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OCR for page 85
Artificial Reefs and
Fish Aggregating Devices
Experienced fishermen realize that fishing is often better in
the vicinity of submerged objects such as rock outcroppings, shim
wrecks, reefs, and logs, than in areas where the bottom is flat and
barren. Many fish are attracted to the submerged objects on which
marine plants and animals may grow. These communities serve
as a basis for a marine food chain that provides food for larger
predators. Submerged objects also provide shelter and spawning
grounds for some fish and invertebrates (figure 3.1~.
Artificial reefs are man-made or natural objects specifically
placed to attract fish, provide or improve fish or shellfish habitat,
and increase fish biomass locally. Extremes range from traditional
designs frequently made from local scrap materials to modern
Japanese-style artifical reefs that are highly sophisticated modules
built of concrete, fiberglass, or steel.
The extent to which artificial reefs increase fish biomass or
redistribute existing stocks of fish is not clear. However, even if
they do not substantially increase fish production, they can be used
as effective fisheries management tools. The increased standing
fish crop around artificial reefs reduces fishing effort and, therefore,
saves time and fuel. Fishermen in developing countries often must
limit their efforts because of high fuel costs. Furthermore, artificial
85
OCR for page 86
86 FISHERIES TEClINOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Water Surface
~ I Floating
Water
Column
Benthic
High
Profile
Mld-Water I l
Reefs I ~
. .__ _
_ .
1
Benthic '
Low Profile
Bottom
lo=
FIGURE 3.1 Depending on the marine environment and the target fish,
high- or low-profile benthic reefs, or coating or midwater fish aggregating
devices may be used to attract fish and facilitate their capture. (J. McGurrin,
Artificial Reef Development Center)
reefs can be used to create fishing grounds for artisanal fishermen
who use traps and hook and line gear.
Fish aggregating devices (FADs) are structures located at the
surface or at midwater depths to take advantage of the attrac-
tion of pelagic fish to floating objects. FADs called paycos have
been utilized for centuries in the Philippines to attract migrating
tuna. Like artificial reefs, FADs can also reduce fishing effort and
conserve fuel.
ARTIFICIAL REEFS
Many types of fish live around reefs, plants, and corals. Arti-
ficial reefs function like natural reefs providing shelter, spawning,
OCR for page 87
ARTIFICIAL REEFS AND FISH AGGREGATING DEVICES
87
and nursery areas for reef fishes. Additionally, the algae and inver-
tebrates that rapidly colonize the submerged structures provide a
food source for some species.
Two approaches are possible for an artificial reef program,
depending on available resources. Commonly available materials
can be used for reef construction where funding ~ limited. Even
these materials must be prepared to withstand extreme weather
conditions, however. The second approach is to fabricate specially
designed, essentially permanent, structures. This usually requires
well-funded programs, steel and concrete for construction, and
large vessels for placement.
The U.S. National Artificial Reef Plan provides general guide-
lines for the placement of artificial reefs. If possible, the site should
be near fishing villages to simplify the logistics of installation and
to minimize time, travel, and fuel consumption before the fish can
be processed on land. An artificial reef should not be placed in
commercial fishing areas unless it is specifically intended to close
an area to these operations.
Recent research suggests that the reef site is more important
than the design. The artificial reef should be located at least 60~
1,000 m from natural reefs; otherwise, the fish will tend to swun
from one to the other. Sites with strong tidal currents should also
be avoided because these currents will cause erosion around the
reef, unless the bottom is hard. Mouths of rivers where siltation
may bury the reef should also be avoided. A constant current
quite acceptable and is favorable to benthic filter feeders inhabiting
the structures. The long axis-of the reef should be perpendicular
to the prevailing current and along fish migratory patterns. The
depth of the reef must be appropriate for the target species.
A firm sand or shell bottom is most suitable for an artificial
reef to prevent subsidence. The bottom profile should be flat
or gently sloping. Soft clay, silt sedunents, and areas that are
already biolog~cady productive should be avoided. High wave
energy locations and areas with seasonally shifting sands should
not be considered.
The Japanese national program suggests that artificial reefs
should have a hierarchal arrangement where modules form sets,
10-20 sets form a group, and several groups form a reef complex.
