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Predicting Invasions of Nonindigenous Plants and Plant Pests
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Predicting Invasions of Nonindigenous Plants and Plant Pests
Index
A
Abiotic forces, general, 2, 5, 6, 12, 42, 52-54, 79, 83, 93, 105, 110, 149
see also Climate and weather; Ecosystem effects; Geographic factors; Spatial distribution
hydrology, 1, 7, 95, 98, 101, 103, 104
light, 70, 87-88, 103
Aesthetic values, 7, 14, 103, 105
see also Landscaping and gardening
Age distribution, 4-5, 44, 48
Agricultural Research Service, 126
Agriculture, 7, 14, 15, 38, 64, 94, 105, 108, 112, 133-134, 137, 145
committee study methodology, 2
cost of crop damage/control measures, 1, 2, 15, 95
forest interfaces, 101
pathogens, 25-26
trade liberalization, 17
Air transport, 29, 40
Alang alang, 104
Algae, 98, 99
Allee effects, 43, 47-48, 75, 84
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)
committee recommendations, 10-11, 143-145
foreign trade controls, 15-17, 144-145
introductions, 15, 128-131, 132, 133-134, 144
Port Information Network, 4, 10, 32-37, 39, 143-144
quarantine measures, 23, 25, 33, 62, 91, 111
risk assessments, 8, 10-11, 13, 15-16, 127- 134, 143-145
Argentine ants, 46
Arid ecosystems, 6, 26, 32, 66, 83, 93, 103
Artemisia tridentata, 103
Arthropods, see Insects
Australia, 43, 55, 61, 91, 99, 101, 109, 112, 113, 116, 133, 134-137, 150
B
Beech bark disease, 106
Big sagebrush, 103
Biodiversity, 6-7, 59, 85-89, 94, 100, 102-103
see also Competition
Biological control, 9, 16, 20, 99, 108-109, 135, 141-143, 149
see also Natural enemies
Allee effects, 47
climate-matching, 114
establishment and, 41, 42, 47, 51, 63, 74
nontarget species, 16, 108-109
virulence, 99
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“Biological Flora of the British Isles,” 146
“The Biology of Weeds,” 11, 146
Biotic forces, general, 2, 5-8, 11, 21, 54-66, 78- 94 (passim)
see also Biological control; Competition; Demographics; Genetics; Evolution; Natural enemies
host availability, 5, 7, 53, 54, 55-59, 76, 99, 102, 123, 128
host distribution, 5, 55-59, 122, 128, 129, 131
host specificity, 5, 7, 12, 36, 76, 80, 92, 129, 147-148
mutualists, 5, 54, 65-66, 94
vectors, 5, 20, 54, 62, 65-66, 76, 148
Birds, 6, 85
Brazil, 110
Brazilian pepper tree, 101
Bromus tectorum, 88-89, 102, 103, 107
Buffelgrass, 104
C
Cactoblastis cactorum, 108
California, 46, 113
Canada, 51, 53, 90, 114-115, 117, 136-137
Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 11, 146
Cape tulip, 116, 133, 136-137
Centaurea solstitialis, 102
Cheatgrass, 88-89, 102, 103, 107
Chestnut blight fungus, 1, 14, 61, 101, 102, 105-106, 110
Chile, 113
China, 4, 37-38, 34-36, 37-38, 39, 57-58
Climate and weather, 5, 21, 41, 52-53, 54, 75- 76, 112
disasters, 45, 75
greenhouse gases, 104, 110
latitude, 5, 20, 53, 58, 76
matching, 8, 113-115, 128, 129, 131, 134, 136, 138-139
wind, 6, 39, 85, 93
Coccinella septempunctata, 108
Community structure, 13, 48-50, 59, 93-94, 101-102, 106-109, 110, 147
biodiversity, 6-7, 59, 85-89, 94, 100, 102- 103;
