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OCR for page 445
Index
A
Acceptable use policies, 222-223, 235-240,
282-283, 378
Access control, 69, 110,194. See also Filters/
filtering
Adult online entertainment industry
future products and services, 68-70, 81-
82
mouse/rapping, 74, 75, 78-79, 80,109,
212-213
possible safe harbors for, 107, 208-209,
342
practices, 71 nit, 74-79, 382-383
regulation, 79-81
size and structure, 72-73, 79
subscriber retention, 72-73, 76-77
targeting children, 78-79, 80, 82-83,104-
105
verification services, 63-65, 78-79,102,
206-209, 340-349, 360
Advertising of sexually explicit material,
38, 74-76, 96,109-110,129,133 n.39,
136. See also Spam
Age verification, 62-65, 78-79,102, 206-209,
216, 328-329, 339-349, 360
AltaVista, 273
Ambiguities in language as related to
filtering, 54-55, 138-140, 278, 420421,
422
445
American Family Online, 167-168
American Civil Liberties Union, 104
American Family Association, 168
American Social Health Association, 126,
173
Anonymizers, 66, 67,164
AOL parental controls, 162, 272, 275, 276,
284
Authentication technologies, 59, 62-64, 346
Automated policy preference negotiation,
346-347
B
Bag-of-words model for matching
documents, 422
Bandwidth, 37, 73
Beaver College, 278 n.l5
Best practices for homes, schools, libraries,
374-386
Biometric signatures, 62, 64-65
Black lists of inappropriate material, 52, 54
Blocking inappropriate material, 51-61,100,
103-104, 162, 194, 273-274, 279-280
Bulletin boards, 130, 272, 284
C
Chain letters, 109-110
OCR for page 446
446
Chat rooms and online conversations, 40,
44, 45, 119, 130, 138, 141-142, 162 n.4,
170-171, 173, 272, 276, 284
Child pornography, 66, 71 nit, 93-94, 97-99,
113, 129, 132, 137, 205, 213, 214-215,
424
Children
age/developmental considerations, 116-
118, 155, 157-158, 193, 206, 229-230,
290-291, 342, 358-359
First Amendment protections, 89-92
Internet usage, 117, 119-120, 128, 136-
142, 163
media usage, 115-120
monitoring online activities, 103 n.42,
268-269, 272, 284, 286, 291, 304-317
parental knowledge of, 118, 120, 164-
165
rights, 92-93
sexual information from media, 123-127
special-needs populations, 159
targeting of advertising for sexually
explicit material, 78-79, 80, 82-83,
104-105
technological sophistication, 49, 162-
163, 165
venues for Internet access, 36-38, 127-
128, 280, 360
Content providers for adult Web sites, 78,
381-382
Coping strategies for exposure to
inappropriate material or
experiences, 135, 195
Counters for Web traffic, 77
Credit cards as age verification technology,
63,64,73,74,78,110,138,271,341,
342, 343, 345, 349
Crimes Against Children Research Center,
132, 134, 135, 138, 140-142
Cultivation theory, 148
Cybersex, 129, 170-171
CyberTipline, 214-215
D
Department of Education, 103
Deterrence as a form of protection, 195
Dial-a-porn services, 110
Digital convergence, 45
Disclosure of personal information, 104
n.46
INDEX
Domain names, 38-39, 54-55, 74, 109, 139-
140
.kids top-level, 328-329, 335-339
.xxx top-level, 327-334, 354
E
E-mail, 40, 42, 74, 108-109, 119, 138, 142,
272, 274, 276, 281, 286
E-rate program, 103
Education strategies. See Social and
education strategies
Encryption, 65, 67
Executable dialer programs, 108
Exposure to inappropriate material and
experiences
age/developmental considerations, 135,
157-158
deliberate, 137, 138, 139, 141-142, 160,
195-196, 268-269, 275, 341, 342
dimensions of, 159-160, 357-358
empirical research, 149-157
extent of, 132-135
First Amendment protections, 89-92
gender and, 117-118, 141, 158-159
impacts of sexually explicit materials,
133, 135, 143-180, 362-364
inadvertent, 133, 135, 137, 138-141, 160,
268-269, 275, 341
on Internet, 133, 136-142
parental challenges, 161-165
passive vs. interactive, 25, 139, 328-329
routes to, 40, 128-142, 281
theoretical perspectives, 117, 143-149
types of materials and experiences, 128-
129, 136-137, 159
warnings, 194, 300, 340, 341
F
FBI Sex Offender Database, 114
Federal Communications Commission, 103,
110-112
Federal Trade Commission, 80, 106, 107-
110
File sharing (peer-to-peer), 40, 42, 129, 131,
132, 271, 274, 281. See also Peer-to-
peer networks.
