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OCR for page R11
Contents
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Overview . eeaeeaeae~~eeeeeeeeee~ eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~ eeeeeeeeeel
Radon eeeeeeee~~eeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeee~ eeeeeeeeeeeee~ee~ 24
ANNEX 2A The Committee's Analysis of
Four Cohorts of Miners ee~~eeeeee~~eeeee~ eels bee 84
ANNEX 2B Radon Dosimetry aeeeeeeeeeee~eeeeeeeee~ 137
aeee.159
.176
.245
276
303
Polonium . . eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
Radium eeee~eeeeee~~eee~~~e~ eeeeee~ sees
Thorium. em eeeeee
Uranium eeeeeeeeeeeeeee.
~ansuranic Elements.........
ANNEX 7A A Bayesian Methodology for Combining
Radiation Studies ee ee
3 Genetic, Teratogenic, and Fetal Effects ...
APPENDIXES
~ ~ &1 1 TO te l
...348
.. 367
- 397
415
I Dosimetry of Alpha Particles.e...
II Cellular Radiobiology . em
ITI The Effects of Radon Progeny on
Laboratory Animals. eve e 430
IV
· —
Epidemiological Studies of Persons
Exposed to Radon Progeny o~ en en 445
V Nonmalignant Respiratory and Other
Diseases Among Miners Exposed to Radon 489
VI Lung-Cancer Histopathology 497
X1
OCR for page R12
CONTENTS
VII The Combined Effects of Radon
Daughters and Cigarette Smoking.
VIll Previous Estimates of the Risk due to
. .504
Radon Progeny 564
Glossary
Index
PRINCIPAL TABLES
1-1
2-1 Factors Influencing the Dose to ~ arget Yes In one
Respiratory m. ract from Radon Exposure .............
Lung-Cancer Risk Coefficients, A, with a Constant-
Relative-Risk Model 40
2-3 All Causes and Lung-Cancer Annual Mortality
Rates by Sex for U.S. Population, 1980-1984
Ratio of Lifetime Risks, Lifetime Risk of
Lung-Cancer Mortality, and Years of Life Lost for
Lifetime Exposure e 56
Ratio of Lifetime Risks for Males by
Age Started and Age Exposure Ends 62
Lifetime Risks for Males by Age Started and Age
Exposure Ends............................................
Years of Life Lost for Males by Age Started
Exposure Ends 66
Ratio of Lifetime Risks for Females by Age Started
and Age Exposures Ends 68
Lifetime Risks for Females by Age Started and Age
Exposures Ends '
Years of Life Lost for Females by Age Started and
Age Exposures Ends 72
Measures of Effects of R [don-Daughter Exposure in
Males Conditional on Known Survival to a
Specified Age
~ _ . ~ ~ ~ _ ~ . _
2-2
.. 577
- .587
Comparison of Estimates of Lifetime Risk of Lung-
Cancer Mortality due to a Lifetime Exposure to
Radon Progeny......................................
~ ~ _ ~ m_ _ ~ rat 1 1 ~ L _
....... 8
2-4
2-5
2-6
2-7
2-8
2-9
2-10
2-11
....28
..54
64
.... 70
........ 74
2-12 Measures of Effects of Radon-Daughter Exposure in
Females Conditional on Known Survival to a
Specified Age 75
·.