They advocate minimum effective sizes of 400 m3 for a set and
50,000 me for a group, with at least a 1-km separation between
each group. This approach In developing countries would be far
OCR for page 88
88 FISHERIES TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
beyond the means of artisanal fishermen; it would require strong
national assistance.
Many locally available materials can be effectively used as
artificial reefs. They should provide an appropriate habitat, be
structurally sound, and firmly secured to the bottom. The ac-
tual choice of material will be based on what is readily available
and economically feasible. Bamboo, rattan, and stone are typical
materiab that have been used.
Bundles of Brush
Tn all areas of the world, fishermen have used simple bundles
of brush to attract fish into hiding places and thus facilitate the
catch. Bundles of brushwood are tied to lines to capture crabs,
shrimp, and small fish in Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, and
Vietnam. The fish are harvested by shaking out the bundle into a
scoop net.
In Central Africa, boxes full of leaves are placed on lake or
estuary bottoms. Fishermen lift the boxes out of the water and
shake them to collect the small fish.
Ivory Coast fishermen place coconut palm fronds in shallow
water to attract shrimp. While one person drags the frond to
shore, another follows with a scoop net and gathers the fleeing
shrimp.
In the protected areas inside the keys on the south coast
of Cuba, fishermen are still using "mangrove fisheries." These
structures are located in 4~5 m of water, usually in sea grass
(Thallasia) beds. To build these strcutures, one needs a notched
tree trunk about 1 m tall, two smaller branches nailed transversely,
and a bundle of mangrove boughs, 4~5 m long, whose ends are
placed into the two openings of the tree trunk. The bundle may
have a diameter of almost 5 m and a height of 3 m. The structure
may be fished about 15 days after installation and, thereafter, at
intervals of 15-45 days. It usually lasts about 1~12 months. One
small boat may fish up to 150 mangrove fisheries.
Brush Parke
In the Philippines, SEAT! (Samar Sea-Ticso Pass Fisheries
Development Corporation) has developed several Brush parks
to provide shelter ant] spawning areas for fish. Each unit In the
OCR for page 89
ARTIFICIAL REEFS AND FISH AGGREGATING DEVICES
89
park is a tripod made of ipil-ipi! wood (Leucaena leucocephala,
a fast-growing tropical tree). The tripods stand about 3.~5.0 m
tall. Horizontal crossbeams lashed on with nylon twine hold the
tripod together. Villagers hang fallen coconut palm fronds from
the horizontal beams. The units are placed in calm, shallow coastal
waters and are held down with stones. The palm fronds have a
useful life of about 3 months while the frames last about a year.
Preliminary results from SEAT! indicate that a Month har-
vest of the brush units with nets yields between 10 and 20 kg of
fish per unit. Croaker, squid, rabbit fish, barracuda, and anchovy
are among the species caught. The algal and invertebrate growth
on the structures is a food source for many species of fish. Others
enjoy the safety of the structure's interior.
A brush park near San Jacinto Island, Masbate Province,
Philippines, includes about 4,000 units. A trap net, constructed of
bamboo, has been built in the center of this underwater forest. The
final section of the trap net is regularly hauled. The undersized
catch is returned to the sea to avoid depletion of the stock.
Lobster Shelters
Lobsters prefer a living space only slightly larger than the
size of their bodies. Traditional Cuban artificial reefs have been
developed based on this behavior.
The shelters are usually constructed of mangrove branches
that are about ~12 cm in diameter. The two thickest sticks are
placed parallel to each other at a distance of 1.5-~.8 m. Two
other parallel branches are placed above and transversely to the
first layer. The two layers are nailed together or fastened with
galvanized mire. A third layer or roof of branches is added to the
structure. These additional pieces of wood are fastened to the
second layer with some space between branches so that light can
enter. Another level may also be added. The finished sandwich
structure measures about 2-2.5 m on a side (figure 3.2~.
These lobster shelters are used in shallow waters (~6 m) that
do not have strong currents. The number of shelters occupied is
high, especially when the structure has been in the water for some
time and supports algal communities. Shelters must be checked
and repaired annually.