Filters/filtering
client-side, 271, 302
OCR for page 447
INDEX
combinations of methods, 52, 58, 300
content-limited ISPs, 37, 52,131, 268-
269, 270-272, 277, 280-281, 282, 284,
286-288, 293, 301, 302
defeating /circumventing, 280-281, 282
defined, 271
by domain names and IP addresses, 54-
55,279
effectiveness, 51, 53, 56, 58, 60-61, 275-
286, 303-304
flexibility and usability, 289-292
functions, 267-275
future prospects, 298-301
identifying sites to be blocked, 51-59,
286-289
information retrieval technologies and,
54, 55-56, 58, 274, 298-299, 420
labeling of content, 56-58, 59, 209, 268-
269, 282, 288-289, 295-298
liability issues, 100
at libraries, 271, 273, 274-275, 280, 282-
284, 379
placement of, 56, 59, 103-104,
270-273
at schools, 273, 274, 280, 282-284, 285
search engine, 56, 59, 271, 273
selective degradation of service,
299-300
server-side, 59, 272-273, 281 n.21,
302
statutes, 103-104
technologies, 51-59, 267-304
trade-offs in, 58-59, 268-269, 292-298,
301-304
V-chip, 57, 61,110,111,196,197
Financial transaction mechanisms, 63, 68-
69, 73, 74, 78
First Amendment issues, 84-96, 98,100,
102-103, 293, 359
Flying Crocodile Inc. (FCI), 72 n.3, 77
Flynt Digital Media, 81
G
GetNetWise, 228, 267, 270
Gnutella, 281
Good Samaritan provisions of
Communications Decency Act, 100
Google, 273
Grunwald Associates, 120
447
H
Haptic (touch-sensitive) content, 81-82
Harassment, 66,129,137,142,162 n.4, 164,
166
Hate speech and overt racism, 22-23, 53
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 85
Inappropriate material and experiences
child as decision maker, 193, 194-195,
218-221
community standards, 192-193
differing views of, 175,192
identification of, 51-59, 183-188
types of, 22-25, 83,137, 290
Indexing services (for adult Web sites), 77
Information processing theory, 148
Information retrieval (and filtering)
image analysis, 55-56, 58, 274, 298-299,
423424
location verification, 66-68, 426-428
search engines, 39, 41, 56, 74, 108, 342,
422, 424-426
technologies, 49-51, 418424
textual analysis, 54, 55, 58, 274, 418-422
user interfaces, 428429
INHOPE Hotlines, 215
Instant help, 268-269, 322-326
Instant messaging, 40, 4445, 130-131, 140,
141-142, 272, 274 n.6, 276, 286
Institute of Museum and Library Sciences,
103
Intel Corporation, 61
Intellectual property protection tools, 328-
329, 349-353
Internet
access devices, 35-36, 381
anonymity, 33, 35, 66
applications running on, 45-46
benefits, 32, 294
child predation, 24,113,141-142, 166
and communication, 33
comparison to other media types, 32-35,
124-125
connectivity, 31-32, 36-38
deliberate exposure, 137,138,139,141-
142, 195-196, 268-269, 275, 341, 342
digital information characteristics, 31-32
economic issues, 35, 47, 72, 73, 361-362
OCR for page 448
448
functionality, 3947
inadvertent exposure, 133, 135, 137, 138-
141, 268-269, 275, 341
interactivity, 33, 34
international nature of, 33, 4748, 112
location verification, 66-68, 426-428
nature, 32-35
passive vs. interactive exposure, 25
peer-to-peer networks, 40, 42, 69, 131,
132, 271, 274 n.6
publishing, 35, 67, 102
safety education, 222-223, 230, 233, 240,
242-245, 301, 375, 379
searching, 39, 41, 49-51
telephony, 45
Internet Content Rating Association, 296,
297
Internet Explorer, 59, 282
Internet service providers
best practices, 380-381
content-limited, 37, 59, 131, 268-269,
270, 277, 280-281, 284, 301, 302
liability, 100
terms of service and self-regulation, 36-
38, 127, 215-216
IP addresses, 38-39, 54-55, 67, 139, 279
IP-based virtual hosting, 54-55, 279
K
Kaiser Family Foundation, 118-119, 120,
135, 197, 284
Kids Passport, 347 n.l3
L
Labeling of content, 56-58, 187, 209, 268-
269, 282, 297
Law enforcement, training, and education,
107-109, 112-113, 201-205
Legal and regulatory issues. See First
Amendment issues; Regulatory
efforts; Statutes and common law
Libraries and librarians, 37, 94-95, 100, 103-
104, 127-128, 140, 191-192, 193, 271,