see also Competition
Competition, 5, 6, 7, 16, 41, 62-66, 76, 86-89, 94, 96, 103, 126
exploitation, 62-63
individual effects, 98
interference, 62
isolated habitat, 96
models, 97
Compsilura concinnata, 108
Computer applications
see also Databases; Internet
climate simulations, 8, 113-115
Cordgrass, 98
Cost factors
damage by/control of invasive species, 1, 2, 15, 95
field studies, 125
Cronartium ribicola, 53-54
Crypohonectria parasitica, see Chestnut blight fungus
Cryptococcus fagisuga, 106, 148
D
Databases, 11, 12
see also Internet
Federal noxious weed and seed lists, 28, 144, 149-150
Port Information Network, 4, 10, 32-37, 39, 143-144
U.S. Geological Survey, 146
Demographics, general, 4, 12, 44, 52, 74, 75, 78-79, 82, 97-98, 122, 124, 149
see also Dispersal; Reproductive factors; Spatial distribution
age distribution, 4-5, 44, 48
extinction, 42, 44-45, 73-74, 84, 100, 149
founder populations, 41, 45, 50, 51, 53, 67, 72, 73-75 (passim), 89, 122, 149
individual effects, 98
minimum viable population, 42, 43, 82
Department of Agriculture, 2, 126, 143, 145- 151
see also Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Desert ecosystems, see Arid ecosystems
Disasters, 45, 75
Dispersal, 6, 12, 19, 21, 59, 80-85, 93-94, 97, 116, 123, 129, 131, 147-148
birds, 6, 39
fruit and fruiting, 6, 7, 68-69, 93-94, 97
genetic factors, 100
gradients, 81
models of, 83-84
pollen and pollination, 6, 7, 65, 66-68, 101, 105
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seeds, 23, 30, 31-32, 61, 69, 93-94, 97, 116, 123, 137, 144
wind, 6, 39, 85
Disturbance, 11, 38, 45, 54, 63, 68, 75, 85, 87, 90, 94, 98, 103, 105, 106, 123, 146- 147
see also Agriculture; Disasters
Dormancy, 5, 6, 53, 69, 70, 75, 76, 77, 122, 124
E
Economic factors, 1-2, 83
see also Agriculture; Foreign trade; Interstate commerce
China, 37, 38
climate-matching, 113-115
damage by/control of invasive species, 1, 2, 15, 95
ecosystem goods and services, 104
gardening sector, 30-31
risk assessment models, 128, 129, 132, 137, 140
tourism sector, 29, 38
Ecosystem effects, 1, 2, 6, 7-8, 11, 15, 16, 18, 103-110, 146-147
see also Biodiversity; Biotic forces, general; Community structure; Disturbance; Forests
arid, 6, 26, 32, 66, 83, 93, 103
hydrology, 1, 7, 95, 98, 101, 103, 104
isolated habitats, 96;
see also Islands
nutrient cycling, 7, 26, 31, 87, 95, 98, 102, 103-104, 105, 107, 110
predictive systems evaluated, 115-116, 118, 139
Education and training, multidisciplinary approaches, 13, 150-151
Elton, Charles, 19
Endangered Species Act, 98
Enemies, see Natural enemies
Epidemiology
documentation and standardization, 11, 145
multidisciplinary approaches, 13, 150
Establishment, 2, 4-6, 9, 18, 21, 41-94, 145
see also Dispersal
biological control and, 41, 42, 47, 51, 63, 74
defined, 41
experiments, 51, 59-59, 86-87, 145
founder populations, 41, 45, 50, 51, 53, 67, 72, 73-75 (passim), 89, 122, 149
insects, 41, 46, 51, 55-64 (passim), 72-74, 76, 77, 79-80, 83
minimum viable population, 42, 43, 82
parasites, 42, 47, 54, 59, 60, 73
pathogens, 43, 53-54, 55, 58, 61-62, 70-72, 77, 81-82