The lobsters are caught by several methods. Fishermen in a
boat may shake the shelters with a hook and catch the lobsters
OCR for page 90
90 FISHERIES TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
1
1
In
He
—A, L;j~t,~,~,~~~,~j~ rid 7~C~~3~ ~!L~'t'-—It'd
Or. i i . [. ~ ~~ _ _ . . .. .. _ ~ . ~ _~ ~ - an 1. 1
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~q~J.~f,jj,.~, ~~ ~
-~ Ad—~~;~-~-~-~- ~-:~-~
< ~.
FIGURE 3.2 A traditional Cuban lobster shelter is used at 4-6 m depths
to attract lobsters and facilitate their capture.
with a scoop net as they escape. Divers may also facilitate capture
and trap the lobster in nets as they scurry away.
In the Gulf of Batabano on the south coast of Cuba, fishermen
from local cooperatives have placed some 120,000 lobster shelters
and annually harvest 7,000 tons of lobster from them.
Shelters are increasingly being constructed of ferrocement,
since it is illegal to cut mangroves. Moreover, ferrocement has a
longer life than wood. The ferrocement shell is mounted on two
wooden branches that may sink into the sediment, leaving space
for the lobsters under the shelter.
In the Mexican state of Quintana Roo on the Caribbean,
fishermen have operated an extensive artificial habitat for spiny
lobsters (Panulirus argue) since the late 1960s. About 10,000
OCR for page 91
ARTIFICIAL REEFS AND FISH AGGREGATING DEVICES
91
1.5-m2 shelters have been installed in a back-reef and bay area.
The shelters are constructed on a frame of the trunks of the
thatch palm (figure 3.3~. Originally, the roof was also made of this
palm, but newer styles use a variety of materials including barrel
lids, corrugated roofing material, and ferrocement (figure 3.43.
The shelters are known by a number of different names including
casitas, sombras, and casas Cabanas, the latter designation in
honor of the fishermen who introduced their use. The shelters
are assembled on shore and then ferried to areas of shallow water
where they are sunk. They are positioned about 20-30 m apart,
and are reported to last for ~8 years.
Rubble and Rocks
The traditional Japanese artificial reef involved simply placing
shore or quarry rocks at shallow depths as a way to enhance fishing
grounds.
In northern Japan, fishermen have placed rocks to enhance
kelp production since the late 1600s. In the 1870s, fishermen from
Toneichi, Twate Prefecture, transported more than 100,000 rocks
(40-50 cm in diameter) for the cultivation of seaweed. Currently,
rock reefs are used in Japan to enhance seaweed production and
to create habitats for abalone, snails, sea urchins, crayfish, and sea
cucumbers.
The size and arrangement of the rocker depend on the target
species. A single layer is sufficient as a seaweed substrate. Imrna-
ture sea urchins and abalone prefer crevices, and for these species
a layer of rocks 0.4-0.6 m high is ideal. Higher piles of rocks are
useful for attracting fish.
Since rocks may be moved or buried by storms, they are often
placed in an enclosure called a futon cage because it has the
shape of a Japanese floor mattress. Futon cages are now made of
synthetic fiber nets. They measure 4 x t.2 m and are about 0.5 m
in height. The rocks used have diameters of 2~50 cm. Because of
their weight, futon cages are quite stable on the sea bottom.
The cages are placed in a solid area or in a line with 2 m
between cages. Alternatively, they may be arranged to form a
10 x 14 m rectangle. Thousands of futon cages are employed in
northern Japan.
OCR for page 92
92 FISHERIES TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
FIGURE 3.3 Mexican fishermen construct a lobster shelter similar to those
used in Cuba. (D. L. Miller, World Wildlife E`und)
OCR for page 93
ARTIFICIAL REEFS AND FISH AGGREGATING DEVICES 93
FIGURE 3.4 Ferrocement slabs can be used to make a more durable lobster
shelter. (D. L. Miller, World Wildlife Fund)
Tires
In many developing countries, old tires have a high economic
value and, therefore, may not be appropriate for artificial reefs.
However, tires do not disintegrate in seawater and are fairly easy
to handle.
Scrap tires are somewhat problematic as reef materials be-
cause of their low density and tendency to trap air. Regardless of
the number of tires that are secured together in a bundle, the struc-
ture will move with currents and wave motion unless adequately
ballasted.