273, 274-275, 280, 346, 378-380
Live Entertainment Group, 81
Location verification, 66-68, 426428
Login names, 272
Lycos, 273
INDEX
M
Media Access Control (MAC) address, 61
Meeting Internet contacts face-to-face. See
child predation
Monitoring
and development of self-discipline, 308-
309, 313
and punishment, 308, 311
and trust, 312
defined, 305
privacy implications, 312-314
techniques of, 305-306
Mousetrapping, 74, 75, 78-79, 80, 108, 212-
213
Movies, 57-58, 81, 121, 133 n.39
N
National Center for Missing and Exploited
Children, 114, 214-215
National Crime Information Center, 114
National Law Enforcement
Telecommunications Center, 114
National Telecommunications and
Information Administration, 119-120
Netscape, 59, 282
Network interface card, 61
Network Solutions Inc., 109
Nielsen/Net Ratings, 78
o
Obscene for minors
definition, 107, 113-114, 137, 294, 359
labeling, 209
prohibitions against spam and
mouse/rapping, 209-213
Obscenity
civil liability for, 205
community standards, 66, 97, 98, 99,
107, 136 n.42, 137, 184, 203-204, 206-
207, 359
federal statutes, 96-97
First Amendment issues, 87-89, 96-97,
98, 137
prosecution for, 112-113, 201-205, 216-217
record keeping on performers, 99, 213
Offensive material, 137
Overblocking, 58-59, 275, 277, 278-279, 284
OCR for page 449
INDEX
A
Pagejacking, 108
Parental consent, 105-107, 347 n.l3
Parental controls, 162, 272, 275, 276, 284,
345
Parental responsibility and involvement,
110, 123, 161-165, 184, 222-223, 225-
233, 271, 374-378, 379
Pay-per-call industry, 67,110
Peer assistance, 222-223, 233-234
Peer-to-peer networks, 40, 42, 69, 131, 132,
271, 274 n.6, 281. See also File
sharing
Peripheral devices, 4647
Personal digital assistants, 81
Personal information, 104-107,129
Pew Internet and American Life Project, 24,
120
Plain brown wrappers, 208-209, 216, 342
Planned Parenthood, 126
Platform for Internet Content Selection
(PICS), 57, 282
Playboy, 81, 125
Pornography and sexually explicit
material. See also Child pornography
and community standards, 97, 98, 99,
102-103
definitions, 20-22, 86-87, 97,101-102,110,
112,133 n.39, 167-168,176, 357-358
differing views and perspectives, 25-28,
94, 166-172, 176, 289
and encryption, 65
hard-core vs. soft-core, 25-26, 424
identifying, 51-59
impacts of viewing, 143-160,166-172
obscene for minors, 107, 137, 209-213,
359
and obscenity, 66, 86-89, 96-97, 98, 99,
107, 136 n.42, 137, 201-205, 359
as proxy in political debate, 172-180,
282-283, 373-374
range, 21-22, 71,128-129,136,160
sources, 136-142
Privacy, 66, 93,104-107, 268-269, 344
Protection. See also Regulatory efforts;
Social and education strategies;
Statutes and common law;
Technology-based tools
approaches, 196-200, 218-221, 364-368
dimensions, 188-190
449
First Amendment and, 89-92
identification of inappropriate material,
51-59, 183-188
institutional mission and, 191-192
politics of inappropriate material, 25-28,
192-194, 202-203
techniques, 194-196, 206-209
time line of actions, 190-191
trade-offs in, 368-374
Proxy servers, 281 n.21
Psychoanalytic theory, 117,146
Public policy, 202-203, 373-374, 383-386
Public records, 63-64, 342, 344, 345
Public terminals, 36, 37,127-128
Publius, 67
R
Regulatory efforts, 80,107-112
Research needs, 386-387
Restore America's Moral Pride, 168
S
Safe harbors for adult industry, 107, 208-
209, 342
School environments, 37, 95-96,100,103-
104, 124, 140, 162, 191-192, 273, 274,
280, 285, 378-380
Screen names, 272
Search engines, 39, 41, 56, 74, 108, 138,141,
208, 271, 342, 422, 424426. See also
AltaVista, Google, Yahoo
Self-regulation of Internet content, 37-38,
81, 215-216
Sex education, 122,123-127,162,172-173
Sexual assaults, 141
Sexual orientation issues, 173-174
Sexual solicitation, 132-135, 137, 141-142
Sexuality in culture and media, 22-24, 120-
122, 123-124, 126-127, 157, 161
Smart cards, 62, 346
Social and education strategies, 110,195.