predictive systems, 8, 10-11, 15-16, 17, 111, 122, 131, 138, 142, 144
taxonomy, 42, 52, 56, 60, 66, 76
temporal factors, 45, 68-69, 76, 81, 85, 93
Euphydryas butterfly, 100
Europe, 20, 22, 37-38, 39, 55, 87, 91, 112
gypsy moth, 1, 102, 104-105
insects, other, 24, 34, 53, 56-57, 58, 63-64, 73
rabbits from, biocontrols in Australia, 99
European larch canker, 53
Evolution, 7, 21, 74, 89-93, 98, 100, 105, 109, 110
hybridization, 7, 77, 89, 90-92, 98-99
Experiments and experimental data, 6, 112, 125, 149
establishment, 51, 59-59, 86-87, 145
field screening, 11, 125, 145
selection pressures, 7, 90, 92
Expert judgment, 8-9, 10, 11, 19, 113, 115-116, 117, 137, 138, 142, 146, 149
multidisciplinary approaches, 12-13, 150-151
study committee biographies, 181-185
Exports and imports, see Foreign trade; Travel and tourism
F
Federal government, 9, 13, 14, 28-29, 145-151
see also Legislation
Department of Agriculture, 2, 126, 143, 145-151;
see also Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Geological Survey, 146
National Invasive Species Council, 150
National parks, 7, 106
noxious weed and seed lists, 28, 144, 149- 150
Fire ants, 46, 101
Fires, 7, 45, 75, 88-89, 95, 110
Fish and fisheries, 98, 103, 108
Florida, 101
Flowers and flowering, 6, 21, 68-69, 117
cape tulip, 116, 133, 136-137
pollen and pollination, 6, 7, 65, 66-68, 101, 105
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Foreign trade, 3, 8, 15-17, 19, 22, 24-25, 29-40
see also Introductions;
Ships and Shipping;
Travel and tourism;
specific countries
APHIS controls, 15-17, 144-145
Port Information Network, 4, 10, 32-37, 39, 143-144
Internet-based, 4, 31, 39
trade liberalization, 17
travel and tourism, 3, 15, 19, 25, 29, 38-39
World Trade Organization, 16-17
Forests, 6, 37, 53, 57-58, 63, 64, 87, 101, 102, 104, 105
chestnut blight fungus, 1, 14, 61, 101, 102, 105-106, 110
gypsy moths, 1, 102, 104-105
pine trees, 66, 103
Founder populations, 41, 45, 50, 51, 53, 67, 72, 73-75 (passim), 89, 122, 149
Fruit and fruiting, 6, 7, 68-69, 93-94, 97
Fungi, 3, 20, 22, 55, 65, 100, 106, 148
chestnut blight fungus, 1, 14, 61, 101, 102, 105-106, 110
rust, 19, 20, 53-54, 70
G
Gardening, see Landscaping and gardening;
Nurseries
Genetics, 4-7 (passim), 11, 45-46, 56-57, 71, 74-75, 77, 94, 98-100, 109-110, 145
see also Evolution;
Reproductive factors
Allee effects, 43, 47-48, 75, 84
host specificity, 5, 7, 12, 36, 71, 76, 80, 92, 129, 147-148
hybridization, 7, 77, 89, 90-92, 98-99
phenotypic plasticity, 5, 45, 75, 77, 89, 91, 116, 146
phylogeny and traits, 76, 77, 89, 91, 118- 119, 139, 146
predictive systems evaluated, 115-116, 117
sleeper species, 90
The Genetics of Colonizing Species, 116
Geographic factors, 5, 6, 9, 14, 18, 39, 49-50, 78, 96, 102
see also Dispersal; Spatial distribution
climate-matching, 113-115
committee study methodology, 17
formula to assess impact, 97
isolated habitats, 96;
see also Islands
latitude, 5, 20, 53, 58, 76
predictive systems evaluated, 112-115, 141- 142, 145, 146, 147-148
Geological Survey, 146
Grazers, 26, 54, 61
Greenhouse gases, 104, 110
Gypsy moths, 1, 83, 102, 104-105