In Virginia and New York (USA), slit tires have been imbed-
ded in a Tom concrete base for use as a reef module. A steel rod
or cable is passed through the tires for additional reinforcement.
Once placed, these units may subside slightly, but have shown no
tendency to move or deteriorate (figure 3.5~.
Researchers at Oregon State University (USA) have investi-
gated the underwater stability of various types of complex tire
configurations. Among these are rows, triangles, rosettes, and
even one tire stuffed into another (figure 3.6~. All the tires were
ballasted with concrete to increase the submerged weight. This
OCR for page 94
94 FISHERIES TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
study tested the feasibility of a 500,00~tire reef planned for waters
near Winchester Bay, Oregon.
Thailand's Department of Fisheries sponsors numerous arti-
ficial reef projects at Rayong in the Gulf of Thailand In order to
develop fishing grounds for artisa~al fishermen. Automobile tires
are among the materials used In these projects. The tires are tied
with wire into quadripod modules, each containing 8 tires (figure
3.7~. Each artificial reef project employs between 50 and 560 mod-
uTes of water depths between 4 and 18 m. Another program near
the National Institute of Coastal Aquaculture at SongkhIa uses
structures of 40 tires tied together in 2 rows of 20. The units are
placed in water depths of ~7 m.
An experimental artificial reef constructed of old tires has
been placed near Haifa, Israel. The Fisheries Technology Unit of
the Israel Ministry of Agriculture sponsored this project. Since the
eastern Mediterranean Is very unproductive and h" a flat, sandy
bottom, it offers little refuge and few spawning sites for fish. The
artificial reef succeeded in increasing the fishery yield.
The principal unit had a concrete base that was 3.3 x 3.3 m.
FIGURE 3.5 Scrap tires can be used to make artificial reefs, but unless
firmly ballasted, they will be swept away by waves, currents, or storms. (D.
Feigenbaum)
OCR for page 95
ARTIFICIAL REEFS AND FISH AGGREGATING DEVICES
(A) 6$ 55
(B) ~ .68
tot
Configu- Dimensions (inch)
Tsteffed .~' EN v.
( D ~ I. O ) ~
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(A) $: 1.68
(8) ,_~ 2.53
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to
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FIGURE 3.6 Scrap tires can be combined in many ways for various-sized
reefs.
Tires were connected to the base by a framework of steel bars
(figure 3.8~. In an effort to increase the spaces and surfaces of the
tires, some of them were placed vertically, some horizontally. The
3-m high structures were constructed on land and Towered into the
water with a crane.
OCR for page 104
104 FISHERIES TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DIAGRAM OF KANNIZZATI FLOAT
Cork-wood
. ~
Marker-nag
Corl(-wood
.~IS
~X:
1 so cm
Anchor
~~ it'
4 mm. SlsaJ Rope
\
FIGURE 3.15 Maltese fishermen use these cork floats to attract dolphin
fish and pilot fish. Encircling nets or hooks and lines are used for capture.
In the Mediterranean, near Malta, dolphin fish and pilot fish
appear from August to December. Both of these species seek
shelter under floating objects. Maltese fishermen take advantage
of this behavior by anchoring cork floats at intervals of about 1
mile to as much as 80 miles from shore. The floats, a signal flag,
and a Innestone anchor are linked with sisal rope and are deployed
at depths ranging from 150 to 800 m. Fish attracted to these floats
are captured by encircling nets, surface long lines, or trolling. This
gear is described locally as a kannizzati fishery (figure 3.15~.
In the Philippines, payaos (bamboo rafts) are used to attract
tuna (figure 3.16~. Fishermen anchor payaos with rocks in very
deep water. These rafts are approximately 1.5 m wide, tapered at
one end, and about 4 m long. Coconut palm fronds are suspended
about 20 m below the surface. The paycos are fished by purse
seiners and have produced catches of up to 200 metric tons per
set.