X11
OCR for page R13
CONTENTS
2-13
Lifetime Risk of Lung-Cancer Mortality due to
LifetimeExposure to Radon Progeny 76
2A-1 Summary Data for the Four Miner Cohorts 106
2A-2 Internal Analysis of Relative Risk as a Function of
Age at Risk Age at Start of Exposure, Duration, and
2A-3
2A-4
2A-5
_ , _
Time Since Exposure 109
External Analysis of Relative Risk as a Function of
Age at Risk, Age at Start of Exposure, Duration, and
Time Since Exposure 110
Internal Analysis of Combined Data for Four
Cohorts: Analysis of Joint Effects of Age and Time
Since Exposure
External Analysis of Combined Data for Four
Cohorts: Analysis of Joint Common Effects of Age
and Time Since Exposure
2A-10 Probability of Lung-Cancer Mortality in the
Presence of Other Causes of Death
Some Physical Properties of 222 Rn and Its
Short-Lived Decay Prod~ucts
Definition of the Working Level ~
..116
..117
.133
. . 138
a_ _ 141
3-1
4-1
4-2
4-4
4-5
4-6
4-7
5-1
5-2
5-3
Selected Polonium Isotopes and Their Alpha
Emissions 160
Locations of Bone Sarcomas among Persons
Exposed to 226 228 Ra
Relative Frequencies for Radium-Ind~uced and
Naturally Occurring Tumors by Age Group
Carcinomas of the Paranasal Sinuses and Mastoid
Air Cells among Persons Exposed to 226 228Ra 218
Incident Leukemia in Located Radium Workers 227
Cancer Incidence Rate among Persons
Exposed to Different Concentrations of Radium
in Drinking Water 233
Effect of Single Skeletal Dose of 1 red from 224Ra
Received by 1,000,000 U.S. White Males at Age 40 235
186
. 187
, . . —
Radioisotopes in the Thorium Series
Mean Annual Alpha,Rad~iation Dose Following
Thorotrast Injection 252
The German Thorotrast Study: Causes of Death
in Examined and Nonexa~ined Patients
· ·.
x~n
..... 248
....259
OCR for page R14
CO N TEN AS
5-4
5-5
5-6
5-7
~1
~2
~3
7-1
7A-6
8-1
8-2
8-3
8-4
I-1
III-1
IV-1
IV-2
IV 3
IV 4
The Japanese Thorotrast Study: Causes of Death
in Intravascular Thorotrast Group and in Controls 264
Liver Cancer Data from Thorotrast Studies 268
Estimated Liver Cancer Risks 269
Lifetime Excess Cancer Risks from Thorotrast 272
Distribution of Uranium in Postmortem Tissues
of a Single Uranium Worker 282
Causes of Death after Uranium Dust Exposure 293
Cumulative Lung Dose OcIds Ratios 294
Transuranium Nuclides of Potential Biological
Significance 304
Summary of Posterior Distributions after Combining
Studies
Genetic Effects of an Average Population Exposure
to the Gonads of 1 red of Alpha Particles per 3~yr
Generation 379
1981 U.S. Age-Specific Population and Births 380
Live Births by Age of Mother, All Races,
United States, 1981
362
.381
Genetic Ejects of Population Exposure to 1 red of
Alpha Particles to the Gonads 382
Representative Values of Microdosimetric Parameters
for a 1 Em Sphere ...................................
Summary of Tumors Primary to Lungs of Rats,
Median Survival Times, and Lung-Tumor Risk
Coefficients for COGEMA Radon-Daughter
Exposures ...............................................
Summary of Factors Influencing the Tumorigenic
Efficiency of Radon-Daughter Exposure.....
..... 409
.434
..442
Results of Colorado Plateau Study of Male
Uranium Miners 448
Chronology of Radon and Radon-Daughter
Measurements in Colorado Plateau Study.~ 449
Number of Mines Visited and Number of
Measurements Made in Colorado Plateau Study
Lung-Cancer Deaths by Cumulative W[M in
White Underground Miners in Colorado
Plateau Study
XIV
...... 450
451
OCR for page R15
CONTENTS
IV-5 Data on Nonwhite Male Underground Uranium
Miners in Colorado Plateau Study 454
IV-6 Lung-Cancer Mortality among Czechoslovakian
Uranium Miners 457
IV-7
IV-8
IV-9
~ . ~.,~ "hi. ,,44.,~` c, ...............