H
Harmonia axyyridis, 108
Hawaii, 21, 103
Health, human, 137
Hesperis matronalis, 90
Homeria miniata, 116, 133, 136-137
Horticulture, see Landscaping and gardening
Host availability, 5, 7, 53, 54, 55-59, 76, 99, 102, 123, 128
Host distribution, 5, 55-59, 76, 122, 128, 129, 131
Host specificity, 5, 7, 12, 36, 71, 76, 80, 92, 129, 147-148
Hybrids and hybridization, 7, 77, 89, 90-92, 98- 99
Hydrology, 1, 7, 95, 98, 101, 103, 104
Hypericum perforatum, 109
I
Imperata cylindrica, 104
Imports and exports, see Foreign trade; Travel and tourism
Insecticides, 79
APHIS border controls, 15-16
geographic factors, 9
historical perspectives, 3, 20, 21
suburban areas, 1
Insects, 4, 5, 14, 99-100, 101, 104, 108, 112
see also Pollen and pollination
committee study methodology, 2
establishment, 41, 46, 51, 55-64 (passim), 72-74, 76, 77, 79-80, 83
gypsy moths, 1, 83, 102, 104-105
introduction, 23-25, 27-28, 34, 39, 108-109, 122-124;
see also Natural enemies
life tables, 79
predator-prey relationship, 5, 61;
see also Natural enemies
reproductive factors, 72-73, 77, 122-123
vectors, 5, 20, 54, 62, 65-66, 76, 148
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Interdisciplinary approaches, see Multidisciplinary approaches
International Plant Protection Convention, 17, 133, 141
Internet
intentional introduction of invasive species, 4, 31, 39
literature on natural history of species, 11, 146
Introductions, 2, 3, 8, 12, 19-40, 113, 119, 125, 138, 142
see also Biological control; Dispersal; Foreign trade; Natural enemies; Seeds; Travel and tourism
accidental, 3, 17-18, 20-26, 29-30, 39-40, 59
APHIS controls, 15, 128-131, 132, 133-134, 144
Port Information Network (PIN), 4, 10, 32-37, 39, 143-144
founder populations, 41, 45, 50, 51, 53, 67, 72, 73-75 (passim), 89, 122, 149
insects, 23-25, 27-28, 34, 39, 108-109, 122- 124;
see also Natural enemies
intentional, 4, 6, 11, 12, 16, 17-18, 20, 21- 22, 26-28, 30-32, 38
Internet as vehicle, 4, 31, 39
see also Landscaping and gardening; Travel and tourism
multiple, 4, 7, 50, 58, 61, 71, 91, 93, 95, 97, 104-106, 119, 148
pathogens, 25-26, 27-28, 39, 121-122
taxonomy, 34, 37
temporal factors, 8, 90, 93, 107, 124
Islands, 21, 86, 96
Australia, 43, 55, 61, 91, 99, 101, 109, 112, 113, 116, 133, 134-137, 150
Hawaii, 21, 103
New Guinea, 61
New Zealand, 87
J
Jadera haemotoloma, 100
Japan, 34-36
Journal of Ecology, 146
K
Karibaweed, 148
L
Lachnellula wilkommii, 53
Ladybird beetles, 101
Landscape, 52
see also Aesthetic values
Landscaping and gardening, 4, 30-31, 66, 101, 137, 145, 149
see also Nurseries
Lantana, 148
Leafhoppers, 85-86
Legislation
Endangered Species Act, 98
International Plant Protection Convention, 17, 133, 141
Plant Quarantine Act, 23, 25
Life-history traits, 8, 12, 42, 43, 66-74, 77, 80, 82, 89, 98, 109, 115-119, 122, 125- 126, 145, 147-148
see also Flowers and flowering; Fruit and fruiting; Reproductive factors
dormancy, 5, 6, 53, 69, 70, 75, 76, 77, 122, 124
light requirements, 70, 87-88, 103
seed production, 69, 137
Life tables, 79
Light requirements, 70, 87-88, 103
Linepithema humile, 46