A very similar technique is used in Malaysia. A lure line is sum
ported by a bamboo raft and is anchored in position. The fishing
OCR for page 105
ARTIFICIAL REEFS AND FISH AGGREGATING DEVICES
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FIGURE 3.16 The top photo shows bamboo raft (payao ) anchored in deep
water in the Philippines to attract tuna. (W. Matsumoto) Payaos are about 4
m long and taper from about 0.5 m to 1.5 m wide (bottom). Palm fronds are
suspended about 20 m below the raft. (E. O. Murdy, ICLARM Newsletter)
OCR for page 106
106 FISHERIES TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
line, called roempon, is prepared by attaching palm leaves or bun-
dles of grass along the line (figure 3.17~. Dip nets or surrounding
nets are used to catch the fish attracted to the device.
In the equatorial western Pacific, floating branches, trunks,
and trees attract large quantities of tuna and other pelagic fish.
Diverse, vertically stratified marine populations develop around
these logs and trees. Directly beneath the floating timber are
communities of smaller fish collectively serving as bait for preda-
tors below. Organisms growing on the log provide food for the bait,
and the log itself serves as shelter. Sharks occupy the next lower
niche and feed on the bait. Tuna occur at greater depths with
mixed schools of skipjack and small yellowfin appearing above the
large yellowfin and bigeye. Bigeye tuna remain at depths of 50 m
or more during the day but move toward the log at night. Skipjack
and yellowfin tuna are often seen on the surface during the day,
downwind of the log. In addition to the fish, a number of turtle
species, sea snakes, sea birds, and marine mammals occasionally
visit the log communities.
Several characteristics unprove the likelihood of log coloniza-
tion: a minimum size of about 2 m in length by 0.1 m in diameter,
the presence of submerged branches or roots, and time enough at
sea for barnacles and algae to become establishecI. To be most
effective, such floating logs should be no closer than 5 km from
each other.
The catch around such logs can be impressive. Purse-seiners
have landed 150 t from the sea beneath a- 2-m log. A Am tree
yielded a 1,500-t catch over a 2-week period.
For village fishermen, the use of logs or trees as FADs may be a
worthwhile approach. Available funds can be devoted to providing
a mooring system for essentially free FADs.
Modern FADs
Recent innovations in FADs improve on the durability of the
traditional structures by using plastics and artificial fibers. Used
mainly to attract migrating pelagic species, these midwater or
surface FADs consist of the main fish attractor, a mooring line, a
concrete or sandbag anchor, and a surface or subsurface buoy to
suspend the FAD.
One type of midwater FAD is constructed from a metal or
plastic frame covered with nylon fabric, plastic film, or canvas
OCR for page 107
107
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OCR for page 108
108 FISHERIES TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
,,,,,., ,,,,, ~
r~:~:~ - -., -, , ~:~::~:~ , -,-., ,, .,.:,.- . ..~. :~ JO
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FIGURE 3.18 Midwater FADs made from plastic rods and nylon fabric
have been widely used in the Caribbean. (McIntosh Marine)
(figure 3.18~. McIntosh Marine of Florida has designed a large
parasol FAD to use in deep water with strong currents. Four
plastic rods radiate from a metal alloy cone, and nylon fabric
covers them to form a pyramid. These structures measure 5.2 m
high by 8.2 m diagonally at the base. The metal cone is attached
to the mooring line at chosen depths in the water column. In
strong currents, the pyramid contracts slightly due to the force of
the water against it, thus reducing drag. A smaller version of this
parasol FAD, the mini-FAD, measures about 1.8 m in height.
McIntosh Marine has deployed its m~ni-FADs throughout the
Caribbean to serve different needs. In St. Kitts, Barbados, and
Trinidad and Tobago, midwater fish attractors have been placed
to improve landings of pelagic fish for artisanal fishermen and fish-
eries cooperatives. In Barbados, a project is being designed to shift
the fishing effort from demersal species in an overfished traditional
fishing area to migratory pelagic species farther offshore.
In recent years, more than 300 surface FADs have been de-
ployed in the central and western Pacific and Indian oceans
Much of the development work for these structures occurred at
the Southwest Fisheries Center Laboratory in Honolulu, Hawaii.
