100.
Another valuable device Is an electronic depth recorder. These
can indicate water depth, bottom formations, and fish locations.
Boats need travel no farther than is necessary to detect fish. Nets
and lines can be set and hauled with greater efficiency. Rocky
bottoms potentially damaging to trawls can be detected. The
results of a properly used depth recorder can be dramatic and
should have a direct and visible economic benefit. To use this
equipment, a fisherman must install a transducer on the hull. A
method of installing this unit on temporary brackets has been
developed to allow its ready transfer from vessel to vessel. Costs
for these echo sounders range from $200 to $600.
Although excellent Loran and satellite electronic navigation
aids are available, their costs are prohibitive. Where appropriate
radio stations operate, inexpensive radio direction finders can be
used to plot positions and plan courses.
OCR for page 82
82 FISHERIES TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
[IMITATIONS
The introduction of fishing gear and methods to an area,
whether these methods are technically new or simply new to a
given region, is not without dangers.
Gear and methods are highly site specific. The fishing arts
that have developed in a region are usually the best suited for
the species and size desired, the given marine conditions, and the
community's economy and structure. New methods may often be
inappropriate and rejected by local fishermen.
Introduced gear may be too costly for the local economy to
sustain. What appears to be economical to an outside observer
is often unpossibly expensive for the fishing community unless
increased credit is made available. Innovations should be tested
on a pilot scale to ensure that they are economically viable.
Many coastal waters are overfished. Upgrading the gear and
making it more efficient increases the risk of depleting the fish-
ing stocks even more. Therefore, the introduction of any new
gear or methods must be accompanied by proper monitoring and
protection of the marine resources.
More sophisticated fishing arts may require training for the
fishermen. At the same time, modifications in gear may necessi-
tate simultaneous improvements in the design, power, and size of
fishing vessels.
Almost all marine electronic equipment requires 12 volts DC
to operate, although current requirements are fairly low, less than
10 amps. Because most of this equipment is not designed for user
repair, maintenance is a more severe problem. The most practical
approach is to minimize the number of different models in use.
RESEARCH NEEDS
A persistent concern when introducing new gear or methods
is that of exceeding sustainable fishing yields, thereby making the
fisherman's lot temporarily better but ultimately worse. Research
on simple methods for determining fish populations and their
regenerative capacity could be very valuable. New gear or methods
could then be used without fear of overfishing.
In situations where specific gear is potentially valuable but
too costly for a fishing community, adaptive research on local
manufacture using local materials could be an alternative.
OCR for page 83
FISHING METHODS AND GEAR
83
More information on combinations of attraction and capture
methods is needed. The use of fish-aggregating devices (chapter
3) or light in conjunction with complementary traps or nets could
improve the catch of specific sizes or species.
SELECTED READINGS
Andreev, N. N. 1962. Handbook of Fi~hir~g Gcar and its Rigging. Israel Program
for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel.
Atlantic and Gulf Fishing Supply Corporation. 1986. Catalog. Miami,
Florida, USA.
Ben-Yami, M. 1976. Fishing with Light. Fishing News Books Ltd., Surrey,
U.K.
Ben-Yami, M. 1980. Lana Fishing wilk Pole and Line. Fishing News Books
Ltd., Surrey, U.K.
Brabant, J. C., and C. Nedelec. 1983. Bottom Trawls for Small-Scalc Fiskir~g:
Adaptation for Pair Trawling. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 189, FAO,
Rome, Italy.
Crossland, J., and R. Grandperrin. 1980. The Development of Deep Bottom
Fishing in the Topical Pacific. South Pacific Commission, Post Box D5,
Noumea, New Caledonia.
Doyi, B. A. 1984. Cataloguc of Small-Scalc Fishing Gcar of Ghana. Research and
Utilization Branch, Fisheries Department, Tema, Ghana.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 1980. Otter
Board Dc~gr~ and Pcrformanec. FAO Fishing Manuals, Rome, Italy.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1980. Echo
Sounding and Sonar for Fishing. Fishing News Books Ltd., Surrey, U.K.
Garner, John. 1980. How to MaJcc and Set Nets or The Technology of Netting.
Fishing News Books Ltd., Surrey, U.K.
