statement that technology leads science. Robert Price of the Department of Energy said that there is a need to set up a broad-range program, with university research, centers of research, and balanced programs that include chemistry, metallurgy, and physics. Several attendees then noted that nanotechnology has been too discipline-oriented, and instead needs a multidisciplinary approach.

Delcie Durham of the National Science Foundation (NSF) asked for specific barriers, in light of the goals of the workshop. Mr. Piche stated that the manpower shortage in the high-technology workforce has made it difficult for companies to hire talented people with some relevant expertise in nanomaterials. Professor Ying agreed with that assessment. She felt that the federal government devotes more funding to materials research than to university education programs that can address the multidisciplinary needs of nanotechnology. Mr. Piche noted that industry does not necessarily need Ph.D.s for scale-up operations. Mr. Piche also stated that his company looks for bright, versatile employees. Specific expertise is not as important as intellectual elasticity. Mr. Piche clarified that his company hires both U.S. and non-U.S. citizens, but that U.S. citizenship is required for government-funded contracts. Professor Berndt felt that multidisciplinary education should begin not in graduate school but at the undergraduate level. Professor Berndt also raised a concern about the proprietary nature of private industry research. Limited access to research findings may slow advances in nanotechnology or result in duplication of federal research efforts. Professors Mayo and Weertman both noted that the pool of available U.S. graduate students is small.