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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National
Research Council, whose members are drawn from the Councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the
National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the Committee responsible for
the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a
Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy
of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate
the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of
advising the federal government. The Council operates in accordance with general policies determined by the
Academy under the authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a private,
nonprofit, self-governing agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of
Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering
communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy
of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter
of the National Academy of Sciences.
Available in limited number from
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COMMITTEE ON BALLISTIC ACOUSTICS
Norman F.Ramsey, Harvard University, Chairman
Luis W.Alvarez, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California
Herman Chernoff, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Robert H.Dicke, Princeton University
Jerome I.Elkind, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center
John C.Feggeler, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Holmdel, New Jersey
Richard L.Garwin, Thomas J.Watson Research Center, IBM Corporation, and Adjunct Professor of Physics,
Columbia University
Paul Horowitz, Harvard University
Alfred Johnson, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, National Laboratory Center, Department of the
Treasury
Robert A.Phinney, Princeton University
Charles Rader, Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
F.Williams Sarles, Trisolar Corporation, Bedford, Massachusetts
(The views expressed in this report do not necessarily represent those of the home institutions of the
participants.)
Staff
C.K.Reed, Senior Advisor, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources
Bertita E.Compton, Special Assistant, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources
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TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1
I. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 3
II. DESCRIPTION OF STUDIES BY BRSW AND WA 8
III. EVALUATION OF BRSW AND WA METHODOLOGIES AND CONCLUSIONS 12
IV. TIMING EVIDENCE FROM MATCHING FEATURES 18
IV-1. Sound Spectrograms 20
IV-2. Analysis of Sound Spectrograms of “Hold Everything” 23
IV-3. Timing of Channel I and Channel II Events 27
IV-4. Possibility of Superposed Recordings 30
V. EVALUATION OF THE FBI REPORT 32
VI. POSSIBLE FURTHER STUDIES 33
VII. CONCLUSIONS 34
APPENDIXES 35
APPENDIX A: CRITICISMS OF PROBABILITY CALCULATIONS 35
A-1. Criticism of BRSW Probabilities of 0.88, 0.88, 0.50 and 0.75 35
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A-2. Criticism of BRSW Certainty that Microphone Detected Sound of Gunfire 37
A-3. Criticism of BRSW/WA Probability of 0.95 for Shot from Grassy Knoll 38
APPENDIX B: ANALYSES OF SOUND SPECTROGRAMS OF “HOLD EVERYTHING...” 41
B-1. Time and Frequency Analysis 41
B-2. Measurements of Easily Identified Frequency Ratios on Sound Spectrograms 49
B-3. Alternative Time and Frequency Analyses of Sound Spectrograms 52
B-4. Digital Calculations of Cross Correlation Between Channel I and Channel II 57
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APPENDIX E:
APPENDIX D:
APPENDIX F:
C-2.
C-1.
APPENDIX C:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
REFERENCES
SIREN SOUNDS
Analysis of the Bowles Tapes
POSSIBLE FURTHER STUDIES
TIMING OF CHANNEL I AND II EVENTS
POSSIBILITY OF SUPERPOSED RECORDINGS
Analysis of Tapes Made Directly from Original Records
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