Hoey, J. J., and J. G. Casey. 1986. Shark longline fisheries: gear and
production characteristics. Pp. 169-186 in: Proceedings of the 87th Annual
Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute. F. Williams (ed.~. GCFI, Miami,
Florida, USA.
Kumagai, S., T. Bagarinao, and A. Unggui. 1980. A study on the milk-
fish fry fishing gears in Panay Island, Philippines. Southeast Asian
Fisheries Development Center Technical Report No. 6, Tigbanan, Iloilo,
Philippines.
Laitin, J. 1986. The case for longlining. Oceans 19~1~:35-38.
Lorimer, P. D. 1984. Net Mending and Patching. SAFIS Extension Manual Se-
ries No. 14., 956 Rama IV Road, Olympia Building, 4th floor, Bangkok,
Thailand.
Motoh, H., 1980. Fishing gear for prawn and shrimp used in the Philippines
today. Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Technical Report
No. 5, Tigbanan, Iloilo, Philippines.
Mutton, B. 1983. Engineerfr~g Applications: 2; Hauling Devices for Small Fishing
Crap. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 229, Rome, Italy.
Nedelec, C. 1982. Defirutior' arid Classificatory of Fi~hir~g Gcar Categories. FAO
Fisheries Technical Paper 222, Rome, Italy.
OCR for page 84
84 FISHERIES TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Noel, H. S., and M. Ben-Yami. 1980. Pair Trawling untie Small Boats, FAO
Training Series 1, Rome, Italy.
Olsen, D. A., A. E. Dammann, and D. Neal. 1974. A vertical longline for
red snapper fishing. Marine Fishery Review 36~1~:7-9.
Rosman, I. 1980. F"hir~g with Bottom Gillrzet`, FAO Training Series 3, Rome,
Italy.
Stewart, L. 1982. An Introduction to Gill Not Con~tr?~c~on arid Design. Barnsta-
ble County Cooperative Extension Service, Barnstable, Massachusetts,
USA.
South Pacific Commission, 1984. Notes on the construction of the FAO
wooden fishing reel, Handbook No. 25 (1984), Noumea, New Caledonia.
Taiwan Fisheries Research Institute, 1972. Fishing Gear arid Method`, Keelung,
Taiwan.
Thomson, D. B. 1980. The Seine Net Its Origin, Evolution arid Use. Fishing
News Books Ltd., Surrey, U.K.
van Brandt, A. 1984. Fish Catching Methods of the World. Fishing News Books,
Ltd. Surrey, U.K. ~
Voss, G. L. 1985. Octopus fishery information leaflet, Gulf and South
Atlantic Fisheries Development Foundation, Miami, Florida, USA.
Yamaha Motor Company, Ltd. 1986. Fishery Journal (Compo~itcJ. Yamaha
Motor Co., Ltd., Japan.
Yamelu, T. 1985. Traditional fishing technology of Bwaiyowa Fergnssen
Island, Milne Bay Province. Appropriate Technology 12~3~:10-12.
RESEARCH CONTACTS
Atlantic and Gulf Fishing Supply Corp., 591 Southwest 8th Street, Miami,
Florida 33130.
1;
Fisheries Technology Service, Department of Fisheries, United Nations Food
and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Via delle Terme di Caracalla,
00100 Rome, Italy (S. Drew, J. Fyson).
Fisheries Department, South Pacific Commission, Post Box D5, Noumea,
New Caledonia.
Gulf and South Atlantic Fisheries Development Foundation, University of
Miami, Florida, 33149 (G. L. Voss).
International Center for Marine Resource Development, 126 Woodward Hall,
University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881 USA.
M. Ben-Yami, 2, Dekel St. K. Tiveon 30000, Israel
Southeast Asian Fisheries Information Service, 956 Rama IV Road, Olympia
Building, 4th Floor, Bangkok 10500, Thailand.
Yamaha Motor Co., 3380-67 Mukojima Arai-cho, Hamana-gun, Shizooka-ken
431-03 Japan (T. Fukamachi).
Rich Electronics, Inc., 3300 Northwest 21st Street, Miami, Florida 33142
USA (R. Rich, Jr.~.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
fisheries technologies