Lythrum salicaria, 91
M
Madagascar, 104
Maine, 53
Marine invertebrates, 98
Massachusetts, 104
Mediterranean Basin, 113
Melaleuca, 103, 148
Mexico, 104, 108
Mimosa pigra, 43, 101
Minimum viable population, 42, 43, 82
Models, see Simulations and models
Moran effect, 48
Multidisciplinary approaches, 12-13, 150-151
Multiple introductions, 4, 7, 50, 58, 61, 71, 91, 93, 95, 97, 104-106, 119, 148
Mutualists, 5, 54, 65-66, 94
pollen and pollination, 6, 7, 65, 66-68, 101, 105;
see also Dispersal
Myrica faya, 103
Myxoma virus, 99
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N
National parks, 7, 106
Natural disasters, see Disasters
Natural enemies, 5, 41, 54-55, 59-62, 64-65, 76, 79-80, 96, 107, 108-109, 122
see also Biological control
multiple introductions, 104
nontarget species, 16, 108-109
Naturalization, see Establishment
Nectria coccinea, 106
New Guinea, 61
New York State, 66
New Zealand, 87
Nurseries, 4
Nutrient cycling, 7, 26, 31, 87, 95, 98, 102, 103-104, 105, 107, 110
O
Opuntia aurantiaca, 90
Oryctolagus cuniculus, 99
P
Parasites and parasitoids, 1, 14, 33, 79-80, 86, 99, 105
establishment, 42, 47, 54, 59, 60, 73
Pathogens, 5, 6, 14, 100, 101, 104, 105, 126, 142-143, 147-148
see also Fungi; terms beginning “Host”
APHIS, 4, 144
biological control, 99
committee study methodology, 2
dispersal, 81-82
establishment, 43, 53-54, 55, 58, 61-62, 70- 72, 77, 81-82
geographic factors, 9, 96
historical perspectives, 3
hybridization, 99
introductions, 25-26, 27-28, 39, 121-122
natural enemies, 61-62
reproductive factors, 70, 77, 122-123, 147- 148
vectors, 5, 20, 54, 62, 65-66, 76, 148
virulence, 5, 56, 61-62, 70, 71, 99
Pennisetum ciliare, 104
Persistence, see Establishment
Pesticides
see also Insecticides
regulatory issues, 109
Phytophthora ramorum, 55
PIN, see Port Information Network
Pine trees, 66, 103
Plantago lanceolata, 100
Plant Quarantine Act, 23, 25
Political factors, 132, 145-146
Pollen and pollination, 6, 7, 65, 66-68, 101, 105
Port Information Network (PIN), 4, 10, 32-37, 39, 143-144
Predator-prey relationship, 5, 54, 61, 96, 105, 107
see also Natural enemies
isolated habitat, 96
models, 97, 126
Professional training, see Education and training
Public opinion, see Political factors
Puccinia graminis, 55
Purple loosestrife, 91
Q
Qualitative analysis, 8, 74, 77, 108, 127, 128- 135 (passim), 134-135, 136, 142
see also Expert judgment
Quarantine measures, 23, 25, 33, 62, 91, 111, 134
R
Regulatory issues, 8, 12, 13, 15, 21, 109, 127, 147
see also Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; Standards and standardization
pesticides, 109
quarantine measures, 23, 25, 33, 62, 91, 111, 134
World Trade Organization, 16-17
Reproductive factors, 44-45, 74, 78, 112, 116, 137
see also Demographics; Genetics
Allee effects, 43, 47-48, 75, 84
insects, 72-73, 77, 122-123
minimum viable population, 42, 43, 82
pathogens, 70, 77, 122-123, 147-148
plants, 66-68, 77, 122-123;
see also Flowers and flowering; Fruit and fruiting; Pollen and pollination; Seeds
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Risk assessment, 8-9, 18, 126-138, 139-140, 147