OCR for page 109
ARTIFICIAL REEFS AND FISH AGGREGATING DEVICES
109
Tire Buoy
5_ tire filled with
~,~ polyurethane foam
\ polypropylene line
" chain
Single-Sphere Buoy
Pentasphere Buoy
-a 333—
_:_
chain with
steamers
Cable
Not Drawn to Scale \
\:ypropylene Propylene
enchain
\ chain
I;
FIGURE 3.19 In Hawaii, several different designs for FADs have been
tested. The most successful is the single-sphere buoy.
Most of these FADs consisted of two 208-l steel of} drums filled
with polyurethane foam and held together in an iron frame with
about 13 m of polypropylene rope netting draped from the floats.
These FADs are anchored to concrete blocks in water depths of
400-2,300 m. They have been successful in recruiting skipjack tuna
{, Katsuwanus pelamis) in quantities sufficient to warrant commer-
cial fishing with pole-and-line vessels.
Other work in Hawaii has involved FADs with several different
designs (figure 3.19~. Tire-based FADs were made from discarded
sugarcane truck tires filled with polyurethane foam. These were
unwieldy at sea and were replaced by pentasphere FADs. The
pentaspheres, made from surplus steed buoys welded together,
generated considerable drag under strong current conditions and
broke their mooring lines.
Single-sphere FADs were then constructed and tested. These
produced less drag than the previous designs, and currently all
new and replacement FADs have this design.
The total catch at 29 FADs over three-and-a-half years was
OCR for page 110
110 FISHERIES TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
_ _ _ ~
surface marker buoy
(28"-diameter buoy)
1/2" chain (10 ft.)
1 1
60 feet I
1" polypropylene rope
NO CURRENT
CONDITION
58"-diameter buoy
3/8" wire rope
1/2" chain
TAUT MOORING
A_ 3,000-lb surplus anchor
FIGURE 3.20 A sub-surface FAD ~ also being tested in Hawaii.
estimated at 4 million pounds. The major species captured were
yellowfin tuna, skipjack tuna, marlin, and dolphin fish. These
comprised 96 percent of the total reported catch. The principal
fishing gears used were pole and line, hand line, and trolling.
An experimental subsurface FAD (figure 3.20) is also being
tested in Hawaii. It consists of a 28-inch diameter marker buoy
at the surface attached to a 58-inch diameter buoy at a Fathom
depth; the buoy is connected to the anchor line. It is believed that
this configuration will better tolerate strong surface currents and
storm waves.
OCR for page 111
ARTIFICIAL REBUS AND FISH AGGREGATING DEVICES
RESEARCH NEEDS
111
Although they have been used for centuries, artificial reefs and
FADs have not been subject to rigorous scientific analysis. Liter-
ature on artificial reefs tends to be descriptive and speculative,
not quantitative. Efforts have centered around reef construction
and design, but little ~ known of the basic biology involved or the
impact of the reefs on the fish stocks. The relative importance of
attraction versus production must be addressed. This will require
collection of catch and effort data from a wide variety of artifical
reef sites before and after deployment, and must include adequate
controls.
Improvements can be made in reef designs. The optimal reef
size, configuration, and design should be determined for various
environments and purposes. Experiments should be designed to
include both controls and replicates. Cost-effectiveness should be
determined, especially for developing country applications.
Specialized reefs for fish recruitment, growth, and spawning
need to be developed. The use of artificial reefs as stocking sites
for juveniles from a land-based hatchery should be explored.
Little ~ known of the social benefits of artificial reefs and
FADs. Conflicts between users must also be explored and reduced.
[IMITATIONS
Although in practice artificial reefs and FADs have enhanced
fisheries in certain areas, they are not a panacea for Al problems
in fisheries. Since the deployment of artificial reefs has generally
resulted in substantial aggregations of fish, the use of such devices
without careful planning is not recommended. Prior to use, careful
thought must be given to possible long- ant! short-term effects on
the general environment in which they are deployed. Increased
ease of capture also increases the danger of overexploitation.
User conflicts may result over the commercially valuable catch
at the reef site or from a decreased stock in adjacent fishing
grounds. Reef construction costs vary widely with location and
type of construction material. Caution must be taken to avoid
toxic materials that may contaminate the environment. For ex-
ample, oil and gasoline should be removed from vessels or vehicles
before they are deployed as artificial reefs.