See also Parental involvement
acceptable use policies, 222-223, 235-
240, 282-283, 378
after-the-fact, 240-242
collateral issues, 249-250
compelling and safe content, 222-223,
250-254
OCR for page 450
450
contextual issues, 357-358, 222-225
definition, 221-223
findings and observations about, 256-
257
information and media literacy, 222-
223, 245-249
Internet safety education, 222-223, 242-
245, 301, 375, 379
peer assistance, 222-223, 233-234
public service announcements and
media campaigns, 222-223, 254-256
responsible decision making, 193, 194-
195, 218-221
trade-offs in, 370-371
Social learning theory, 117, 147, 151, 153
Software vendors, 381
Spam, 74, 109-110, 130, 140, 209-212, 268-
269, 317-322
Stalking, 66
Statutes and common law
Child Online Protection Act, 101-103,
206, 207, 209-210, 345
child pornography, 97-99, 112, 205
Children's Internet Protection Act, 103-
104, 112, 284
Children's Online Privacy Protection
Act, 104-107
Child Pornography Prevention Act of
1996, 97-98, 204, 205
Child Protection and Obscenity
Enforcement Act of 1988, 99
Child Protection Restoration and
Penalties Enhancement Act of 1990,
99
Communications Decency Act, 90-91,
99-100, 101, 102, 206
Federal Trade Commission Act, 107
Sex Crimes Against Children
Prevention Act, 97 n.27
state, 107
Telecommunications Act of 1996, 99,
103 n.41
Streaming media, video, and audio, 45, 62
n.24, 81
Supervised learning, 421
Surgeon General's report on sexual health,
126
Surveillance. See Monitoring
Swimming pool analogy for protecting
children, 224
INDEX
T
Technology-based tools, 258-260. See also
Filters/filtering, Monitoring, and
Chapters 12 and 13 more generally
contextual issues, 261-265
for non-end users, 327-353
questions to be asked about, 265-266
trade-offs in, 371-373
for users, 267-326
Text classification or categorization, 55,
420421
Third-party billing processors, 77
Thornburgh, Dick (chair), personal
statement, xv-xviii
Time limits for Internet use, 195
U
Underblocking, 58-59, 276-277, 284
Unfair and deceptive trade practices, 81,
107-110
University of Pennsylvania Center for the
Study of Youth Policy, 141
Usenet newsgroups, 40, 42-43, 100, 129,
130, 131-132, 271, 276
User interfaces, 428429
User profiles, 130
V
V-chip, 57, 61, 110, 111, 196, 197
Video games, 36, 57-58, 119
Videoconferencing, 45, 274 n.6
Violent speech and imagery, 23, 121-122,
149-153
Virtual reality, 69, 98
Voice interaction, 69
W
White lists for appropriate content, 52, 272,
273
World Wide Web, 39, 40, 4546, 72-73, 101-
103
Consortium on Metadata, 57
hi'
y
Yahoo, 273
Youth Internet Safety Survey, 134
Representative terms from entire chapter:
sexually explicit