see also Experiments and experimental data; Expert judgment; Qualitative analysis
APHIS, 8, 10-11, 13, 15-16, 127-134, 143- 145
defined, 127
economic factors, 128, 129, 132, 137, 140
introduction, 28-40
World Trade Organization, 16-17
Root systems, 3, 7, 24, 31, 34, 55, 62, 67, 85, 88, 98, 106
S
Saint John’s wort, 109
Salvina molesta, 148
Sampling, Port Information Network (PIN), 10, 143-144
Schinus terebinthifolius, 101
Seeds, 23, 30, 31-32, 93-94, 97, 116, 123, 144
see also Dispersal
natural enemies, 61
production phase, 69, 137
Ships and shipping, 24
containers, 3, 29-30, 40
Port Information Network, 4, 10, 32-37, 39, 143-144
Simulations and models, 97, 126-138, 139-140
climate, 8, 113-115, 128, 129, 131, 134, 136, 138-139
community structure, 108
competition, 97
dispersal, 83-84
Singapore, 34-36
Sleeper species, 90
Soapberry bugs, 100
Soil composition, 7, 11, 22, 23, 25, 26, 31, 61, 62, 65, 88, 89, 103, 145
see also Root systems
Solenopsis invicta, 46, 101
South Africa, 113
Spartina alterniflora/anglica, 98
Spatial distribution, 4, 5, 6, 18, 42, 48-50, 62, 75, 78, 80, 83-84, 107, 109-110, 128
see also Dispersal; Geographic factors
host distribution, 5, 55-59
hybridization, 99
Standards and standardization, 10, 11-12, 13, 150
criteria for predictive systems, 8-9
International Plant Protection Convention, 17, 133, 141
State government, 9, 13
Australia, 133, 134-135
cost of control measures, 14
Statistical analysis, 9, 142-143
see also Simulations and models
St. John’s wort, 109
Stochastic forces, 4-5, 6, 9, 41, 42-52, 54, 74- 75, 113, 122, 124
Suburban areas, 1
T
Taxonomy, 5-8 (passim), 81, 86, 89, 93, 94, 107
establishment, 42, 52, 56, 60, 66, 76
expertise, 12-13, 150
introduction, 34, 37
predictive systems evaluated, 112, 116-121 (passim), 126, 139, 144, 147, 150
Temporal factors, 107, 109-110
disasters, 45
dispersal, 81
establishment, 45, 68-69, 76, 81, 85, 93
flowering and fruiting, 68-69
introduction to manifestation, 8, 90, 93, 107, 124
Tetroplum fuscum, 90
Texas, 101
Trade, see Foreign trade; Interstate commerce; Travel and tourism
Tragopogon laitfolia/mirus/miscellus, 91
Traits, 41, 82, 87-89, 99-100, 120, 139
life-history, 8, 12, 42, 43, 66-74, 77, 80, 82, 89, 109, 115-119, 122, 125-126, 145, 147-148
dormancy, 5, 6, 53, 69, 70, 75, 76, 77, 122, 124
light requirements, 70, 87-88, 103
seed production, 69, 137
phylogeny and, 76, 77, 89, 91, 118-119, 139, 146
Travel and tourism, 29, 38-39
APHIS controls, 15
historical perspectives, 3, 19, 25
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U
Urban areas, 1
V
Vascular plants, general, 6, 18-19, 32, 37, 56, 98, 102
Port Information Network, 10, 144
Vectors, 5, 20, 54, 62, 65-66, 76, 148
Virulence, 5, 56, 61-62, 70, 71
biological controls, 99
Visual quality, see Aesthetic values
W
Weather, see Climate and weather
West Virginia, 104-105
White pine blister rust, 53-54
Wind, 6, 39, 85, 93
Woody plants and products, 3, 8, 24, 34, 73, 130
see also Forests
World Trade Organization, 16-17
World Wide Web, see Internet
The World’s Worst Weeds, 112