OCR for page 112
112 FISHERIES TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
SELECTED READINGS
Artificial Reefs and ]?ADe
Alevizon, W. S., V. C. Gorham, R. Richardson, and S. A. McCarthy. 1985.
Use of man-made reefs to concentrate snapper (Lutzjanidae) and grunts
(Haemulidae) in Bahamian waters. Bulletin of Mannc Scicnec 37~1~:3-10.
Bailey, K. 1985. Loge as Fish Aggregation Dances in the Equatonal Wc~tcrn Pa-
cific. Fisheries Research Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries,
Wellington, New Zealand.
Bohnsack, J. A., and D. L. Sutherland. 1985. Artificial reef research: a
review with recommendations for future priorities. Bulletin of Mannc
Science 37~1~:11-39.
Boy, R. L., and B. R. Smith. 1984. Design Improvement to Fish Aggregation
Device (FADJ Mooring Systems in General UP in Pacific Island Cour~tries.
South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia.
Bergstrom, M. 1983. Review of E~pericnec~ With and Present Knowlcdgc about
Fuh Aggregating Dc~nec`. Bay of Bengal Programme, BOB P/ WP/ 23,
Madras, India.
Campos, J., and H. Gusman. 1986. An artificial reef for artisanal fisheries
enhancement in Costa Rica. ICLARM Newsletter 9~2~.
Chang, K.-H. 1985. Review of artifical reefs in Taiwan: emphasizing site
selection and effectiveness. Bulletin of Mannc Scicnec 37~1~:143-150.
De la Torre, R., and D. L. Miller. 1985. Update on the Mexican Caribbean's
artificial habitat-based spiny lobster (Paru~lirw argue) fishery: the eval-
uation of design, material, and placement optimums. Proceedings of the
88th Gulf and Caribbean Fuberic~ Ir~titutc Annual Meeting, Martinique.
D'Itri, F. M., 1985. Artificial Reefs. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan,
USA.
Doulman, D. J., and A. Wright. 1983. Recent developments in Papua New
Guinea's tuna fishery. Mannc Fi~hencs Review 45~10-12~:47-59.
Feigenbaum, D., C. H. Blair, J. R. Martin, and M. Kelly. 1985. Virginia's
artificial reef study: description and results of year I. Bulletin of Mannc
Scicnec 37~1~:179-188.
Feigenbaum, D., C. H. Blair, M. Bushing, L. Parker, D. Devereaux, and A.
E`riedlander. 1986. Artificial Reef Study. Technical Report 8~. Department
of Oceanography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Galea, J. A. 1961. The "Kannizzati" Fishery. Technical paper No. 7.
Fisheries Department, Malta.
MacLean, J. 1986. Who's working on artificial reefs? ICLARM Newsletter
9~2~:22-23.
Madbu, S. R., and M. Bergstrom. 1985. Fish aggregating devices. Appropriate
Technology 12~3~:22-24.
Matsumoto, W. M., T. K. Kazama, and D. C. Aasted. 1981. Anchored fish
aggregating devices in Hawaii waters. Marine Fubcmce Rctnew 43~9~:1-13.
Matsumoto, W. M. 1982. Structured flotsam as fish aggregating devices.
NOAA Tcchrucal Memorandum NMFS, SWFC-22. NOAA, Washington,
D.C. USA.
Miller, D. L. 1983. Shallow Water Mariculturc of Spiny Lobster (PanuliruJ arywJ
in the Western Atlantic. Department of Geography, SUNY College at
Cortland, Cortland, New York, USA.
OCR for page 113
ARTIFICIAL REEFS AND FISH AGGREGATING DEVICES
113
Mottet, M. G. 1982. Enhancement of the Marine Environment for Fisheries
and Aquaculture in Japan, Technical Report No. 69. Department of
Fisheries, State of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Nakamura, M. 1985. Evolution of artificial fishing reef concepts in Japan.
Bulletin of Manne Science 37~1) :271-278.
Parker, R. O. Jr., R. B. Stone, C. Buchanan, and F. W. Steimle, Jr.
1974. How to Build Marjorie Artificial Reefs. Fishery Facts 10, NOAA,
Washington, D.C., USA.
Patton, M. L., R. S. Grove, and R. F. Harman. 1985. What do natural reefs
tell us about designing artificial reefs in Southern California? Bulletin' of
Madeira Science 37~1~:279-298.