I`ung-Cancer among Czechoslovakian Uranium
Miners in Relation to Cumulative Radon-Daughter
Exposure ~
Numbers of Mines and Measurements in Study of
Ontario Uranium Miners 463
Observed and Expected Lung-Cancer Deaths by
Cumulative WHIM among Ontario Uranium Miners 463
IV-10 Numbers of Radon-Daughter and Radon
Measurements in Eldorado Beaveriodge Uranium
Miner Study 465
IV-ll Observed and Expected I~ung-Cancer Deaths by
Cumulative WI`M, atnong Eldorado BeaverIodge
Uranium Miners . ease 467
IV-12 Standard Mortality Ratios for Lung Cancer among
Eldorado Employees ~ eve e 468
IV-13 Lung-Cancer Moratality by Cumulative Radiation
Exposure among Chinese Tin Miners 469
I`ung-Cancer Mortality by Cumulative Radiation
Exposure among Canadian Fluorspar Miners 471
Lung-Cancer Mortality among Norwegian Niobium
462
IV-14
IV-15
Mine Workers Sees e 479
IV-16 Cause-Specific Risks of Mortality among Miners
Exposed to Radon Daughters. ee~~~eeeee~ eel 482
VI-1
Lung-Cancer Histopathology in Mining Groups
Exposed to Radon Daughters ·e-~ 500
VII-1 Relative Risks from Selected Studies of Cigarette Use,
VII-2
Radiation Exposure, and I~ung-Cancer Risk eee~ 506
Data on Smoking Rate and Radiation Exposure from
Case Control Study of New Mexico Uranium Miners
by Various Variables ~
VII-3 Data from Case Control Study of New Mexico
Uranium Miners..........................................
VII-4 Data on Smoking Rate and Radiation Exposure
among Japanese A-Bomb Survivors.....................
VII-5 Relative Risks for Radiation Exposure and
Number of Cigarettes Smoked per Day by Japanese
A-Bomb Survivors 524
521
522
523
xv
OCR for page R16
CONTENTS
VIT-6 Data on Duration of Cigarette Smoking and
Radiation among Japanese A-Bomb Survivors 525
Relative Risks from Radiation and Years of Cigarette
Use among Japanese A-Bomb Survivors 525
Results of Fitting Additive and Multiplicative Relative
Risk Models among Japanese A-Bomb Survivors 526
VIl-9 Observed and Calculated Lung-Cancer Mortality as a
Function of Cumulative Exposure and Cigarette
Consumption for the Colorado Plateau Miner Cohort 528
VIT-10 Relative Risks for Lung Cancer among Colorado
Plateau Miner's Cohort 530
VIT-ll Results for Fitting Various Relative Risk Models to
Colorado Plateau Miner's Cohort 532
VIl-12 Ratio of Lifetime Risks by Age Started and Age
Exposure Ends for Male Smokers 533
VIT-13 Lifetune Risk by Age Started and Age Exposure
Ends for Male Smokers 535
VIl-14 Years of I`ife Lost, by Age Started and Age Exposure
Ends for Male Smokers 537
VIl-15 Ratio of Lifetime Risks, by Age Started and Age
Exposure Ends for Male Nonsmokers 539
VIT-16 Lifetime Risk by Age Started and Age Exposure
Ends for Male Nonsmokers 541
VII-17 Years of I,ife I,ost, by Age Started and Age Exposure
Ends for Male Nonsmokers 543
VIl-18 Ratio of Lifetime Risks by Age Started and Age
Started and Age Exposure Ends for Female Smokers 545
VII-19 Lifetime Risk by Age Started and Age Exposure
Ends for Female Smokers 547
VIT-20 Years of I,ife Lost by Age Started and Age Exposure
Ends for Female Smokers 549
VIT-21 Ratio of I,ifetime Risk by Age Started and Exposure
Ends for Female Nonsmokers 551
VII-22 I,ifetime Risk by Age Started and Age Exposure
Ends for Female Nonsmokers 553
VIT-23 Years of Life Lost by Age Started and Age Exposure
Ends for Female Nonsmokers 555
VII-24 Histologic and Physiologic Changes in the Respiratory
Tract Associated with Cigarette Smoking 557
Published Risk Coefficients for Exposure of
Underground Miners to Radon Progeny
XVI
- 565
OCR for page R17
HEALTH RISKS OF
RADON
AND OTHER
INTERNALLY DEPOSITED
ALPHA-EMITTERS
BEIR IV
OCR for page R18