Sato, O. 1985. Scientific rationales for fishing reef design. Bulletin of Marine
Science 37~1~329-335.
Scott, P. C. 1985. Fish aggregating buoys in Brazil. ICLARM Newsletter
(April):11.
Sheehy, D. H. and S. F. Vik. 1982. Japanese ArtificialReef Technology. Aquabio,
Inc., Annapolis, Maryland, USA.
Silva, A. F. 1975. Observaciones sobre arrecifes artificiales usados pare pescar
en Cuba. Serif Ocear~ologica, No. 26.
Sonu, C. J. 1983. Review of Japar~e~e Fishing Reef Technology. Tekmarine, Inc.,
Sierra Madre, California, USA.
Sonu, C. J. and R. S. Grove. 1985. Typical Japanese reef modules. Bullet
of Marine Science 37~1 ) :348-35 5.
State of Hawaii. 1984. Environmental As~cs~mcut and Negative Declaration
Hawaii Fish Aggregating Decree System. Department of Land and Natural
Resources, Hawaii, USA.
Stone, R. B., C. C. Buchanan, and F. W. Steimle, Jr. 1974. Scrap lores as
Artificial Reefs. Report SW-119, EPA, Washington, D.C., USA.
Stone, R. B., H. L. Pratt, R. O. Parker, Jr., and G. E. Davis. 1979. A
comparison of fish populations on an artificial and natural reef in the
Florida Keys. Manne Fisheries Review 41~9~:1-11.
Stone, R. B. 1985. National artificial reef plan. NOAA Technical Memorar~durn,
NMFSOF-6. NOAA, Washington, D.C., USA.
Valdes, E., and A. F. Silva. 1977. Alimentacidn de los peces de arrecifes
artificiales en la plataforma suroccidental de Cuba. Informe Oientif~co-
Tecruco, No. 24. Instituto de Oceanologia.
Weisburg, S. 1986. Artificial reefs. Scicr~cc News 130~43:59-61.
RESEARCH CONTACTS
Artificial Reefs and FADs
Aquabio, Inc., P.O. Box 4130, Annapolis, MD 21403, USA (D. Sheehy).
Artificial Reef Development Center, 1010 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Suite
100, Washington, D.C. 20001, USA (J. McGurrin).
Council for Agricultural Planning and Development, 37 Nan Hal Road,
Taipei, Taiwan 1007 (J.C. Lee).
Department of Biological Science, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne,
FL 32952, USA (W. Alevizon).
OCR for page 114
114 FISHERIES TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Department of Oceanography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508,
USA (D. Feigenbaum).
Division of Aquatic Resources, Department of Land and Natural Resources,
1151 Punchbowl St., Honolulu, Hawaii, USA (E. Onizuka).
Fisheries Technology Unit, Fisheries Department, P.O. Box 1036 Ministry of
Agriculture, Halfa, 31009 Israel (S. Pizanty).
Geography Department, SUNY, Cortland, NY 13045, USA (D. Miller).
ICLARM, South Pacific Office, Box 1531, Towneville, Queensland 4810,
Australia (J. L. Munro).
Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115, (K.H. Chang).
McIntosh Marine, 621 Idlewyld Drive, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33301, USA (G.
McIntosh).
Ministerio de la Industria Pesquera, Barlovento, Santa Fe, La Habana, Cuba
(S. Vauj~n).
National Marine Fisheries Service, F/Mll, Washington, D.C. 20235 USA
(R. Stone).
Sea Fish Industry Authority, Industrial Development Unit, St. Andrew's
Dock, Hull HU3 4QE, England (J. E. Tumilty).
SEATI Corporation, 119 Maginhawa St., Diliman, Quezon City, Metro
Manila, Philippines (R. Macapagal).
Southeast Fisheries Center, NMFS, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL
33149, USA (J. Bohnsack).
Tekmarine, Inc., 37 Auburn, Ave., Sierra Madre, CA 91024, USA (J. Sonu).
VANTUNA Research Group, 5504 8th St., Fallbrook, CA 92028 USA (M.
Patton).
Representative terms from entire chapter:
fish aggregating
